SERFDM2.WPD 15 June 2000

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Prof. John H. Munro

Topics Nos. 6 and 7: The Problem of Serfdom in European Economic Development, 14th to 17th Centuries:  West and East

READINGS:  all readings are given in chronological order of original publication.

A. Serfdom West and East: 

Theoretical Models of Change and Historical Background

* 1. Marc Bloch, La société féodale, 2 vols. 1940. Published in English translation as: Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), chapters 18-21, 24.

** 2. Marc Bloch, 'The Rise of Dependent Cultivation and Seignorial Institutions,' in J.H. Clapham and Eileen Power, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 1st edn. (Cambridge University Press, 1941), pp. 224-77. See no. 5, below.

3. Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (trans. C.M. Postan, London, 1962), pp. 197 - 360.

4. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850 (trans. Olive Ordish, London, 1963), pp. 29-53, 137-50, 160-94.

** 5. Michael M. Postan, ed.,  Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd rev. edn. (Cambridge, 1966):

** (a) Marc Bloch, 'The Rise of Dependent Cultivation and Seignorial Institutions,' pp. 235-89 (esp. 283-9). 

(b) François Ganshof and Adriaan Verhulst, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime: France, the Low Countries, Western Germany,' pp. 305-39.

* (c) Leopold Genicot, 'Crisis: From the Middle Ages to Modern Times,' pp. 660-742, especially pp. 725-38.

* 6. Evsey D. Domar, 'The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis,' Journal of Economic History, 30 (Mar. 1970), 18-32.

7. Douglass C. North and R.P. Thomas, 'An Economic Theory of the Growth of the Western World,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23 (Apr. 1970), 1-18.

* 8. Douglass C. North and Robert P. Thomas, 'The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model,' Journal of Economic History, 31 (Dec. 1971), 777-803. 

9. J.C. Russell, 'Population in Europe, 500-1500,' in C.M. Cipolla, ed.,  Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Middle Ages (1972), pp. 25-70;

10. D.C. North and R.P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World (Cambridge, 1973), especially chapters 3 (pp. 19-24), 7 (pp. 71-90), and 8 (pp. 91-101).

11. Roger Mols, 'Population in Europe, 1500-1700,' in Carlo Cipolla, ed., , Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1974), pp. 15-82.

* 12. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'The Rise and Fall of a Theoretical Model: the Manorial System,' Journal of Economic History, 25 (June 1975), 386-409. An attack on the North-Thomas model.

13. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'Authority, Efficiency, and Agricultural Organization in Medieval England and Beyond: A Hypothesis,' Journal of Economic History, 25 (Dec. 1975), 693-718. Continuing from his previous article, attacking the North-Thomas model.

14. Marc Bloch, Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages: Selected Papers, trans. William R. Beer (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1975).

** 15. Robert Brenner, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Past and Present, no. 70 (February 1976), pp. 30-74, reprinted in T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin, eds. The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 10 - 63. See section B, below.

This seminal article by a young American Marxist historian attacked the use of traditional demographic and market (commercial) models to explain the rise and decline of serfdom in various parts of Europe.  Brenner's provocative, wide-ranging, sometimes complex and certainly imperfect (and very long) article sparked a fierce controversy, still raging, chiefly in the form of vigorous attacks by other Marxists and non-Marxists alike, as detailed in section B: 'The Brenner Debate'.

* 16. Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978).

17. Georges Duby, Les trois ordres ou l'imaginaire du féodalisme (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1978), republished in English trans. as The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, trans. by Arthur Goldhammer, with a forward by Thomas Bisson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).

18. Wilhelm Abel, Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries, trans. Olive Ordish (London, 1980), pp. 35-98.

19. Peter Gust and Tamas Hoffmann, eds., Large Estates and Small Holdings in the Middle Ages and Modern Times: National Reports (8th International Economic History Congress 1982, Budapest: Adademiai Kiado, 1982). Not readily available.

* 20. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'Slavery and Supervision in Comparative Perspective: A Model,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (September 1984), 635 - 68.

* 21. Robert Millward, 'The Early Stages of European Industrialization: Economic Organization Under Serfdom,' Explorations in Economic History, 21 (1984), 406 - 28.

22. K. G. Person, Pre-Industrial Economic Growth: Social Organization and Technological Progress in Europe (Oxford, 1988).

23. Evsey D. Domar, Capitalism, Socialism, and Serfdom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Collected essays.

24. Léopold Genicot, Rural Communities in the Medieval West (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1990).

25. Adriaan Verhulst, 'The Decline of Slavery and the Economic Expansion of the Early Middle Ages,' Past & Present, no. 133 (November 1991), 195-203.

26. Pierre Bonnassie, From Slavery to Feudalism, Past and Present Publications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

27. Stanley Engerman, 'Coerced and Free Labor: Property Rights and the Development of the Labor Force,' Explorations in Economic History, 29 (January 1992), 1-29.

28. Werner Rösener, Peasants in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1992).

29. Robert M. Townsend, The Medieval Village Economy: A Study of the Pareto Mappings in General Equilibrium Models (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

30. Thomas W. Robisheaux, 'The World of the Village,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 79-112.

31. Werner Rösener, The Peasantry of Europe, trans by Thomas M. Barker (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994).

32. Thomas N. Bisson, 'Medieval Lordship,' Speculum, 70:4 (October 1995), 743-59.

33. Susan Mosher Stuard, 'Ancillary Evidence for the Decline of Medieval Slavery,' Past & Present, no. 149 (November 1995), 3-28. A related topic, on the earlier Middle Ages, that may provide some additional perspectives on the decline of serfdom.

• J.-M. Duvosquel and Eric Thoen, eds., Peasants and Townsmen in Medieval Europe: Studies in Honorem Adriaan Verhulst (Ghent: Snoeck-Ducajn & Zoon, 1995).

35. Gerhard Jaritz, 'The Material Culture of the Peasantry in the Late Middle Ages: 'Image' and 'Reality',' in Del Sweeney, Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Technology, Practice, and Representation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), pp. 163-88.

B. The Brenner Debate:

'Few historical issues have occasioned such discussion since the time of Marx as the transition from feudalism to capitalism in western Europe.' (From a review of no. 8, below.)

** 1. Robert Brenner, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Past and Present, no. 70 (Feb. 1976), 30-74.

2. 'Symposium: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Past and Present, no. 78 (Feb. 1978):

* (a) M.M. Postan and John Hatcher, 'Population and Class Relations in Feudal Society,' pp. 24-36.

(b) Patricia Croot and David Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development,' pp. 37-46.

