Medagrar2.wpd 15 June 2000

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO John H. Munro

Topic Nos. 4-5: Manorial Institutions, Peasant Society, and Agrarian Change in Later Medieval Western Europe, 1300-1520

READINGS: in chronological order of original publication

A. Feudal and Manorial Institutions and Peasant Society to ca. 1350:

General Studies: General and Methodological

** 1. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 2 vols. (Oslo, 1931; reissued Paris, 1952 and 1964); reissued in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on its Basic Characteristics, trans. by Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley, Calif. 1966), chapters 1-3, especially pp. 77-101. The whole book is well worth reading.

* 2. Marc Bloch, La société féodale, 2 vols. 1940: in English translation as Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), chapters 4, 11-14, 18-22.

* 3. Marc Bloch, 'The Rise of Dependent Cultivation and Seigniorial Institutions,' in J.H. Clapham and Eileen Power, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 1st edn. (Cambridge University Press, 1941), pp. 224-77. Reprinted without change in M. M. Postan, ed., The Cambridge Economic History, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 235-89.

4. Joseph Calmette, La société féodale (Paris, 1951).

5. F.L. Ganshof, Feudalism, trans. Philip Grierson (London, 1952).

6. Robert Boutruche, Seigneurie et féodalité: le premier âge des liens d'homme à homme (Paris, 1959): book I, chapters 2-4.

7. Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (trans. Cynthia M. Postan, London, 1962), book III, chapters 2, 4.

8. Georges Duby, 'The French Countryside at the End of the 13th Century,' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, III. 1970), pp. 33-41, trans. from 'Les campagnes françaises à la fin du XIIIe siècle: Esquisse d'histoire économique,' Bulletino dell'istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 72 (1962), 161-73.

9. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850 (trans. Olive Ordish, London, 1963), pp. 29-53, 137-50, 160-94.

10. M.M. Postan, ed., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1966):

a) François Ganshof and Adriaan Verhulst, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in Its Prime: France, the Low Countries, and Western Germany,' pp. 290-339.

b) Philip Jones, 'Italy,' pp. 340-431.

c) Robert Smith, 'Spain,' pp. 432-48.

d) Michael M. Postan, 'England,' pp. 549-632.

e) Léopold Genicot, 'Crisis: From the Middle Ages to Modern Times,' pp. 660-741.

11. Marc Bloch, Seigneurie française et manoir anglais (Cahiers des Annales no. 16, Paris, 1967).

12. Elizabeth Brown, 'The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe,' American Historical Review, 79 (1974), 1063-88.

12. Esther Boserup, Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends (Chicago, 1981), chapters 1 and 2. Though this book does not refer specifically to medieval Europe, its models and analyses are certainly relevant to both medieval and early-modern Europe. A very important book.

13. Peter Gunst and Tamas Hoffman, eds., Large Estates and Small Holdings in Europe in the Middle Ages and Modern Times: National Reports (8th International Economic History Congress, Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1982). Not readily available.

* 14. Gregory Clark, 'The Cost of Capital and Medieval Agricultural Technique,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (July 1988), 265-94. (Econometric)

15. K. G. Person, Pre-Industrial Economic Growth: Social Organization and Technological Progress in Europe (Oxford, 1988).

16. Léopold Genicot, Rural Communities in the Medieval West (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).

17. David Grigg, The Transformation of Agriculture in the West (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1992).

18. Philippe Contamine, Marc Bompaire, Stéphane Lebecq, Jean-Luc Sarrazin, L'économie médiévale, Collection U, série 'Histoire médiévale' (Paris: Armand Colin, 1993). Excellent survey of European medieval economic history, with several chapters devoted to agrarian questions.

* 19. Thomas W. Robisheaux, 'The World of the Village,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 79-112.

20. Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals: The Evidence Reinterpreted (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). An attack on Ganshof's classic study on Feudalism.

21. Thomas N. Bisson, 'Medieval Lordship,' Speculum, 70:4 (October 1995), 743-59.

22. Zvi Razi and Richard Smith, eds., Medieval Society and the Manor Court (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

23. Timothy Reuter, Chris Wickham, and T.N. Bisson, 'Debate: The 'Feudal Revolution',' Past & Present, no. 155 (May 1997), pp. 177-225.

B. Field Systems: 'Open' and 'Common' Fields; Two and Three-Course Rotations

1. Paul Vinogradoff, The Growth of the Manor (London, 1905).

2. Frederic Seebohm, The English Village Community Examined in its Relations to the Manorial and Tribal Systems and to the Common or Open Field System of Husbandry, 4th edn. (London, 1905).

3. H.L. Gray, English Field Systems (Cambridge, Mass. 1915).

4. E.C.K. Gonner, Common Land and Inclosure (1921; reissued with an introduction by E.L. Jones, London, 1968).

* 5. Paul Vinogradoff, Villainage in England (London, 1923), part ii: 'The Manor and the Village Community,' chapter I; 'The Open Field System and the Holdings,' pp. 223-58; chapter II, 'Rights of Common,' pp. 259-77. See also chapters V and VI.

** 6. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 2 vols. (Oslo, 1931; reissued Paris, 1952 and 1964); in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on its Basic Characteristics, trans. by Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley, Calif. 1966), chapter 2, pp. 35-64.

7. T.A.M. Bishop, 'Assarting and the Growth of the Open Fields,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 6 (1935-36), 13-29; reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1954), Vol. I, pp. 26-40.

8. C. S. Orwin, 'Observations on the Open Fields,' Economic History Review, 1st. ser. 8 (1937-38), 125-35.

** 9. C.S. and C.A. Orwin, The Open Fields (1938; 2nd edn. Oxford, 1954), Introduction especially (pp. 1-14), and chapters I-V, pp. 15-68, especially III, 'The Open Fields,' pp. 30-52.

* 10. Joan Thirsk, Tudor Enclosures (Historical Assoc. pamphlet No. G. 41, London, 1958; reissued 1967).

* 11. M.A. Havinden, 'Agricultural Progress in Open-Field Oxfordshire,' Agricultural History Review, 9 (1961), 73-83. An important article for demonstrating that open fields did not necessarily prove to be a barrier to change, at least in early-modern England. Reprinted in: W.E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agricultural History, Vol. I (1968), pp. 147-60; and E.L. Jones, ed., Agriculture and Economic Growth in England, 1650-1815 (1967), pp. 66-79.

* 12. Lynn White, Medieval Technology and Social Change (Oxford, 1962), chapter II, 'The Agricultural Revolution of the Early Middle Ages,' pp. 39-78, esp. pp. 41-57. Rather simplistic and outdated, but still interesting.

13. W. G. Hoskins and L. Dudley Stamp, The Common Lands of England and Wales (London, 1963). Chapters 1 - 4; especially chapter 1, 'Common Land and Its Origin,' pp. 3-13; and chapter 3, 'Common Land and the Peasant Economy,' pp. 44-52.

** 14. Joan Thirsk, 'The Common Fields,' Past and Present, no. 29 (Dec. 1964), 3-25. The article that initiated the still current debate.

15. W.O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, vol. 55, Philadelphia, 1965).

* 16. Jan Z. Titow, 'Medieval England and the Open-Field System,' Past and Present, no. 32 (1966), 86-102. The first major attack on Thirsk.

* 17. Joan Thirsk, 'The Origin of the Common Fields,' Past and Present, no. 33 (1966), 142-47. Her strong reply to Titow.

18. Joan Thirsk, 'Enclosing and Engrossing,' in Joan Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, IV: 1500-1640 (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 200-56.

* 19. George C. Homans, 'The Explanation of English Regional Differences,' Past and Present, no. 42 (1969), 18-34. Continuing the Thirsk-Titow debate.

20. A.H.R. Baker, 'Some Terminological Problems in Studies of British Field Systems,' Agricultural History Review, 17 (1969).

21. Jerome Blum, 'The European Village as Community: Origins and Functions,' Agricultural History, 45 (1971), 158- .

22. D.N. McCloskey, 'The Enclosure of Open Fields: Preface to a Study of its Impact on the Efficiency of English Agriculture in the Eighteenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 32 (1972), 15-35. Though chiefly pertaining to a later period, still relevant to the question of medieval common fields, particularly since McCloskey subsequently became a very major participant in this debate. See below nos.

* 23. Michael Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain in the Middle Ages (1972), chapter 4: 'Land Use and Technology', pp. 41-72.

24. W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in England (London, 1972).

25. A.R.H. Baker and R.A. Butlin, eds., Studies of the Field Systems in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1973). Studies by various authors, by regions. See in particular, chapter 14: Baker and Butlin, 'Conclusion: Problems and Perspectives,' pp. 619-56.

26. Jon Cohen and Martin Weitzman, 'A Mathematical Model of Enclosure,' in J. and W. Los, eds., Mathematical Models in Economics (Warsaw, 1974), pp. 419-31. Relevant to the subject of common fields and their economic rationale.

27. Edmund King, Peterborough Abbey, 1086-1310: A Study in the Land Market (London, 1975). Though not on the origins of the common fields, this study shows how peasant holdings could be re-arranged through purchase, sale, and transfers.

* 28. Robert A. Dodgshon, 'The Land-Holding Foundations of the Open-Field System,' Past and Present, no. 67 (May 1975), 3-29. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 6-32.

** 29. William N. Parker and Eric L. Jones, eds., European Peasants and Their Markets: Essays in Agrarian Economic History (Princeton, 1975). See the following essays:

* a) Richard C. Hoffmann, 'Medieval Origins of the Common Fields,' pp. 23-71.

*** b) Donald McCloskey, 'The Persistence of English Common Fields,' pp. 93-120.

c) D.N. McCloskey, 'The Economics of Enclosure: A Market Analysis,' pp. 123-60.

* d) Jon Cohen and Martin Weitzman, 'Enclosure and Depopulation: a Marxian Analysis,' pp. 161-76. See also the following:

30. Jon Cohen and Martin Weitzman, 'A Marxian Model of Enclosures,' Journal of Development Economics, 1 (1975), 287-336. Also relevant to the economics of common fields.

31. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'The Rise and Fall of a Theoretical Model: the Manorial System;' and also, 'Authority, Efficiency, and Agriculture Organization in Medieval England and Beyond,' both in Journal of Economic History, 25 (1975), 386-409, and 693-718, respectively.

** 32. Donald N. McCloskey, 'English Open Fields as Behavior Towards Risk,' Research in Economic History, 1 (1976), 124-71.

33. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'On a Marxian Model of Enclosures,' Journal of Development Economics, 3 (1976), 195-98. An attack on Cohen and Weitzmann, with their reply:

Jon Cohen and Martin Weitzman, 'Reply to Fenoaltea,' pp. 199-200.

34. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'Risk, Transactions Costs, and the Organization of Medieval Agriculture,' Explorations in Economic History, 13 (April 1976), 129-51. Challenges McCloskey's thesis in nos. 27 and 30.

35. Robert Brenner, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Past and Present, no. 70 (February 1976), pp. 30-74, reprinted in T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin, eds. The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 10 - 63. He suggests that Open Field Farming with scattered strips as a mechanism to develop and ensure peasant social cohesion as a bulwark against further manorial (feudal) exploitation of the dependent peasantry.

* 35. Donald McCLoskey, 'Fenoaltea on Open Fields: A Reply,' Explorations in Economic History, 14 (Oct. 1977), 405-10.

36. J.A. Yelling, Common Field and Enclosure in England, 1450-1850 (London, 1977). Important survey; but arranged geographically rather than chronologically.

* 37. Michael Mazur, 'The Dispersion of Holdings in the Open Fields: An Interpretation in Terms of Property Rights,' Journal of European Economic History, 6:2 (Fall1977), 461-71. See no. 36 below.

* 38. Donald McCloskey, 'Scattering in Open Fields: a Comment,' and

Michael Mazur, 'Scattering in Open Fields: A Reply,' both in

Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 209-14, and 215-18, respectively.

39. Bruce M. Campbell, 'Population Change and the Genesis of Common Fields on a Norfolk Manor,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 174-92.

40. Bruce M. Campbell, 'The Regional Uniqueness of English Field-Systems: Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk,' Agricultural History Review, 9 (1980),

* 41. Carl J. Dahlman, The Open Field System and Beyond: A Property Rights Analysis of an Economic Institution (Cambridge, 1980). See chapter 2, 'Theories of the Open Field System,' pp. 16-64; and chapter 4, 'The Economics of Commons, Open Fields, and Scattered Strips,' pp. 93-145. A very major recent contribution to this debate, providing a viable economic alternative to the McCloskey model.

* 42. Trevor Rowley, ed., The Origins of Open Field Agriculture (Totawa, N.J., 1981). Collected studies. See especially:

a) David Hall, 'The Origins of Open-field Agriculture: The Archaeological Fieldwork Evidence,' pp. 22-38.

b) H. S. A. Fox, 'Approaches to the Adoption of the Midland System,' pp. 64 - 111.

** c) Bruce Campbell, 'Commonfield Origins: The Regional Dimension,' pp. 112-29. Very important contribution, linking communal open fields to manorialism.

d) Robert Dodgshon, 'The Interpretation of Subdivided Fields: A Study in Private or Communal Interests?' pp. 130-44.

e) Victor Skipp, 'The Evolution of Settlement and Open-field Topography in North Arden down to 1300,' pp. 162-83.

** 43. J.A. Yelling, 'Rationality in Common Fields,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (1982), 409-15. Very important critique of both the McCloskey and Dahlman models.

* 44. Donald McCloskey, 'Corn at Interest: The Extent and Cost of Grain Storage in Medieval England,' American Economic Review, 74 (1984), 174 - 87.

45. Richard M. Smith, 'Families and Their Land in an Area of Partible Inheritance: Redgrave, Suffolk, 1260-1320,' in R. M. Smith, Land, Kinship and Life-cycle (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 135-96.

46. Alan Nash, 'The Size of Open Field Strips: A Reinterpretation,' The Agricultural History Review, 33 (1985), 32-40.

47. H. S. A. Fox, 'The Alleged Transformation from Two-field to Three-field Systems in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 39 (Nov. 1986), 526-48.

48. Grenville Astill, 'Fields,' in Grenville Astill and Annie Grant, eds., The Countryside of Medieval England (Oxford and New York, 1988), pp. 62-85.

* 49. Donald McCloskey, 'Open Fields of England: Rent, Risk, and the Rate of Interest, 1300 - 1815,' in David W. Galenson, ed., Markets in History: Economic Studies of the Past (Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 5 - 51. A further refinement of the McCloskey model.

50. Mark Bailey, 'Sand into Gold: The Evolution of the Foldcourse System in West Suffolk, 1200 - 1600,' The Agricultural History Review, 38 (1990), 40 - 57.

51. John Komlos and Richard Landes, 'Anachronistic Economics: Grain Storage in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (February 1991), 36 - 45. An attack on McCloskey. See the following reply and rejoinder.

52. Donald N. McCloskey, 'Conditional Economic History: A Reply to Komlos and Landes;' and John Komlos and Richard Landes, 'Alice to the Red Queen: Imperious Econometrics,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (February 1991), 128 - 136.

* 53. Donald N. McCloskey, 'The Prudent Peasant: New Findings on Open Fields,' Journal of Economic History, 51 (June 1991), 343-55. McCloskey again!

54. M. M. Cosgel, 'Risk Sharing in Medieval Agriculture,' Journal of European Economic History, 21: (Spring 1992), 99 - 110.

55. Eric Kerridge, The Common Fields of England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992).

56. Michael Turner, 'Common Property and Property in Common,' Agricultural History Review, 42:ii (1994), 158-62.

* 57. Rosemary L. Hopcroft, 'The Origins of Regular Open-Field Systems in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:3 (Winter 1994), 563-80.

58. Barry Harrison, 'Field Systems and Demesne Farming on the Wiltshire Estates of Saint Swithun's Priory, Winchester, 1248 - 1340,' Agricultural History Review, 43:i (1995), 1-18.

59. Gregory Clark, 'Commons Sense: Common Property Rights, Efficiency, and Institutional Change,' Journal of Economic History, 58:1 (March 1998), 73-102.