** (c) Heide Wunder, 'Peasant Organization and Class Conflict in East and West Germany,' pp. 47-55.

3. 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe: A Symposium,' Past and Present, no. 79 (May 1978):

(a) Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'A Reply to Professor Brenner,' pp. 55-59.

(b) Guy Blois, 'Against the Neo-Malthusian Orthodoxy,' pp. 60-69.

4. 'Symposium: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Past and Present, no. 80 (August 1980):

(a) Rodney H. Hilton, 'A Crisis of Feudalism,' pp. 3-20.

* (b) J.P. Cooper, 'In Search of Agrarian Capitalism,' pp. 20-65.

5. Arnost Klima, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Bohemia,' Past and Present, no. 85 (Nov. 1979), 49-67.

6. R.H. Britnell, 'Minor Landlords in England and Medieval Agrarian Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 89 (Nov. 1980), 3-22. Reprinted in T.H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants, and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 227-46.

* 7. Robert Brenner, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe: The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 97 (Nov. l982), 16-113. A very lengthy reply to all of his critics.

** 8. T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Past and Present Publications: Cambridge, 1985). Introduction by R. H. Hilton, pp. 1 - 9 (well worth reading).

This collection contains all of the above essays from Past and Present except for no. 6, by Britnell.

9. Robert Brenner, 'Economic Backwardness in Eastern Europe in Light of Developments in the West,' in Daniel Chirot, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

10. R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early-Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (Feb. 1990), 1 - 20.

C. The Decline of Serfdom in Western Europe

Part I: England

1. Paul Vinogradoff, Villainage in England (Oxford, 1892).  A classic study.

2. A. Réville and Charles Petit-Dutaillis, Le soulèvement des travailleurs d'Angleterre en 1381 (Paris, 1898).

3. Frances Davenport, 'The Decay of Villeinage in East Anglia,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, new ser. 14 (1900), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1954-62), Vol. II, pp. 112-24.

4. E.P. Cheyney, 'The Disappearance of English Serfdom,' The English Historical Review, 15 (1900).

5. A. Savine, 'Bondmen Under the Tudors,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, new ser. 17 (1903).

6. A. Savine, 'English Customary Tenure in the Tudor Period,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 19 (1905).

7. Charles Oman, The Great Revolt of 1381 (Oxford, 1906).

8. Barbara Putnam, The Enforcement of the Statute of Labourers during the First Decade after the Black Death (New York, 1908).

* 9. R.H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1912; reissued with an introduction by Lawrence Stone, New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1967), Part I, chapters 1-3; Part II, chapter 3.  A great classic, still well worth reading today (despite Kerridge's criticisms in no. below).

10. H.L. Gray, 'The Commutation of Villain Services in England Before the Black Death,' English Historical Review, 29 (1914).

11. Nora Ritchie, 'Labour Conditions in Essex in the Reign of Richard II,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 4 (1934), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1954-62), Vol. II, pp. 91-111.

12. E.A. Kosminsky, 'Services and Money Rents in the Thirteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 5 (1935), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1954-62), Vol. II, pp. 31-48. 

** 13. Michael Postan, 'The Chronology of Labour Services,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th ser. 20 (1937), 169-93; subsequently, a revised version was published in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. I (Newton Abbot, 1968), pp. 73 - 91, which in turn was reprinted in Michael Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 89-106.

* 14. Rodney Hilton, 'Peasant Movements in England Before 1381,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1954-62), Vol. II, pp. 73-90; and in Rodney H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London, 1985), pp. 122-38.

15. Rodney H. Hilton and H. Fagan, The English Rising of 1381 (London, 1950). See also no. 43 below.

16. Rodney H. Hilton, 'Feudalism and the Origins of Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 1 (1952), pp. 32-42. Reprinted in Rodney H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London, 1985), pp. 278-94.

17. Michael Postan, The Famulus: The Estate Labourer in the XIIth and XIIIth Centuries, Economic History Review Supplement no. 2, Cambridge University Press, 1954.

* 18. E.A. Kosminsky, 'Feudal Rent in England,' Past and Present, no. 7 (1955), pp. 12-36.

19. E.A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century, ed. R.H. Hilton and trans. R. Kisch (Oxford, 1956).

20. Joan Thirsk, Tudor Enclosures (London, 1957).  A classic pamphlet of 21 pp.

21. J. Ambrose Raftis, The Estates of Ramsey Abbey (Toronto, 1957).

22. J. Ambrose Raftis, Tenure and Mobility: Studies in the Social History of the Medieval English Village (Toronto, 1964).

* 23. R. H. Hilton, 'Freedom and Villeinage in England,' Past and Present, no. 31 (1965), pp. 3-19.

24. R. H. Hilton, A Medieval Society: The West Midlands at the End of the Thirteenth Century (London, 1966), chapters 4 - 6.

25. Michael Postan, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in Its Prime: England,' in Cambridge Economic History, Vol. I: Agrarian Life in the Middle Ages, 2nd rev. edn. (Cambridge, 1966), section V: 'The Villagers,' pp. 600-32.

26. J.M.W. Bean, The Decline of English Feudalism, 1215-1540 (Manchester and New York, 1968).  Not as helpful as it sounds.

* 27. Christopher Dyer, 'A Redistribution of Incomes in Fifteenth- Century England,' Past and Present, no. 39 (1968), pp. 11-33. An important article on peasant resistance to rent exactions from manorial lords.

28. J. A. Wooldridge (Mrs. Brent), 'Alciston Manor,' Sussex Archeological Collections, 106 (1968). An analysis of peasant conditions on one of the manors of Battle Abbey. [Her M.A. thesis for Bristol, 1965]

29. Eric Kerridge, Agrarian Problems in the Sixteenth Century and After (London, 1969).  A trenchant critique of Tawney (1912).

** 30. Rodney H. Hilton, The Decline of Serfdom in Medieval England Studies in Economic History series, 1st edn. (London, 1969); 2nd rev. edn. (London, 1983).

31. J. Ambrose Raftis, 'The Structure of Commutation on a Fourteenth-Century Village,' in T. A. Sandquist and Michael Powicke, eds., Essays in Medieval History Presented to Bertie Wilkinson (Toronto, 1969), pp. 282-300.

* 32. R.A. Dobson, ed., The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 (London, 1970).

* 33. Michael Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain in the Middle Ages (London, 1972), chapter 9, 'The Villagers: Serfdom and Freedom,' pp. 143-55.

* 34. Michael Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973):

(a) no. 1: 'The Economic Foundations of Medieval Society,' pp. 3-27. [originally published in Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie, 161 (1951).]