60. Jane Whittle, 'Individualism and the Family-Land Bond: A Reassessment of Land Transfer Patterns Among the English Peasantry,' Past & Present, no. 160 (August 1998), 25-63.

61. Randall Nielsen, 'Storage and English Government Intervention in Early Modern Grain Markets', Journal of Economic History, 57:1 (March 1997), 1-33.

62. Mett Erjnæs and Karl Gunnar Persson, 'Grain Storage in Early Modern Europe', Journal of Economic History, 59:3 (Sept. 1999), 762-72. See McCloskey no. 44 above.

C. Agrarian Changes in Continental Europe. ca. 1280 - ca. 1500

** 1. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 2 vols. (Oslo, 1931; reissued Paris, 1952 and 1964); reissued in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on its Basic Characteristics, trans. by Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley, Calif. 1966), chapters 3-4, especially pp. 77-125.

2. Carlo Cipolla, 'Trends in Italian Economic History in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1950).

3. A.R. Lewis, 'The Closing of the Medieval Frontier, 1250-1350,' Speculum, 33 (1958), 457-83.

* 4. Karl Helleiner, 'Population Movement and Agrarian Depression in the Later Middle Ages,' Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 15 (1959).

5. D. F. Dowd, 'The Economic Expansion of Lombardy, 1300 - 1500,' Journal of Economic History, 21 (1961).

* 6. Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (trans. Cynthia Postan, 1962), Book IV: 'Change and Upheaval in the XIVth Century,' pp. 289-360, especially chapter 2, pp. 312-32.

* 7. B.H. Slicher-van Bath, Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850 (1963), pp. 77-131, 137-43, 160-94.

8. Adriaan Verhulst, 'L'économie rurale de la Flandre et la dépression économique du bas moyen âge,' Etudes rurales, 10 (1963), 68-80.

** 9. Michael Postan, ed., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd rev. edn. (Cambridge, 1966):

a) F.L. Ganshof and Adriaan Verhulst, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime: France, the Low Countries, and Western Germany,' pp. 290-339.

b) Philip Jones, 'Medieval Agrarian Society: Italy,' pp. 395-431.

c) M.M. Postan, 'Medieval Agrarian Society: England,' pp. 577-632.

** d) Léopold Genicot, 'Crisis: From the Middle Ages to Modern Times,' pp. 700-42.

10. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur (Berlin, 1966; 3rd edn, 1978): translated by Olive Ordish as Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century (London, 1980): especially chapter 2, 'The Fourteenth-Century Recession,' pp. 35-48; and chapter 3, 'The Late-Medieval Agrarian Depression,' pp. 49-95.

** 11. David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia: The Social History of an Italian Town, 1200-1430 (New Haven, 1967), chapter 6, 'The Agricultural Economy,' pp. 121-47.

* 12. Harry Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460 (1969; reissued Cambridge, 1975), chapter 2, 'The Agrarian Economy,' pp. 14-72.

13. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, La formation des prix céréaliers en Brabant et en Flandre au XVe siècle (Brussels, 1975).

14. Guy Bois, La crise du féodalisme (Paris, 1976). Translated into English as: The Crisis of Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy, c. 1300 - 1550 (Cambridge University Press, 1984). See especially Part II, 'The Economic Subjects: Peasants and Lords,' chapters 6 - 9, pp. 135 - 260; and Part III: 'The Stages of the Crisis,' pp. 261-368.

15. Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries, 1250-1800 (Leuven, 1978). Especially the introduction by Herman Van der Wee.

16. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, 'L'evolution des techniques agricoles en Flandre et en Brabant du XIVe au XVIe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 36 (mai-juin 1981), 362 - 81.

17. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, 'Les campagnes flamandes du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècle: ou les succès d'une agriculture traditionelle,' Annales: E.S.C., 39 (mai-juin 1984), 590 - 610.

18. Michael Toch, 'Lords and Peasants: A Reappraisal of Medieval Economic Relationships,' Journal of European Economic History, 15 (Spring 1986), 163-82. Principally on Germany.

19. Alain Derville, 'Le grenier des Pays-Bas médiévaux,' Revue du Nord, 69:273 (avril-juin 1987), 267-80.

20. Richard C. Hoffmann, Land, Liberties, and Lordship in a Late Medieval Countryside: Agrarian Structures and Change in the Duchy of Wroclaw (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1989).

21. Adrian Verhulst, Précis d'histoire rurale de la Belgique (Brussels: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1990.)

22. Erik Thoen, 'Technique agricole, cultures nouvelles, et économie rurale en Flandre au bas moyen âge,' Flaran, 12 (Paris, 1990): Plantes et cultures nouvelles en Europe occidental, au moyen âge et à l'époque moderne, pp. 51-67.

23. Michael L. Boyd, 'The Evolution of Agrarian Institutions: The Case of Medieval and Ottoman Serbia,' Explorations in Economic History, 28 (January 1991), 36 - 53.

** 24. Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, eds., Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991).

a) Mark Overton and Bruce Campbell, 'Productivity Change in European Agricultural Development,' pp. 1 - 50.

b) K. Gunnar Persson, 'Labour Productivity in Medieval Agriculture: Tuscany and the Low Countries',' pp. 124 - 43.

25. Karl Gunnar Persson, 'Was There a Productivity Gap between Fourteenth-Century Italy and England?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:1 (February 1993), 105-114.

26. Stephen Epstein, 'Town and Country: Economy and Institutions in Late-Medieval Italy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:3 (August 1993), 453-77.

27. Michael Toch, 'Hauling Away in Late Medieval Bavaria: The Economics of Inland Transport in an Agrarian Market,' Agricultural History Review, 41:2 (1993), 111 - 23.

28. William H. TeBrake, A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323 - 1328 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993).

29. Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World, translated by Lisabeth Fackelman (London, Variorum, 1993). Collected essays.

(a) 'Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by Tithe and Rent Statistics, 1250 - 1800,' pp. 47-68. [From Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries, 1250 - 1800 (Leuven, 1978), pp. 1-23.]

(b) (with Eddy Van Cauwenberghe) 'Agrarian History and Public Finances in Flanders, 14th to 17th Century,' pp. 69-83. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 28 (1973), 1051-64.]

30. William Caferro, 'City and Countryside in Siena in the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century,' The Journal of Economic History, 54:1 (March 1994), 85 - 103.

31. Léopold Génicot, L'économie rurale namuroise au bas moyen âge, vol. 4: L communauté et la vile rurales, Recueil de Travaux d'Histoire et de Philologie, 6th ser., vol. 49 (Louvain-la-Neuve: Bureau de Recueil; Brussels: Nauwlelaerts, 1995).

32. Del Sweeney, ed., Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Technology, Practice, and Representation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).

• Karl Brunner, 'Continuity and Discontinuity of Roman Agricultural Knowledge in the Early Middle Ages,' pp. 21-40.

b) Sándor Bökönyi, 'The Development of Stockbreeding and Herding in Medieval Europe,' pp. 41-61.

c) Andrew M. Watson, 'Arab and European Agriculture in the Middle Ages: A Case of Restricted Diffusion,' pp. 62-75.

d) Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'Ecology versus Economics in Late Thirteenth- and Early Fourteenth-Century English Agriculture,' pp. 76-108.

e) Paul Edward Dutton, 'Thunder and Hail over the Carolingian Countryside,' pp. 111-37.

f) Ludolf Kuchenbuch, 'Links Within the Village: Evidence from Fourteenth-Century Eastphalia,' pp. 138-162.

g) Gerhard Jaritz, 'The Material Culture of the Peasantry in the Late Middle Ages: 'Image' and 'Reality', pp. 163-88.

h) Robert Worth Frank, Jr., 'The 'Hungry Gap', Crop Failure, and Famine: The Fourteenth-Century Agricultural Crisis and Piers Plowman,' pp. 227-43.

33. Mauro Ambrosoli, The Wild and the Sown: Agriculture and Botany in Western Europe, 1350 - 1850 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

34. Rebecca Jean Emigh, 'Loans and Livestock: Comparing Landlords' and Tenants' Declarations from the Catasto of 1427,' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:3 (Winter 1996), 705-23.