(b) no. 7: 'The Chronology of Labour Services,' pp. 89-106. [Original version published in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, 20 (1937), 169-93; revised version published in W.E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, I (Newton Abbot, 1968), 73-92.]

(c) no. 8: 'The Charters of the Villeins,' pp. 107-50. [Originally published as the Introduction to C.N.L. Brooke and M.M. Postan, eds., `Carta Nativorum', a Peterborough Abbey Cartulary of the Fourteenth Century (Northamptonshire Record Society, 1960).]

(d) no. 13: 'Legal Status and Economic Conditions in Medieval Villages,' pp. 278-90. [Originally published in Modernization and Industrialization: Essays Presented to Yoshitaka Komatsu (Tokyo, 1968).]

* 35. A.R. Bridbury, 'The Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 557-92.

36. Rodney H. Hilton, Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (London, 1973).

* 37. J.R. Maddicott, The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294-1341, Past and Present Supplement no. 1 (Oxford, 1974), 75 pp. Reprinted in T.H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants, and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1987).

38. Jean Scammel, 'Freedom and Marriage in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27 (1974), 523-37.

39. Rodney H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages: The Ford Lectures for 1973 and Related Studies (Oxford, 1975):

(a) 'The Peasantry as a Class,' pp. 3-19.

(b) 'The Social Structure of the Village,' pp. 20-36.

(c) 'The Peasants' Economy,' pp. 37-53.

(d) 'Conflict and Collaboration,' pp. 54-75.

(e) 'The Small Town as Part of Peasant Society,' pp. 76-94.

(f) 'Women in the Village,' pp. 95-112.

(g) 'Social Structure of Rural Warwickshire in the Middle Ages,' pp. 113-39.

(h) 'Gloucester Abbey Leases of the Late Thirteenth Century,' pp. 139-60.

(i) 'A Study in the Pre-History of English Enclosure in the Fifteenth Century,' pp. 161-73.

(j) 'Rent and Capital Formation in Feudal Society,' pp. 174-214.

(k) 'Lord and Peasant in Staffordshire in the Middle Ages,' pp. 215-46.

40. A.R. Bridbury, 'Before the Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 393-410.

41. J.A. Yelling, Common Field and Enclosure in England, 1450-1850 (London, 1977), chapter 11, 'The Local Community.'

42. Edward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348 (London, 1978), chapters 5 and 6 on 'Villagers', pp. 111-164.

43. Eleanor Searle, 'Merchet in Medieval England,' Past and Present, no. 82 (Feb. 1979), 3-43.

44. R.H. Britnell, 'Minor Landlords in England and Medieval Agrarian Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 89 (Nov. 1980), 3-22. Reprinted in T.H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants, and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 227-46.

45. J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980), chapter 7 ('Crisis and Change in the Agrarian Economy'), pp. 207-45.

46. Paul Hyams, Lords and Peasants in Medieval England: The Common Law of Villeinage in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1980).

47. Zvi Razi, Life, Marriage and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 1270 - 1400 (Cambridge, 1980).

* 48. Zvi Razi, 'Family, Land and the Village Community in Later Medieval England,' Past and Present, no. 93 (Nov. 1981).

* 49. John Hatcher, 'English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment,' Past and Present, no. 90 (Feb. 1981), 3-39. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 247-84.

* 50 James Ambrose Raftis, ed., Pathways to Medieval Peasants (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1981).

51. Christopher Dyer, 'Deserted Medieval Villages in the West Midlands,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (Feb. 1982), 19-34.

52. Zvi Razi, 'The Struggles between the Abbots of Halesowen and their Tenants in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,' in T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds. Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 151 - 67.

53. R.H. Hilton and T.H. Aston, eds., The English Rising of 1381, Past and Present Publications (Cambridge, 1984.) With essays by Hilton, Dyer, Faith, Cazelles, Butcher, Dobson, Cohn, Harding, and Tuck. See in particular:

(a) Christopher Dyer, 'The Social and Economic Background to the Rural Revolt of 1381,' pp. 9 - 42.

(b) Rosamond Faith, 'The 'Great Rumour' of 1377 and Peasant Ideology,' pp. 43 - 73.

(c) A. F. Butcher, 'English Urban Society and the Revolt of 1381,' pp. 84 - 111.

(d) J. A. Tuck, 'Nobles, Commons and the Great Revolt of 1381,' pp. 194 -212.

* 54. Rodney H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London, 1985), especially:

(a) 'Peasant Movements in England Before 1381,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949) [No. 9, pp. 122-38]. Also reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1954-62), Vol. II, pp. 73-90.]

(b) 'Medieval Peasants: Any Lessons?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949), 117-36 [No. 8, pp. 114-21].

(c) 'Reasons for Inequality Among Medieval Peasants,' Journal of Peasant Studies, 5 (1978), 271-83 [No. 10, pp. 139-51.]

(d) 'Popular Movements in England at the End of the Fourteenth Century,' in Il tumulto dei Ciompi (Florence, 1981), pp. 223-40 [No. 11, pp. 152-64.]

(e) 'Social Concepts in the English Rising of 1381,' in P. Blickle, ed., Revolte und Revolution in Europa (Munich, 1975), pp. 31-46 [No. 17, pp. 216-26.]

(f) 'Was There a General Crisis of Feudalism?' translation of 'Y-eut-il une crise générale de la féodalité?' Annales: E.S.C. (1951), 23-30. [No. 19, pp. 239 - 45.]

(g) 'Ideology and Social Order in Late Medieval England,' translation of 'Idéologie et Ordre Social,' in L'Arc, 72 (1978), 32-7 [No. 20, pp. 246-53.]

(h) 'Feudalism and the Origins of Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 1 (1952), pp. 32-42 [No. 23, pp. 278-94.]

55. Francis X. Newman, ed., Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies vol. 39 (Binghampton, New York, 1986):

(a) J. Ambrose Raftis, 'Social Change versus Revolution: New Interpretations of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381,' pp. 3-22.

(b) Barbara A. Hanawalt, 'Peasant Resistance to Royal and Seignorial Impositions,' pp. 23-47.

(c) D. W. Robertson, Jr., 'Chaucer and the Economic and Social Consequences of the Plague,' pp. 49-74.

(d) John B. Friedman, ' 'He Hath a Thousand Slayn This Pestilence': Iconography of the Plague in the late Middle Ages,' pp. 75-112.

(e) Russell A. Peck, 'Social Conscience and the Poets,' pp. 113-48.

56. Nils Hybel, Crisis or Change: The Concept of Crisis in the Light of Agrarian Structural Reorganization in Late-Medieval England, trans. James Manley (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1989).