35. Grenville Astil and John Langdon, eds., Medieval Farming and Technology: the Impact of Agricultural Change in Northwest Europe (Leiden/New York: Brill, 1997):

John Langdon, Grenville Astil, and Janken Myrdal, 'Introduction'

Georges Comet, 'Technology and Agricultural Expansion in the Middle Ages: the Example of France North of the Loire',

Georges Raepsaet, 'The Development of Farming Implements between the Seine and the Rhine from the Second to Twelfth Centuries',

Erik Thoen, 'The Birth of "The Flemish Husbandry": Agricultural Technology in Medieval Flanders',

Peter Hoppenbrouwers, 'Agricultural Production and Technology in the Netherlands, c. 1000-1500',

Bjorn Poulsen, 'Agricultural Technology in Medieval Denmark',

Janken Myrdal, 'The Agricultural Transformation of Sweden, 1000-1300',

Mats Widgren, 'Fields and Field Systems in Scandinavia During the Middle Ages',

Grenville Astill, 'An Archaeological Approach to the Development of Agricultural Techniques in Medieval England',

Bruce Campbell, 'Economic Rent and the Intensification of English Agriculture, 1086 - 1350',

Mavis Mate, 'Agricultural Technology in Southeast England, 1348-1530',

John Langdon, 'Was England a Technological Backwater in the Middle Ages>',

Christopher Dyer, 'Medieval Farming and Technology: Conclusion'

36. Richard W. Unger, 'Beer, Wine, and Land use in the Late Medieval Low Countries,' Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis, 1-3 (1998): 329-38. [Special issue: 'Proeve 't al, 't is prysselyck: Verbruik in Europese steden (13de - 18de eeuw)/Consumption in European Towns (13th-18th Century): Liber Amicorum Raymond van Utyven]

D. Medieval England: General Studies, and those up to ca. 1350

1. Paul Vinogradoff, Villainage in England: Essays in English Medieval History (New York, 1923). A classic.

2. M.K. Bennett, 'British Wheat Yield per Acre for Seven Centuries,' Economic History, 3 (Feb. 1935), no. 10, 12-29; reprinted in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. I (Newton Abbot, 1968), pp. 53-72.

* 3. Michael Postan, 'The Chronology of Labour Services,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th ser. 20 (1937); republished with revisions in W.E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. I (Newton Abbott, 1968), pp. 73-92; and in M.M. Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 89-106;

4. George C. Homans, English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass. 1941; reissued 1970), Book III.

5. R.H. Hilton, The Economic Development of Some Leicestershire Estates in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1947).

* 6. Michael Postan, 'Some Agrarian Evidence of a Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949-50); republished in revised form (and title) in Michael M. Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 186-213.

7. Michael M. Postan, The Famulus: The Estate Labourer in the XIIth and XIIIth Centuries (The Economic History Review Supplements, No. 2, Cambridge, 1954), 44 pp.

8. E.A. Kosminsky, Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century, ed. R.H. Hilton and trans. R. Kisch (Oxford, 1956). A Soviet Marxist view.

9. J. Ambrose Raftis, The Estates of Ramsey Abbey (Toronto, 1957).

10. Michael Postan, Jan Titow, and J. Longden, 'Heriots and Prices on Winchester Manors,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 11 (1959); reprinted in Michael M. Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 150-86.

11. Michael Postan, 'The Charter of the Villeins,' introduction to Carta Nativorum: a Peterborough Abbey Cartulary of the Fourteenth Century, ed. C.N.L. Brooke and M.M. Postan (1960); republished in M.M. Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 107-49.

12. Michael Postan, 'Village Livestock in the Thirteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1962); reprinted in Michael M. Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 214-48.

13. J.Z. Titow, 'Some Differences between Manors and their Effects on the Condition of the Peasant in the Thirteenth Century,' Agricultural History Review, 10 (1962); reprinted in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. I (Newton Abbot, 1968), pp. 37-52.

14. J. Ambrose Raftis, Tenure and Mobility: Studies in the Social History of the Medieval English Village (Toronto, 1964).

15. Rodney H. Hilton, A Medieval Society: The West Midlands at the End of the Thirteenth Century (London, 1967), chapters 2-5.

16. W.E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. I (Newton Abbot, 1968):

a) J.Z. Titow, 'Some Differences between Manors and their Effects on the Condition of the Peasant in the Thirteenth Century,' [from Agricultural History Review, 10 (1962)], pp. 37-52.

b) M.K. Bennett, 'British Wheat Yield per Acre for Seven Centuries,' pp. 53-72 [from Economic History, 3 (Feb. 1935), no. 10, 12-29.]

c) M.M. Postan, 'Chronology of Labour Services,' pp. 73-92. [Revised version of paper in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th ser. 20 (1937), 169-93. See above 13(a).]

d) W.G. Hoskins, 'Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic History, 1480-1619,' pp. 93-116. [From Agricultural History Review, 2 (1953-54), 28-46.]

17. Michael Postan, 'Legal Status and Economic Conditions in Medieval Villages,' in Modernization and Industrialization: Essays Presented to Yoshitaka Komatsu (Tokyo, 1968); reprinted in Michael M. Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 278-90.

18. J.Z. Titow, English Rural Society, 1200-1350 (London, 1969), chapter 2, pp. 43-63.

19. Dorothea Oschinksy, ed., Walter of Henley and Other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting (Oxford, 1971).

20. Edwin B. DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needingworth: Structures of Tenure and Patterns of Social Organization in an East Midlands Village, 1252-1457 (Toronto, 1972).

21. J.Z. Titow, Winchester Yields: A Study in Medieval Agricultural Productivity (Cambridge, 1972).

* 22. M M. M. Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973):

a) 'The Chronology of Labour Services,' pp. 89-106. [A revised version of a paper first published in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th ser. 20 (1937), and reprinted in W.E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. I (1968).]

b) 'The Charter of the Villeins,' pp. 107-49 [first published as an introduction to Carta Nativorum: a Peterborough Abbey Cartulary of the Fourteenth Century, ed. C.N.L. Brooke and M.M. Postan (1960).]

c) 'Heriots and Prices on Winchester Manors,' pp. 150-86. [Published with J. Titow and J. Longden, in Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 11 (1959).]

d) 'Some Agrarian Evidence of a Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 186-213. [Revised version of a paper first published in Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949-50).]

e) 'Village Livestock in the Thirteenth Century,' pp. 214-48. [From Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1962).]

f) 'Glastonbury Estates in the Twelfth Century,' pp. 245-77. [From Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 5 (1953).]

g) 'Legal Status and Economic Conditions in Medieval Villages,' pp. 278-90. [Republished from the collection in Modernization and Industrialization: Essays Presented to Yoshitaka Komatsu (Tokyo, 1968).]

23. H.C. Darby, A New Historical Geography of England (Cambridge, 1973)

a) R.A. Donkin, 'Changes in the Early Middle Ages,' pp. 75-135.

b) R.E. Glasscock, 'England circa 1334,' pp. 136-85.

c) Alan R.H. Baker, 'Changes in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 186-247.

24. Eleanor Searle, Lordship and Community: Battle Abbey and Its Banlieu, 1066-1538 (Toronto, 1974).

25. J. Ambrose Raftis, Warboys: Two Hundred Years in the Life of an English Medieval Village (Toronto, 1974).

26. J. Ambrose Raftis, Assart Data and Land Values: Two Studies in the East Midlands, 1200-1350 (Toronto, 1974).

27. R.H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages: The Ford Lectures for 1973 and Related Studies (Oxford, 1975).

28. J.R. Maddicott, The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294-1341 (Past and Present Supplement no. 1, Oxford, 1975).

29. Edward Britton, The Community of the Vill: A Study in the History of the Family and Village Life in Fourteenth-Century England (Toronto, 1977).

30. Barbara Harvey, Westminster Abbey and its Estates in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1977).

** 31. Michael M. Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain in the Middle Ages (London, 1978), chapters 5-10.

* 32. Edward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348 (London, 1978), chapters 4-8.

33. Zvi Razi, 'The Toronto School's Reconstruction of Medieval Peasant Society: A Critical View,' Past and Present, no. 85 (Nov. 1979), 141-57.

* 34. J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980), chapters 1-3, 6-8.