57. W. M. Ormrod, 'The Peasants' Revolt and the Government of England,' Journal of British Studies, 29 (January 1990), 1 - 30.

58. R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early-Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (Feb. 1990), 1 - 20.

59. Jules N. Pretty, 'Sustainable Agriculture in the Middle Ages: the English Manor,' The Agricultural History Review, 38 (1990), 1 - 19.

60. Simon A. Penn and Christopher Dyer, 'Wages and Earnings in Late-Medieval England: Evidence from the Enforcement of the Labour Laws,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (August 1990), 356-76.

61. Richard H. Britnell, 'Feudal Reaction after the Black Death in the Palatinate of Durham,' Past & Present, no. 128 (August 1990), pp. 28-47.

62. Margaret Bonney, Lordship and the Urban Community: Durham and Its Overlords, 1250 - 1540 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

* 63. Edward Miller, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. III: 1348 - 1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). See the following chapters (or essays):

a) David Farmer, 'Prices and Wages, 1350-1500,' pp. 431-525.

b) J.M.W. Bean, 'Landlords,' pp. 526-86.

c) J.A. Tuck, Edward Miller, R.H. Britnell, Edmund King, C.C. Dyer, D.H. Owen, P.D.A. Harvey, Mavis Mate, H.S.A. Fox, 'Tenant Farming and Tenant Farmers,' pp. 587 - 743.

** d) E.B. Fryde, 'Peasant Rebellion and Peasant Discontents,' pp. 744-819.

64. Michael A. Barg, 'The Social Structure of Manorial Freeholders: an Analysis of the Hundred Rolls of 1279,' Agricultural History Review, 39:ii (1991), 108-15.

65. Larry Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death: Essex, 1350 - 1525, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 18 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

66. S.J. Payling, 'Social Mobility, Demographic Change, and Landed Society in Late Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (February 1992), 51-73.

67. Philippa C. Maddern, Violence and Social Order: East Anglia, 1422 - 1442 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

68. Mavis E. Mate, 'The East Sussex Land Market and Agrarian Class Structure in the Late Middle Ages,' Past & Present, no. 139 (May 1993), pp. 46-65.

69. John Hatcher, 'England in the Aftermath of the Black Death,' Past & Present, no. 144 (August 1994), pp. 3 - 35.

70. Elaine Clark, 'Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside,' in Maryanne Kowaleski, ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England, special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp. 381-406.

71. Christopher Dyer, 'The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline,' in Maryanne Kowaleski, ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England, special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp.407-29.

72. J. Goodacre, The Transformation of a Peasant Economy: Townspeople and Villagers in the Lutterworth Area, 1500-1700 (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1994).

73. Jan Titow, 'Lost Rents, Vacant Holdings and the Contraction of Peasant Cultivation after the Black Death,' Agricultural History Review, 42:ii (1994), 97-114.

74. Allen J. Frantzen and Douglas Moffat, The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labour in Medieval England (Glasgow, 1994).

75. Barry Harrison, 'Field Systems and Demesne Farming on the Wiltshire Estates of Saint Swithun's Priory, Winchester, 1248 - 1340,' Agricultural History Review, 43:i (1995), 1-18.

76. Edwin DeWindt, ed., The Salt of Common Life: Individuality and Choice in the Medieval Town, Countryside, and Church: Essays Presented to J. Ambrose Raftis, Medieval Institute Publications SMC XXXVI (Kalamazoo: The Medieval Institute, 1995)

a) Anne Reiber DeWindt, 'The Town of Ramsey: The Question of Economic Development, 1290 - 1523,' pp. 53-116.

b) Ellen Wedemeyer Moore, 'Aspects of Poverty in a Small Medieval Town,' pp. 117-56.

c) Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'The Livestock of Chaucer's Reeve: Fact or Fiction?' pp. 271-306.

d) Ian Blanchard, 'Social Structure and Social Organization in an English Village at the Close of the Middle Ages: Chewton 1526,' pp. 307-40.

e) David N. Hall, 'Hemington and Barnwell, Northamptonshire: A Study of Two Manors,' pp. 341 - 70.

f) Sherri Olson, ' 'Families Have their Fate and Periods': Varieties of Family Experience in the Pre-Industrial Village,' pp. 409-48.

g) Kathleen A. Biddick, 'The Historiographic Unconscious and the Return of Robin Hood,' pp. 449-84.

h) F. Donald Logan, 'Ramsey Abbey: The Last Days and After,' pp. 513-45.

77. Philipp R. Schofield, 'Tenurial Developments and the Availability of Customary Land Tenure in a Later Medieval Economy,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:2 (May 1996), 250-67.

78. Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 207-36.

a) David Farmer, 'The famuli in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 207-36.

b) Ambrose Raftis, 'Peasants and the Collapse of the Manorial Economy on Some Ramsey Abbey Estates,' pp. 191-206.

See also my review-article on this book: John Munro, 'Crisis and Change in the Later Medieval English Economy,' Journal of Economic History, 58:1 (March 1998), 215-19.

79. Zvi Razi and Richard Smith, eds., Medieval Society and the Manor Court (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

* 80. J. Ambrose Raftis, Peasant Economic Development within the English Manorial System (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).

81. E.B. Fryde, Peasants and Landlords in Later Medieval England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996). Collected studies.

82. Judith M. Bennett, Ales, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300 - 1660 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

83. Bruce M.S. Campbell, Kenneth Bartley, and John Power, 'The Demesne-Farming Systems of Post-Black Death England: A Classification,' Agricultural History Review, 44:ii (1996), 131-79.

84. Iain McLean and Jeremy Smith, 'The 1381 Peasants' Revolt: Lessons for the 1990s?', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:1 (Spring 1997), 137-43.

* 85. Clyde G. Reed and Anne-Marie Dross, 'Labour Services in the Thirteenth Century,' The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 333-46.

86. Bruce M.S. Campbell, 'Matching Supply to Demand: Crop Production and Disposal by English Demesnes in the Century of the Black Death,' Journal of Economic History, 57:4 (December 1997), 827-58.

87. David Stone, 'The Productivity of Hired and Customary Labour: Evidence from Wisbech Barton in the Fourteenth Century,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:4 (November 1997), 640-56.

88. Andrew Watkins, 'Landowners and their Estates in the Forest of Arden in the Fifteenth Century,' Agricultural History Review, 45:1 (1997), 18-33.

89. James Masschaele, Peasants, Merchants, and Markets: Inland Trade in Medieval England, 1150 - 1350 (St. Martin's Press: New York, 1997).

90. Caroline Fenwick, ed., The Poll Taxes of 1377, 1379, and 1381, Part I: Bedfordshire-Leicestershire, Records of Social and Economic History, new series, vol. 27 (London: British Academy, 1997).

91. Mark Bailey, 'Peasant Welfare in England, 1290 - 1348,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:2 (May 1998), 223-51.

92. Phillip R. Schofield, 'Peasants and the Manor Court: Gossip and Litigation in a Suffolk Village at the Close of the Thirteenth Century,' Past & Present, no. 159 (May 1998), 3-42.

93. Chris Wickham, 'Gossip and Resistance Among the Medieval Peasantry,' Past & Present, no. 160 (August 1998), 3-24.

94. Jane Whittle, 'Individualism and the Family-Land Bond: A Reassessment of Land Transfer Patterns Among the English Peasantry,' Past & Present, no. 160 (August 1998), 25-63.

95. Mavis E. Mate, Daughters, Wives, and Widows after the Black Death: Women in Sussex, 1350-1535 (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1998).

Part II: France, the Low Countries, Italy, Western Germany:

Except for the publications of the late Marc Bloch, and the recent books by Guy Bois and William Jordan, the literature here is rather thin and unsatisfactory, certainly in comparison to the literature on both England and eastern Europe. Bloch's monograph, however, is essential reading for any medieval historian.

** 1. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 2 vols. (Oslo, 1931; reissued Paris, 1952 and 1964). Republished in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on its Basic Characteristics, trans. by Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley, Calif. 1966), chapters 1-3. The whole book is worth reading.

* 2. Marc Bloch, La société féodale, 2 vols. 1940. Republished in English translation as Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), chapters 18-21, 24.

3. Guy Fourquin, Les campagnes de la région parisienne à la fin du moyen âge (Paris, 1964).

4. Philip J. Jones, 'The Agrarian Development of Medieval Italy,' in Deuxième conférence internationale d'histoire économique/Second International Conference of Economic History, Aix-en-Provence 1962, École pratique des hautes études - Sorbonne, Sixième Section: Sciences économiques et sociales, Congrès et Colloques, tome VIII (Mouton and Co: Paris-The Hague, 1965), pp. 69-86.

5. François Ganshof and Adriaan Verhulst, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime: France, The Low Countries, and Western Germany,' in Michael M. Postan, ed., Cambridge Economic History, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd rev. edn. (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 305-39.

** 6 Marc Bloch, Seigneurie française et manoir anglais (Cahiers des Annales no. 16, Paris, 1967), pp. 69 - 142. Lectures published posthumously. Read selectively, concentrating only on the points relevant to this topic.

7. Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (1968 English edn.), pp. 197 - 360 [read selectively].

8. Isser Woloch, ed., The Peasantry in the Old Regime: Conditions and Protests (New York, 1970).

9. Pierre Goubert, The Ancien Régime: French Society, 1600-1750 (trans. Steve Cox, New York, 1973), chapter V, 'Elements of Rural Society,' pp. 101-21.

10. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The Peasants of Languedoc (trans. John Day, Chicago, 1974; reissued 1980), Part One.

* 11. Guy Bois, La crise du féodalisme (Paris, 1976): in English translation as The Crisis of Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy, c. 1300 - 1550 (Cambridge University Press, 1984). See especially Part II, 'The Economic Subjects: Peasants and Lords,' chapters 6 - 9, pp. 135 - 260.

12. William C. Jordan, From Servitude to Freedom: Manumission in the Sénonais in the the Thirteenth Century (Philadelphia, 1986).

13. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The French Peasantry, 1450 -1660, trans. Alan Sheridan (Aldershot, 1987).

14. Paul Freedman, The Origins of Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

15. William H. TeBrake, A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323 - 1328 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993).

16. Y.M. Bercé, ed., History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).

17. Philippe Contamine, Marc Bompaire, Stéphane Lebecq, Jean-Luc Sarrazin, L'économie médiévale, Collection U, série 'Histoire médiévale' (Paris: Armand Colin, 1993). Excellent survey of continental and especially French social and economic history during the Middle Ages.

18. William Caferro, 'City and Countryside in Siena in the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century,' The Journal of Economic History, 54:1 (March 1994), 85 - 103.

19. Léopold Génicot, L'économie rurale namuroise au bas moyen âge, vol. 4: L communauté et la vie rurales, Recueil de Travaux d'Histoire et de Philologie, 6th ser., vol. 49 (Louvain-la-Neuve: Bureau de Recueil; Brussels: Nauwlelaerts, 1995).

20. Robert Scribner, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450 - 1630 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).

a) Tom Scott, 'Economic Landscapes,'

b) Christian Pfister, 'The Population of Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany,'

c) Werner Rösener, 'The Agrarian Economy, 1300 - 1600,'

d) Ulf Dirlmeier and Gerhard Fouquet, 'Consumption and Demand,'

e) Tom Scott and Bob Scribner, 'The Urban Network of Early Modern Germany,'

f) Rolf Kieling, 'Markets and Marketing, Town and Country,'

g) William J. Wright, 'The Nature of Early Capitalism,'

h) Merry E. Wiesner, 'Gender and the Worlds of Work,'

i) Christopher Friedrichs, 'German Social Structure, 1300 -1600,'

j) Thomas Brady, Jr., 'The Social and Economic Role of Institutions,'

k) Bob Scribner, 'Communities and the Nature of Power,'

l) Robert Jütte, 'Daily Life in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany,'

m) R. Po-Chia Hsia, 'The Structure of Belief: Confessionalism and Society, 1500 -1600,'

21. Sheilagh Ogilvie, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630 - 1900 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).

a) Jörn Sieglerschmidt, 'Social and Economic Landscapes,' pp. 1-38.

b) Ernest Benz, 'Population Change and the Economy,' pp. 39-62.

c) Heide Wunder, 'Agriculture and Agricultural Society,' pp. 63-99.

d) Peter Kriedte, 'Trade,' pp. 100-33.

e) Olaf Mörke, 'Social Structure,' pp. 134-63.

f) Robert von Friedeburg and Wolfgang Mager, 'Learned Men and Merchants: The Growth of the Bürgertum,' pp. 164-95.

g) Paul Münch, 'The Growth of the Modern State,' pp. 196-232.

h) Bernhard Stier and Wolfgang von Hippel, 'War, Economy, and Society,' pp. 233-62.

i) Sheilagh Ogilvie, 'The Beginnings of Industrialization,' pp. 263-308.

j) Kasper von Greyerz, 'Confession as a Social and Economic Factor,' pp. 309-49.

k) Ernst Schubert, 'Daily Life, Consumption, and Material Culture,' pp. 350-76.

l) Robert Jütte, 'Poverty and Poor Relief,' pp. 377-404.