35. Paul Hyams, Kings, Lords, and Peasants in Medieval England: The Common Law of Villeinage in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1980).

36. Zvi Razi, Life, Marriage and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 1270-1400 (Past and Present Publications, Cambridge, 1980), pp. 1-98 (chapters 1-2).

37. Zvi Razi, 'Family, Land, and the Village Community in Later Medieval England,' Past and Present, no. 93 (Nov. 1981), 3-36. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 360-93.

38. Christopher Dyer, Lords and Peasants in a Changing Society: The Estates of the Bishopric of Worcester, 680-1540 (Past and Present Publications, Cambridge, 1982).

39. Joan Thirsk, 'Large Estates and Small Holdings in England,' in Peter Gunst and Tamas Hoffman, eds., Large Estates and Small Holdings in the Middle Ages and Modern Times (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1982), pp. 61-78.

40. T. H. Aston, ed., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge, 1983).

41. P. D. A. Harvey, The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England (Oxford, 1984).

42. Richard M. Smith, ed., Land, Kingship, and Lifecycle (Cambridge University Press, 1984).

43. R. H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London, 1985). See in particular the following (reprints):

a) 'Old Enclosure in the West Midlands: A Hypothesis about Late-Medieval Development,' pp. 36-47.

b) 'Medieval Peasants: Any Lessons?' pp. 114-21.

c) 'Reasons for Inequality Among Medieval Peasants,' pp. 139-51.

d) 'Feudalism or Féodalité and Seigneurie in France and England,' pp. 227-38.

e) 'Was There a General Crisis of Feudalism?' pp. 239-45.

f) 'Ideology and Social Order in Late Medieval England,' pp. 246-53.

g) 'Some Social and Economic Evidence in Late Medieval English Tax Returns,' pp. 253-67.

44. David Postles, 'The Perception of Profit Before the Leasing of Demesnes,' Agricultural History Review, 34:1 (1986), 12-28.

45. Richard Holt, 'Whose Were the Profits of Corn Milling? The Abbots of Glastonbury and Their Tenants, 1086 - 1350,' Past and Present, no. 116 (August 1987), 3 - 23.

46. Judith M. Bennett, Women in the Medieval English Countryside: Gender and Household in Brigstock Before the Plague (Oxford and New York, 1987).

47. Gregory Clark, 'The Cost of Capital and Medieval Agricultural Technique,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (July 1988), 265-94. Econometric analysis. See Jones (1990).

48. M. Patricia Hogan, 'Clays, Culturae, and the Cultivator's Wisdom: Management Efficiency at Fourteenth-Century Wistow,' Agricultural History Review, 36:2 (1988), 117-31.

49. H.E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II: 1042 - 1350 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988):

a) H.E. Hallam, P.F. Brandon, J.A. Raftis, Christopher Dyer, John Hatcher, Edward Miller, R. Ian Jack, 'Farming Techniques,' pp. 272 - 496.

b) H.E. Hallam, 'Population Movements in England, 1086-1350,' pp. 508-93.

c) H.E. Hallam, J.A. Raftis, Christopher Dyer, John Hatcher, Edward Miller, and R. Ian Jack, 'Social Structure,' pp. 594 - 715.

d) David L. Farmer, 'Prices and Wages,' pp. 716-817.

e) H.E. Hallam, 'The Life of the People,' pp. 818-53.

f) H.E. Hallam, 'Rural England and Wales, 1042 - 1350,' pp. 966-1008.

50. Grenville Astill and Annie Grant, eds., The Countryside of Medieval England (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988):

a) Grenville Astill and Annie Grant, 'The Medieval Countryside: Approaches and Perceptions,' pp. 1-11.

b) Christopher Dyer, 'Documentary Evidence: Problems and Enquiries,' pp. 12-35.

c) Grenville Astill, 'Rural Settlement: the Toft and the Croft,' pp. 36-61.

d) Grenville Astill, 'Fields,' pp. 62-85.

e) John Langdon, 'Agricultural Equipment,' pp. 86-107.

f) James Greig, 'Plant Resources,' pp. 108-27.

g) Paul Stamper, 'Woods and Parks, ' pp. 128-48.

h) Annie Grant, 'Animal Resources,' pp. 149-87.

i) Richard Smith, 'Human Resources,' pp. 188-212.

j) Grenville Astill and Annie Grant, 'The Medieval Countryside: Efficiency, Progress and Change,' pp. 213-34.

51. Bruce Campbell, 'Laying the Foundations: The Agrarian History of England and Wales, 1042 - 1350,' The Agricultural History Review, 37 (1989), 188 - 92.

52. Bruce Campbell and John Power, 'Mapping the Agricultural Geography of Medieval England,' Journal of Historical Geography, 15 (1989), 24-39.

53. John Langdon, 'A Quiet Revolution: the Horse in Agriculture, 1100-1500,' History Today, 39 (1989), 32-7.

54. David Postles, 'Cleaning the Medieval Arable,' Agricultural History Review, 37:2 (1989), 130-43.

55. Kathleen Biddick, 'Malthus in a Straightjacket? Analyzing Agrarian Change in Medieval England,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (Spring 1990), 623 - 35. A review of The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II (1988).

56. Jules N. Pretty, 'Sustainable Agriculture in the Middle Ages: the English Manor,' The Agricultural History Review, 38 (1990), 1 - 19.

57. Gregory Clark, 'Yields per Acre in English Agriculture, 1250 - 1860: Evidence from Labour Inputs,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (August 1991), 445 - 60.

58. John Langdon, 'Water-mills and Windmills in the West Midlands, 1086-1500,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (August 1991), 424 - 44.

59. David Farmer, 'Millstones for Medieval Manors,' Agricultural History Review, 40:ii (1992), 97 - 111.

60. C. M. Woolgar, ed., Household Accounts from Medieval England, Part 1: Introduction, Glossary, Diet Accounts (i); Part 2: Diet Accounts (ii), Cash, Corn and Stock Accounts, Wardrobe Accounts, Catalogue, Records of Social and Economic History, new series XVII, British Academy (Oxford University Press, 1993).

61. James A. Galloway and Margaret Murphy, 'Feeding the City: London and its Agrarian Hinterland,' London Journal, 16 (1991), 3-14.

62. Bruce M. S. Campbell, James A Galloway, and Margaret Murphy, 'Rural Land-Use in the Metropolitan Hinterland, 1270 - 1339: the Evidence of the Inquisitiones Post Mortem,' Agricultural History Review, 40:i (1992), 1-22.

63. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'Commercial Dairy Production on Medieval English Demesnes: The Case of Norfolk,' Anthropozoologica, no. 16 (1992), pp. 107 - 18.

64. Gregory Clark, 'The Economics of Exhaustion, the Postan Thesis, and the Agricultural Revolution,' The Journal of Economic History, 52 (March 1992), 61 - 84.

65. Bruce M.S. Campbell, James A. Galloway, Derek Keene, and Margaret Murphy, A Medieval Capital and Its Grain Supply: Agrarian Production and Distribution in the London Region c. 1300, Historical Geography Research Series no. 30 (London: Institute of British Geographers, 1993).

66. Jean Scammell, 'The Formation of the English Social Structure: Freedom, Knights, and Gentry, 1066 - 1300,' Speculum, 68:3 (July 1993), 591-618.

67. M. A. Atkin, 'Land Use and Management in the Upland Demesne of the De Lacy Estate of Blacburnshire,' Agricultural History Review, 42:1 (1994), 1-19.

68. John Langdon, 'Lordship and Peasant Consumerism in the Milling Industry of Early Fourteenth-Century England,' Past & Present, no. 145 (November 1994), pp. 3-46.

69. Bruce Campbell, 'Measuring the Commercialization of Seigneurial Agriculture, c.1300,' in A Commercializing Economy: England, 1086 to c.1300, ed. Richard Britnell and Bruce Campbell (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995)

70. Barry Harrison, 'Field Systems and Demesne Farming on the Wiltshire Estates of Saint Swithun's Priory, Winchester, 1248 - 1340,' Agricultural History Review, 43:i (1995), 1-18.