D. The Expansion of Serfdom in Eastern Europe

1. Jan Rutkowski, 'Le régime agraire en Pologne au XVIIIe siècle,' Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 19 (1926) and 20 (1927).

2. Jan Rutkowski, 'Les bases économiques des partages de l'ancienne Pologne,' Revue d'histoire moderne, new ser. 4 (1932).

* 3. Jan Rutkowski, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime: Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary,' in J.H. Clapham, Eileen Power, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1942), pp. 398-417; republished in the 2nd rev. edn., edited by Michael Postan (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 487-505.

4. Hans Rosenberg, 'The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410-1653,' American Historical Review, 49 (1943-44).

* 5. F.L. Carsten, 'The Origins of the Junkers,' English Historical Review, 62 (1947), 145-78.

* 6. Peter Lyashchenko, History of the National Economy of Russia to the 1917 Revolution (English trans. New York, 1949), Chapter X: 'Agriculture and the Serf Estate in the Moscow State of the 15th to 17th Centuries,' pp. 179-204; XIV: 'White Russia and the Ukraine Under the Polish Yoke of Serfdom during the 14th to 17th Centuries.' pp. 248-64; XV: 'General Conditions of Development of the Serf Economy during the 18th Century,' pp. 265-82. [When written, this was official and orthodox Soviet Marxist history -- which does not mean, however, that the facts are wrong].

7. R. Rosdolsky, 'The Distribution of the Agrarian Product in Feudalism,' Journal of Economic History, 11 (1951).

8. R. Rosdolsky, 'The Nature of Peasant Serfdom in Central and Eastern Europe,' Journal of Central European Affairs, 12 (1952), 128-39.

* 9. F.L. Carsten, The Origins of Prussia (London, 1954).

10. Eli Heckscher, An Economic History of Sweden (Cambridge, Mass., 1954).

* 11. Eric Hobsbawm, 'The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' Past & Present, nos. 5-6 (1954), reprinted in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1550 - 1660 (London, 1965), especially pp. 20-21, 33-37.

12. Marian Malowist, 'Le commerce de la Baltique et le problème des luttes sociales en Pologne aux XVe et XVIe siècles,' La Pologne au Xe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques à Rome (Warsaw, 1955), pp. 131-36.

13. P. Skwarczynski, 'The Problem of Feudalism in Poland Up to the Beginning of the 16th Century,' Slavonic and East European Review, 34 (June 1956).

14. G. D. Ramsey, English Overseas Trade During the Centuries of Emergence (London, 1957), Chapter 4, 'The Baltic Trade,' pp. 96-131.

** 15. Jerome Blum, 'The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe,' American Historical Review, 62 (July 1957), 807-36.

16. Marian Malowist, 'Poland, Russia, and Western Trade in the 15th and 16th Centuries,' Past and Present, No. 13 (April 1958), 26-39.

* 17. Marian Malowist, 'The Economic and Social Development of the Baltic Countries from the 15th to the 17th Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 12 (1959), 177-89.

18. W. Czalpinksi, 'Le problème baltique aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles,' International Congress of Historical Sciences at Stockholm, Rapports, Vol. IV: Histoire moderne (Goteborg, 1960), pp. 25-47.

* 19. Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1961), Chapters 7-14.

20. Wilhelm Abel, Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft (Stuttgart, 1962).

* 21. Jerzy Topolski, 'La régression économique en Pologne du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle,' Acta Poloniae Historica, VII (1962), 28-49. Reissued in English translation and partial condensation as 'Economic Decline in Poland from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries,' in Peter Earle, ed.,  Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 127-42. 

22. Michael Roberts, 'Queen Christian and the General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' Past & Present, no. 22 (July 1962), 36 - 59. Republished in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965), pp. 195 - 222. On Sweden.

23. Aleksander Gieysztor, 'Villes et campagnes slaves du Xe au XIIIe siècle,' in Deuxième conférence internationale d'histoire économique/Second International Conference of Economic History, Aix-en-Provence 1962, École pratique des hautes études - Sorbonne, Sixième Section: Sciences économiques et sociales, Congrès et Colloques, tome VIII (Mouton and Co: Paris-The Hague, 1965), pp. 87-106.

23. Josef Válka, 'La structure économique de la seigneurie tchèque au XVIe siècle,' in Deuxième conférence internationale d'histoire économique/Second International Conference of Economic History, Aix-en-Provence 1962, École pratique des hautes études - Sorbonne, Sixième Section: Sciences économiques et sociales, Congrès et Colloques, tome VIII (Mouton and Co: Paris-The Hague, 1965), pp. 211-16.

* 23. Marian Malowist, 'The Problem of the Inequality of Economic Development in Europe in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XIX (1966), 15-28.

* 24. Z.P. Pach, 'The Development of Feudal Rent in Hungary in the Fifteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 19 (1966), 1-14.

* 25. Michael M. Postan, ed., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd rev edn (Cambridge, 1966), chapter VII: 'Medieval Agrarian Society in Its Prime,' especially the following sections:

(a) Hermann Aubin, 'The Lands East of the Elbe and German Colonization Eastwards,' pp. 449-86.

(b) Jan Rutkowski, 'Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary,' pp. 487-505.

(c) Robert Smith, 'Russia,' pp. 506-48.

26. J.A. Faber, 'Decline of the Baltic Grain Trade in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century,' Acta Historia Neerlandica, 1 (1966), 108-31.

27. Leonid Zytkowicz, 'An Investigation of Agricultural Production in Masovia in the First Half of the 17th Century,' Acta Poloniae Historica, 18 (1968).

28. Antoni Maczak, 'The Social Distribution of Landed Property in Poland from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries,' Third International Conference of Economic History (Paris, 1968), Vol. I, pp. 455-69.

29. Antoni Maczak, 'The Export of Grain and the Problem of Distribution of National Income in the Years 1550-1650,' Acta Poloniae Historica, 18 (1968).

30. Antoni Maczak, 'The Balance of Polish Sea Trade with the West, 1565-1646,' Scandinavian Economic History Review, 18 (1970), 107-42.

31. F.A. French, 'The Three-Field System of Sixteenth-Century Luthuania,' Agricultural History Review, 18 (1970), 106-25.

32. Michael Postan, 'Economic Relations Between Eastern and Western Europe,' in F. Graus, K. Bosl et al., eds. Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages, (London, 1970), pp. 125-74; reprinted in Michael Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 305-34.