71. John Langdon, 'City and Countryside in Medieval England,' Agricultural History Review, no. 43:i (1995), 67-72. A review article of Bruce M.S. Campbell, James A. Galloway, Derek Keene, and Margaret Murphy, A Medieval Capital and Its Grain Supply: Agrarian Production and Distribution in the London Region c. 1300 (Edinburgh, 1993).

72. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'Ecology versus Economics in Late Thirteenth- and Early Fourteenth-Century English Agriculture,' in Del Sweeney, Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Technology, Practice, and Representation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), pp. 76-108.

73. J. Ambrose Raftis, Peasant Economic Development within the English Manorial System (Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).

74. Zvi Razi and Richard Smith, eds., Medieval Society and the Manor Court (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

75. Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

76. Clyde G. Reed and Anne-Marie Dross, 'Labour Services in the Thirteenth Century,' The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 333-46.

77. Grenville Astil and John Langdon, eds., Medieval Farming and Technology: the Impact of Agricultural Change in Northwest Europe (Leiden/New York: Brill, 1997):

John Langdon, Grenville Astil, and Janken Myrdal, 'Introduction'

Grenville Astill, 'An Archaeological Approach to the Development of Agricultural Techniques in Medieval England',

Bruce Campbell, 'Economic Rent and the Intensification of English Agriculture, 1086 - 1350',

Mavis Mate, 'Agricultural Technology in Southeast England, 1348-1530',

John Langdon, 'Was England a Technological Backwater in the Middle Ages>',

Christopher Dyer, 'Medieval Farming and Technology: Conclusion'

78. Thorlac Turville-Petre, 'The Earliest English Manorial Survey,' Speculum, 73:1 (January 1998), 58-79.

See also:

H.P.R. Finberg, general editor, The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Cambridge University Press. The series contains the following, relevant to this course:

Vol. I.i: Prehistory, ed. H.P.R. Finberg (1972).

Vol. I.ii: A.D. 43-1042, ed. H.P.R. Finberg (1972).

Vol. II: 1042-1350, ed. H.E. Hallam (1988).

Vol. III: 1350-1500, ed. Edward Miller (1991).

Vol. IV: 1500-1640, ed. Joan Thirsk (1967).

E. Agrarian Changes in Late-Medieval England: ca. 1350 - ca. 1520

1. James E. Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1866-192), I: 1259-1400 (1867), and IV: 1401-1582 (1882).

2. Elizabeth Levitt, The Black Death on the Estates of the See of Winchester (London, 1916). A classic.

3. R.A. Pelham, 'Fourteenth Century England,' in H.C. Darby, ed., An Historical Geography of England Before A.D. 1800 (Cambridge, 1936), pp. 230-65.

4. William Beveridge, 'Wages in the Winchester Manors,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 7 (1936-37), 22-43.

5. W.G. Hoskins, 'Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic History, 1480-1619,' Agricultural History Review, 2 (1953-54), 28-46; reprinted in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History, Vol. I (Newton Abbot, 1968), pp. 93-116.

6. E.M. Halcrow, 'The Decline of Demesne Farming on the Estates of Durham Cathedral Priory,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1954-55), 345-56.

7. William Beveridge, 'Westminster Wages in the Manorial Era,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 8 (1955-56), 18-35.

* 8. G.A. Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility in Fourteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1957), pp. 85-120.

9. F.R.H. Du Boulay, 'Who Were Farming the English Demesnes at the End of the Middle Ages?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1964-65), 443-55.

** 10. Michael Postan, 'Medieval Agrarian Society: England,' in Michael Postan, ed., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd rev. edn. (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 577-632.

11. R.H. Britnell, 'Production for the Market on a Small Fourteenth Century Estate,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (Aug. 1966), 380-87.

12. A.R.H. Baker, 'Evidence in the 'Nonarum Inquisitiones' of Contracting Arable Lands in England During the Early Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 518-32.

13. D.G. Watts, 'A Model for the Early Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 543-47.

14. R.R. Davies, 'Baronial Accounts, Incomes, and Arrears in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 21 (1968), 211-29.

15. Christopher Dyer, 'A Redistribution of Incomes in Fifteenth-Century England,' Past and Present, no. 39 (April 1968), 11-33.

16. Ian Blanchard, 'Population Change, Enclosure, and the Early Tudor Economy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23 (1970), 427-45. An important article for comparing the relative costs and benefits of arable and pastoral farming, in the fifteenth century.

16. Douglass North and Robert Thomas, 'The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model,' Journal of Economic History, 31 (Dec. 1971), 777-803.

17. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'The Rise and Fall of a Theoretical Model: The Manorial System,' Journal of Economic History, 35 (June 1975), 386-409. An attack on North and Thomas (1971).

18. J.Z. Titow, Winchester Yields: A Study in Agricultural Productivity (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 1-33.

* 19. Edwin DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needingworth,1252-1457 (Toronto, 1972), chapter II: 'Structures and Patterns of Tenure, 1370-1457,' pp. 107-61.

20. P. F. Brandon, 'Cereal Yields on the Sussex Estates of Battle Abbey during the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 25 (1972)

21. Ian Kershaw, 'The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England, 1315-1322,' Past and Present, no. 59 (May 1973), 3-50.

* 22. A.R. Bridbury, 'The Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 557-92.

23. Rodney Hilton, Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (London, 1973), chapter 1: 'The Nature of Medieval Peasant Economy,' pp. 25-62. The rest of this book is considered under the topic on 'Serfdom'.

24. J.R. Maddicott, The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294-1341 (Past and Present Supplement no. 1, Oxford, 1975), 75 pp. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 285-359.

25. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'Authority, Efficiency, and Agricultural Organization in Medieval England and Beyond: A Hypothesis,' Journal of Economic History, 35 (December 1975), 693-718.

26 Stefano Fenoaltea, 'Risk, Transactions Costs, and the Organization of Medieval Agriculture,' Explorations in Economic History, 13 (April 1976), 129-51.

27. Cicely Howell, 'Peasant Inheritance Customs in the Midlands, 1280-1700,' in Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk, E.P. Thompson, eds., Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200-1800 (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 112-55.

28. Richard H. Britnell, 'Agricultural Technology and the Margin of Cultivation in the Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 53-66.

29. D.L. Farmer, 'Grain Yields on the Winchester Manors in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 555-66.

30. A. R. Bridbury, 'Before the Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 393-410.

31. R.H. Britnell, 'Agricultural Technology and the Margin of Cultivation in the Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 53-66.

32. R. A. Donkin, The Cistercians: Studies in the Geography of Medieval England and Wales (Toronto, 1978), chapters 2 - 4, especially 3, 'Animal Husbandry,' pp. 68-102.

33. W. Harwood Long, 'The Low Yields of Corn in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 32 (1979), 459-69.

** 34. J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980), chapter 7, 'Crisis and Change in the Agrarian Economy,' pp. 207-45.

35. R.H. Britnell, 'Minor Landlords in England and Medieval Agrarian Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 89 (Nov. 1980), 3-22. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 227-46.

36. Zvi Razi, Life, Marriage and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 1270 - 1400, Past and Present Publications (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 99-153 (chapters 3-4).

* 37. Zvi Razi, 'Family, Land, and the Village Community in Later Medieval England,' Past and Present, no. 93 (Nov. 1981), 3-36. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 360-93.

* 38. John Hatcher, 'English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards a Reassessment,' Past and Present, no. 90 (Feb. 1981), 3-39. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 247-84.

39. Christopher Dyer, 'Warwickshire Farming, 1349 - 1520: Preparations for Agricultural Revolution,' Dugdale Society Occasional Papers, 27 (1981), 1 - 41.

40. J. Hare, 'Change and Continuity in Wiltshire Agriculture in the Later Middle Ages,' in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Agricultural Improvement: Medieval and Modern (Exeter, 1981).

41. Peter Gatrell, 'Historians and Peasants: Studies of Medieval English Society in a Russian Context,' Past and Present, no. 96 (August 1982), 22-50. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 394-422.

** 42. Christopher Dyer, 'Deserted Villages in the West Midlands,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (Feb. 1982), 19-34.

43. Christopher Dyer, Lords and Peasants in a Changing Society: The Estates of the Bishopric of Worcester, 680-1540 (Past and Present Publications, Cambridge, 1982).

44. John Langdon, 'The Economics of Horses and Oxen in Medieval England,' Agricultural History Review, 30 (1982), 31-40.

* 45. Bruce M. Campbell, 'Agricultural Progress in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 36 (Feb. 1983), 26-47. See also the following:

* 46. Bruce M. Campbell, 'Arable Productivity in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Norfolk,' Journal of Economic History, 43 (June 1983), 379-404.

47. Mavis Mate, 'The Farming Out of Manors: A New Look at the Evidence from Canterbury Cathedral Priory,' Journal of Medieval History, 9 (1983), 331-43.

48. M. Silver, 'A Non Neo-Malthusian Model of English Land Values, Wages, and Grain Yields Before the Black Death,' Journal of European Economic History, 12 (1983), 631-50.

49. David Farmer, 'Crop Yields, Prices, and Wages in Medieval England,' Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, new ser., 6 (1983), 115-55.

50. T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983).

a) M. M. Postan, 'Feudalism and its Decline: A Semantic Exercise,' pp. 73 - 87.

b) Zvi Razi, 'The Struggles between the Abbots of Halesowen and their Tenants in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,' pp. 151 - 67.

c) Geoffrey Shepherd, 'Poverty in Piers Plowman,' pp. 169 - 89.

d) Christopher Dyer, 'English Diet in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 191 - 216.

e) G. G. Astill, 'Economic Change in Later Medieval England: An Archaeological Review,' pp. 217 - 47.

51. H. E. Hallam, 'The Climate of Eastern England, 1250-1350,' The Agricultural History Review, 32 (1984), 124-32.

52. Christopher Dyer, 'Social and Economic Background to the Rural Revolt of 1381,' in R. H. Hilton and T. H. Aston, eds., The English Rising of 1381 (Cambridge, 1984).

53. Richard M. Smith, ed., Land, Kinship and Life-cycle (Cambridge, 1984). Collected essays; see in particular:

a) Bruce Campbell, 'Population Pressure, Inheritance, and the Land Market in a Fourteenth Century Peasant Community,' pp. 87-134.

b) Jack Ravensdale, 'Population Changes and the Transfer of Customary Land on a Cambridgeshire Manor in the Fourteenth Century,' pp. 197 - 226.

c) Ian Blanchard, 'Industrial Employment and the Rural Land Market, 1380 - 1520,' pp. 227 - 76.

d) Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in the Size of Peasant Holdings in Some West Midland Villages, 1400 - 1540,' pp. 277 - 94.

e) Zvi Razi, 'The Erosion of the Family-land Bond in the late Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: A Methodological Note,' pp. 295 - 304.

f) Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in the Link Between Families and Land in the West Midlands in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,' pp. 305 - 12.

54. Judith M. Bennett, 'The Tie That Binds: Peasant Marriages and Families in Late Medieval England,' The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Summer 1984), 111-30.

55. John Langdon, 'Horse Hauling: A Revolution in Vehicle Transport in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century England?', Past and Present, no. 103 (May 1984), 37 - 66. Reprinted in T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 33-64.

56. Mavis Mate, 'Agrarian Economy After the Black Death: The Manors of Canterbury Cathedral Priory, 1348-91,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Aug. 1984), 341-54.

* 57. Mavis Mate, 'Medieval Agrarian Practices: The Determining Factors?' The Agricultural History Review, 33 (1985), 22-32.

58. Mavis Mate, 'Labour and Labour Services on the Estates of Canterbury Cathedral Priory in the Fourteenth Century,' Southern History, 7 (1985), 55 - 67.

59. Kathleen Biddick, 'Medieval English Peasants and Market Involvement,' The Journal of Economic History, 45 (December 1985), 823 - 32.

60. R. H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London, 1985). See in particular the following (reprints):

a) 'Old Enclosure in the West Midlands: A Hypothesis about Late-Medieval Development,' pp. 36-47.

b) 'Medieval Peasants: Any Lessons?' pp. 114-21.

c) 'Reasons for Inequality Among Medieval Peasants,' pp. 139-51.

d) 'Feudalism or Féodalité and Seigneurie in France and England,' pp. 227-38.

e) 'Was There a General Crisis of Feudalism?' pp. 239-45.

f) 'Ideology and Social Order in Late Medieval England,' pp. 246-53.

g) 'Some Social and Economic Evidence in Late Medieval English Tax Returns,' pp. 253-67.

61. John Langdon, Horses, Oxen, and Technological Innovation, 1066 to 1500 (Cambridge, 1986).

62. H. S. A. Fox, 'The Alleged Transformation from Two-field to Three-field Systems in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 39 (November 1986), 526 - 48.

63. David Postles, 'The Perception of Profit Before the Leasing of Demesnes,' Agricultural History Review, 34 (1986), 12-28.

64. Francis X. Newman, ed., Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies vol. 39 (Binghampton, New York, 1986):

(a) J. Ambrose Raftis, 'Social Change versus Revolution: New Interpretations of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381,' pp. 3-22.

(b) Barbara A. Hanawalt, 'Peasant Resistance to Royal and Seignorial Impositions,' pp. 23-47.

(c) D. W. Robertson, Jr., 'Chaucer and the Economic and Social Consequences of the Plague,' pp. 49-74.

(d) John B. Friedman, ' 'He Hath a Thousand Slayn This Pestilence': Iconography of the Plague in the late Middle Ages,' pp. 75-112.

(e) Russell A. Peck, 'Social Conscience and the Poets,' pp. 113-48.

65. Simon Penn, 'Female Wage-earners in Late Fourteenth-century England,' Agricultural History Review, 35 (1987), 1 - 14.

66. Mavis Mate, 'Pastoral Farming in South-East England in the Fifteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 40 (Nov. 1987), 523-36.

67. T. H. Aston, ed., Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1987). Essays reprinted from Past & Present. The following are relevant to this topic:

a) Robert A. Dodgshon, 'The Landholding Foundations of the Open-Field System,' pp. 6-32.

b) John Langdon, 'Horse Hauling: A Revolution in Vehicle Transport in Twelfth-and Thirteenth Century England,' pp. 33-64.

c) Edmund King, 'Large and Small Landowners in Thirteenth-Century England: The Case of Peterborough Abbey,' pp. 141-65.

d) R. H. Britnell, 'Minor Landlords in England and Medieval Agrarian Capitalism,' pp. 227-46.

e) John Hatcher, 'English Serfdom and Villeinage: Towards Reassessment,' pp. 247-84.

f) J.R. Maddicott, 'The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294-1341,' pp. 285-359.

g) Zvi Razi, 'Family, Land and the Village Community in Later Medieval England,' pp. 360-93.

68. Leonard Cantor, The Changing English Countryside: 1400 - 1700 (London and New York, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987).

69. H. E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II: 1042 - 1350 (Cambridge University Press, 1988).

a) H.E. Hallam, P.F. Brandon, J.A. Raftis, Christopher Dyer, John Hatcher, Edward Miller, R. Ian Jack, 'Farming Techniques,' pp. 272 - 496.

b) H.E. Hallam, 'Population Movements in England, 1086-1350,' pp. 508-93.

c) H.E. Hallam, J.A. Raftis, Christopher Dyer, John Hatcher, Edward Miller, and R. Ian Jack, 'Social Structure,' pp. 594 - 715.

d) David L. Farmer, 'Prices and Wages,' pp. 716-817.

e) H.E. Hallam, 'The Life of the People,' pp. 818-53.

f) H.E. Hallam, 'Rural England and Wales, 1042 - 1350,' pp. 966-1008.

70. C. R. J. Currie, 'Early Vetches in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 41 (Feb. 1988), 114-16.

71. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'The Diffusion of Vetches in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 41 (May 1988), 193 - 208.

72. M. J. Stephenson, 'Wool Yields in the Medieval Economy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 41 (August 1988), 368-91.

73. M. Patricia Hogan, 'Clays, Culturae, and the Cultivator's Wisdom: Management Efficiency at Fourteenth-Century Wistow,' Agricultural History Review, 36:2 (1988), 117-31.