33. Jerzy Topolski, 'La réféodalisation dans l'économie des grands domains en Europe Centrale et Orientale (XVIe - XVIIIe siècle),' Studiae Historiae Oeconomicae, 6 (1971), 51-63.

34. Antoni Maczak, 'Agriculture and Livestock Production in Poland: Internal and Foreign Markets,' Journal of European Economic History, 1 (1972), 671-80.

* 35. Marian Malowist, Croissance et regression en Europe, XIVe-XVIIe siècles: recueil d'articles (Paris, 1972):

(a) 'L'inégalité du développement économique en Europe au bas Moyen Age,' pp. 39-52.  [See No. 21 above.]

(b) 'Les produits des pays de la Baltique dans le commerce international au XVIe siècle,' pp. 139-74.

(c) 'La politique commerciale de la noblesse des pays de la Baltique aux XVe et XVI siècles,' pp. 175-90.

(d) 'L'evolution industrielle en Pologne du XIVe au XVIIe siècle,' pp. 191-216.

(e) 'Les mouvements d'expansion en Europe aux XVe et XVI siècles,' pp. 217-23.

36. Leonid Zytkowicz, 'The Peasant's Farm and the Landlord's Farm in Poland from the 16th to the Middle of the 18th Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 1 (1972), 135-74.

37. Karl von Loewe, 'Commerce and Agriculture in Lithuania, 1400-1600,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 23-37.

38. Maria Bogucka, 'Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 433-47.

* 39. Arcadius Kahan, 'Notes on Serfdom in Western and Eastern Europe,' Journal of Economic History, 33 (Mar. 1973), 86-99.

40. Artur Attman, The Russian and Polish Markets in International Trade, 1500-1650 (Goteborg, 1973), especially pp. 119-93.

41. Marian Malowist, 'Problems of the Growth of the National Economy of Central-Eastern Europe in the Late Middle Ages,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 319-58.

42. Jerzy Topolski, 'The Manorial Serf Economy in Central and Eastern Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries,' Agricultural History Review, 48 (July 1974).

43. Henryk Samsonowicz, 'Changes in the Baltic Zone in the XII-XVI Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 655-72.

44. Maria Bogucka, 'The Monetary Crisis of the XVIIth Century and its Social and Psychological Consequences in Poland,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 137-52.

45. A.J. Kaminski, 'Neo-Serfdom in Poland and Lithuania,' Slavic Review, 34 (June 1975).

46. Laszlo Makkai, 'Neo Serfdom: Its Origin and Nature in East Central Europe,' Slavic Review, 34 (June 1975).

47. Witold Kula, An Economic Theory of the Feudal System: Towards a Model of the Polish Economy, 1500-1800 (London, 1976).

48. Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978).

* 49. Heide Wunder, 'Peasant Organization and Class Conflict in East and West Germany,' Past and Present, No. 79 (1978), 47-55; reprinted in T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 192-212.

50. Arnost Klima, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Bohemia,' Past and Present, no. 85 (Nov. 1979), 49-67; reprinted in T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 192-212.

51. Artur Attman, The Struggle for Baltic Markets:  Powers in Conflict, 1558-1618 (Goteborg, 1979).

52. Maria Bogucka, 'The Role of the Baltic Trade in European Economic Development from the XVIth to the XVIIIth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 5-20.

53. Andrzey Wyczansky, 'The Adjustment of the Polish Economy to Economic Checks in the XVIIth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 10 (Spring 1981), 207-12.

* 54. Jerzy Topolski, 'Continuity and Discontinuity in the Development of the Feudal System in Eastern Europe, Xth to XVIIth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 10 (1981), 373-400.

55. Jerzy Topolski, 'Grand domaine et petites exploitations:  seigneurs et paysans en Pologne au moyen age et dans le temps modernes,' in Large Estates and Small Holdings, ed. Peter Gunst and Tamas Hoffmann, (8th International Economic History Congress, Budapest, 1982), pp. 209-28. [Not readily available.]

56. Z.P. Pach, 'Labour Control on the Hungarian Landlords' Demesnes in 16th and 17th Centuries,' in Peter Gunst and Tamas Hoffmann, eds. Large Estates and Small Holdings in Europe in the Middle Ages and Modern Times (8th International Economic History Congress, Budapest (1982), pp. 157-74. [Not readily available.]

* 57. Robert Millward, 'An Economic Analysis of the Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (Sept. 1982), 513-48.

* 58. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'The Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe: A Comment,' and:

Robert Millward, 'The Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe: A Reply,' both in:

Journal of Economic History, 43 (September 1983), 705 - 12.

* 59. Heide Wunder, 'Serfdom in Later Medieval and Early Modern Germany,' in T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds. Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 249 - 272.

60. Adrejs Plakans, 'The Familial Contexts of Early Childhood in Baltic Serf Society', in Richard Wall, ed., Family Forms in Historic Europe, SSRC Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 167-206.

61. H. Palli, 'Estonian Households in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', in Richard Wall, ed., Family Forms in Historic Europe, SSRC Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 207-216.

62. Carl Hammer, 'Family and familia in Early-Medieval Bavaria', in Richard Wall, ed., Family Forms in Historic Europe, SSRC Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 217-48.

* 63. Evsey Domar and Mark Machina, 'On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (December 1984), 919-55.

64. William Hagen, 'How Mighty the Junkers? Peasant Rents and Seigneurial Profits in Sixteenth-Century Brandenburg,' Past & Present, no. 108 (August 1985), 80 - 116.

65. Peter Toumanoff, 'A Note on the Profitability of Serfdom,' and:

Evsey Domar and Mark Machina, 'The Profitability of Serfdom: A Reply,' both in:

Journal of Economic History, 45 (December 1985), 955-62.

66. Steven L. Hoch, Serfdom and Social Control in Russia: Petrovskoe, A Village in Tambov (University of Chicago Press, 1986).

67. Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (Harvard University Press, 1986).

68. Richard Evans and W. R. Lee, eds., The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1986).

69. Richard C. Hoffmann, Land, Liberties, and Lordship in a Late Medieval Countryside: Agrarian Structures and Change in the Duchy of Wroclaw (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1989).

70. Daniel Chirot, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). See in particular Robert Brenner, 'Economic Backwardness in Eastern Europe in Light of Developments in the West,' pp.

68. Jerzy Topolski, 'The Development and the Crisis of the Manorial System based on Serf Labour: A Tentative Explanation,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 135-46.

69. Zsigmond P. Pach, 'Embourgeoisement or Ennoblissement? The Problem of the Lack of Capital in Hungary (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries),' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 165-72.

70. Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000 - 1500, A History of East Central Europe, vol. 3 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1994).

71. S.C. Rowell, Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th ser. vol. 25 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

73. Ludolf Kuchenbuch, 'Links Within the Village: Evidence from Fourteenth-Century Eastphalia,' in Del Sweeney, ed., Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Technology, Practice, and Representation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), pp. 138-162.

74. Antoni Maczak, Money, Prices and Power in Poland, 16^th - 17^th Centuries, Variorum Collected Studies Series CS487 (London and Brookfield, 1995).

75. Michael North, From the North Sea to the Baltic: Essays in Commercial, Monetary and Agrarian History, 1500 - 1800, Variorium Collected Studies Series CS 548 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1996).

a) 'The Export Trade of Royal Prussia and Ducal Prussia, 1550 - 1650,' from From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honour of J.A. Faber (Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 1988), pp. 383-90.

b) 'The Export of Timber and Timber By-Products from the Baltic Region to Western Europe, 1575-1775', pp. 1-14 [original publication].

c) 'Die frühneuzeitliche Gutswirtschaft als Problem der polnischen und deutschen wirtschaftshistorischen Forschung,' form Jerzy Topolski and Wojcieh Wrosek, eds., Die methodologischen Probleme der deutschen Geschichte (Poznan, 1991), pp. 67-74. With an English summary.

d) 'Untersuchungen zur adligen Gutswirtschaft im Herzogtum Preußen des 16. Jahrhunderts,' from Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 70 (1983), 1-20. With an English summary.

e) 'Die frühneuzeitliche Gutswirtschaft in Schleswig-Holstein,' from Blätter für deutsche Landsgeschichte, 126 (1990), 223-242. With an English summary.

f) 'Wage Labour versus Corvée Labour in East Prussian Agriculture, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 1-11. [Original publication of a paper presented to the Ninth International Economic History Congress, Bern, 1986].

g) 'Abgaben und Dienste in der ostdeutschen Landwirtschaft von Spätmittelalter bis zur Bauernbefreiung: Bestimmungsgrüunde für die langfristigen Substitutionprozesse,' from E. Schremmer, ed., Steurern, Abgaben und Dienste vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 77-89. With an English summary.

h) 'Ducal Prussia: An Internal Periphery? (16th-18th centuries),' from H.-H. Nolte, ed., Internal Peripheries in European History (Göttigen, 1991), pp. 185-96.

76. Robert Scribner, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450 - 1630 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).

77. Sheilagh Ogilvie, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630 - 1900 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).

78. Péter Gunst, Agrarian Development and Social Change in Eastern Europe, 14^th - 19^th Centuries, Variorum Collected Studies Series CS540 (London and Brookfield, 1996).

QUESTIONS for Discussion

1. What is meant by the term 'serfdom'; and what relationship does the term have with the terms 'feudalism' and 'manorialism' or 'seignorialism'?

2. What economic, social, institutional, and legal conditions denoted or indicated servile status, the status of serfdom?  What gradations of 'bondage' or of 'servitude' were there between slavery and freedom in European serfdom, in late medieval and early modern times?  How did conditions of serfdom vary across Europe, from England to Russia, from late medieval to modern times?

3. How have western and eastern historians, Marxist and non-Marxist historians, differed in their analysis of 'feudalism' and 'serfdom'?

4. Discuss the validity and usefulness of various theoretical models in explaining the expansion and decline of serfdom, in eastern and western Europe: (a) demographic models, (b) market or trade-oriented models, (c) political-institutional-legal models, (d) Marxian models of class structures.

5. To what extent did serfdom constitute a barrier or impediment to economic development, in western and eastern Europe, from late-medieval to early-modern times?  To what extent were servile institutions compatible with agrarian change, rising agricultural productivity, economic expansion?

6. In your own view, what are the chief factors explaining the decline of serfdom in western Europe from the late Middle Ages?  What differences can you see between the declines of serfdom in England and in France?

7. In your view, what factors explain the extension and expansion or intensification of serfdom in eastern Europe, east of the Elbe River, from late-medieval or early-modern times?  When was the crucial period of change, the rise of the 'New Serfdom'?: the 14th, the 15th, the 16th, or the 17th century?

8. Explain the apparent paradox of a decline of serfdom in the West and its expansion in the East.  What were the differences between Eastern and Western serfdom?

9. When, how, and why did serfdom come to an end in eastern Europe: in Prussia, Poland, Hungary, and Russia?

10. What was the heritage of eastern European serfdom: how long did it continue to impede industrialization in this region?

Official Money Wages for Building Craftsmen for the Kingdom of England and the City of London: by Parliamentary Statute or Ordinance, for the Summer and Winter Seasons, in pence sterling, 1290 - 1495

Summer Season: Easter to Michaelmas (29 September), 'without meat and drink'

Winter Season: Michaelmas to Easter, 'without meat and drink'

a. 1290: 2d daily in the summer with food in drink; 1d daily in the winter with food and drink

b. 1290: 4d daily or 1.5d with food and drink, from Michaelmas (29 September) to Martinmas (12 November), and from Candlemas (Purificatio: 2 February) to Easter

c. 1350-51: 25 Ed III stat. 2 c. 3: rates of 4d for master free-masons; 3d for other master masons and carpenters; for all, from Michaelmas 'less according to the rate and discretion of the justices'.

d. For the chief master masons and carpenters; but 3d or 2d for the others 'according as they be worth'

e. 1444-45: 23 Henry VI c. 12: 4d daily with food and drink in the summer and 3d daily with food and drink in the winter.

f. 1495: 11 Henry VII c. 22: 4d daily with food and drink.

g. 7d daily, summer and winter, for those master masons and master carpenters having charge of six or more men; and 5d daily with food and drink.

Sources: Statutes of the Realm, I, 311-12; II, 337-39, 585-87; H. T. Riley, ed., Munimenta Gildhallae Londoniensis: Vol. II: Liber Custumarum (London, 1860), I, 99-100; ii, 541-43; H. T. Riley, ed., Memorials of London and London Life, in the XIIIth, XIVth, and XVth Centuries: From the Archives of the City of London, A.D. 1276-1419 (London, 1868), pp. 253-55; R. R. Sharpe, ed., Calendar of Letter-Books Preserved Among the Archives of the City of London at the Guildhall: Letter-Book G., c.A.D. 1352-1374 (London, 1905), pp. 148, 301; Letter Book H., c.A.D. 1375-1399 (London, 1907), p. 184.