74. Richard H. Britnell, 'The Pastons and Their Norfolk,' Agricultural History Review, 36:2 (1988), 132-44.

75. Gregory Clark, 'The Cost of Capital and Medieval Agricultural Technique,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (July 1988), 265-94. Econometric analysis. See Jones (1990).

76. Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in Diet in the Late Middle Ages: The Case of Harvest Workers,' The Agricultural History Review, 36 (1988), 21 - 38.

77. Christopher Dyer, ' 'The Retreat from Marginal Land': The Growth and Decline of Medieval Rural Settlements,' in M. Aston, D. Austin, and C. Dyer, eds. The Rural Settlements of Medieval England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), pp. 45 - 57.

78. Christopher Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England c. 1200 - 1520 (Cambridge, 1989).

79. John Langdon, 'A Quiet Revolution: the Horse in Agriculture, 1100-1500,' History Today, 39 (1989), 32-7.

80. Kathleen Biddick, The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate (Berkeley, 1989).

81. David Postles, 'Cleaning the Medieval Arable,' The Agricultural History Review, 37 (1989), 130 - 43.

82. Nils Hybel, Crisis or Change: The Concept of Crisis in the Light of Agrarian Structural Reorganization in Late-Medieval England, trans. James Manley (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1989).

83. A. J. Pollard, 'The North-Eastern Agrarian Economy and the Agrarian Crisis of 1438-1440,' Northern History, 25 (1989), 88-105.

84. Bruce Campbell and John Power, 'Mapping the Agricultural Geography of Medieval England,' Journal of Historical Geography, 15 (1989), 24-39.

* 85. Mark Bailey, 'The Concept of the Margin in the Medieval English Economy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (Feb. 1989), 1 - 17.

86. Mark Bailey, A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th ser. 12 (Cambridge University Press, 1990.)

87. E. L. Jones, 'Enclosure, Land Improvement, and the Price of Capital: A Comment,' Explorations in Economic History, 27 (July 1990), 350-55. A reply to Clark (1988).

88. Jules N. Pretty, 'Sustainable Agriculture in the Middle Ages: the English Manor,' The Agricultural History Review, 38 (1990), 1 - 19.

89. Mark Bailey, 'Sand into Gold: The Evolution of the Foldcourse System in West Suffolk, 1200 - 1600,' The Agricultural History Review, 38 (1990), 40 - 57.

90. Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press, 1991).

a) Barbara Harvey, 'Introduction: the 'crisis' of the early fourteenth century,' pp. 1 - 24.

b) Richard M. Smith, 'Demographic developments in rural England, 1300-48: a survey,' pp. 25 - 78.

c) Mavis Mate, 'The agrarian economy of south-east England before the Black Death: depressed or buoyant?', pp. 79 - 109.

91. Edward Miller, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. III: 1348 - 1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991):

a) Edward Miller, 'Introduction: Land and People,' pp. 1-33.

b) J.A. Tuck, Edward Miller, R.H. Britnell, Edmund King, C.C. Dyer, D.H. Owen, P.D.A. Harvey, Mavis Mate, H.S.A. Fox, 'The Occupation of the Land,' pp. 34-174.

c) J.A. Tuck, Edward Miller, R.H. Britnell, Edmund King, C.C. Dyer, D. H. Owen, P.D. A. Harvey, Mavis Mate, H.S.A. Fox, 'Farming Practice and Techniques,' pp. 175-323.

d) David Farmer, 'Marketing the Produce of the Countryside, 1200-1500,' pp. 324-430.

e) David Farmer, 'Prices and Wages, 1350-1500,' pp. 431-525.

f) J.M.W. Bean, 'Landlords,' pp. 526-86.

g) J.A. Tuck, Edward Miller, R.H. Britnell, Edmund King, C.C. Dyer, D.H. Owen, P.D.A. Harvey, Mavis Mate, H.S.A. Fox, 'Tenant Farming and Tenant Farmers,' pp. 587 - 743.

h) E.B. Fryde, 'Peasant Rebellion and Peasant Discontents,' pp. 744-819.

i) H.E.J. Le Patourel and L.A.S. Butler, 'Rural Building in England and Wales,' pp. 820 - 919.

** 92. Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, eds., Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991).

(a) Mark Overton and Bruce Campbell, 'Productivity Change in European Agricultural Development,' pp. 1 - 50.

(b) Robert S. Shiel, 'Improving Soil Productivity in the Pre-Fertiliser Era,' pp. 51 - 77.

(c) Martin K. Jones, 'Agricultural Productivity in the Pre-Documentary Past,' pp. 78 - 94.

(d) Kathleen Biddick and Catrien Bijleveld, 'Agrarian Productivity on the Estates of the Bishopric of Winchester in the Early Thirteenth Century: a Managerial Perspective,' pp. 95 - 123.

(e) K. Gunnar Persson, 'Labour Productivity in Medieval Agriculture: Tuscany and the 'Low Countries',' pp. 124 - 43.

(f) Bruce M.S. Campbell, 'Land, Labour, Livestock, and Productivity Trends in English Seignorial Agriculture, 1208 - 1450,' pp. 144 - 82.

(g) Christopher Thornton, 'The Determinants of Land Productivity on the Bishop of Winchester's Demesne of Rimpton, 1208 to 1403,' pp. 183 - 210.

(h) Gregory Clark, 'Labour Productivity in English Agriculture, 1300 - 1860,' pp. 211 - 35.

93. John Langdon, 'Water-mills and Windmills in the West Midlands, 1086-1500,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (August 1991), 424 - 44.

94. C. E. Moreton, 'A Social Gulf? The Upper and Lesser Gentry of Medieval England,' The Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 255 - 62.

95. Lawrence R. Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death: Essex, 1350 - 1525 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), especially Part II, chapters 1-2, pp. 9-57.

96. J. A. Galloway, and Margaret Murphy, 'Feeding the City: Medieval London and Its Agrarian Hinterland,' London Journal, 16 (1991), 3 - 14.

97. Bruce M.S. Campbell, James A. Galloway, and Margaret Murphy, 'Rural Land-Use in the Metropolitan Hinterland, 1270 - 1339: the Evidence of Inquisitiones Post Mortem,' Agricultural History Review, 40:i (1992), 1-22.

98. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'Commercial Dairy Production on Medieval English Demesnes: The Case of Norfolk,' Anthropozoologica, no. 16 (1992), pp. 107 - 18.

99. Mark Overton and Bruce M.S. Campbell, 'Norfolk Livestock Farming 1250-1740: A Comparative Study of Manorial Accounts and Probate Inventories,' Journal of Historical Geography, 18:4 (1992), 377-396.

100. Gregory Clark, 'The Economics of Exhaustion, the Postan Thesis, and the Agricultural Revolution,' The Journal of Economic History, 52 (March 1992), 61 - 84.

101. Bruce M.S. Campbell, James A. Galloway, Derek Keene, and Margaret Murphy, A Medieval Capital and Its Grain Supply: Agrarian Production and Distribution in the London Region c. 1300, Historical Geography Research Series no. 30 (London: Institute of British Geographers, 1993).

102. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'A Fair Field Once Full of Folk: Agrarian Change in an Era of Population Decline, 1348 - 1500,' Agricultural History Review, 41:1 (1993), 60 - 70. A review article of Edward Miller, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. III: 1348-1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

103. Mavis E. Mate, 'The East Sussex Land Market and Agrarian Class Structure in the Late Middle Ages,' Past & Present, no. 139 (May 1993), pp. 46-65.

** 104. Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, 'A New Perspective on Medieval and Early Modern Agriculture: Six Centuries of Norfolk Farming, c.1250 - c.1850,' Past & Present, no. 141 (November 1993), 38 - 105.

105. Robert M. Townshend, The Medieval Village Economy: A Study of the Pareto Mapping in General Equilibrium Models (Princeton University Press, 1993).

106. John Langdon, 'City and Countryside in Medieval England,' Agricultural History Review, no. 43:i (1995), 67-72. A review article of Bruce M.A. Campell, James A. Galloway, Derek Keene, and Margaret Murphy, A Medieval Capital and Its Grain Supply: Agrarian Production and Distribution in the London Region c. 1300 (Edinburgh, 1993).

* 107. John Hatcher, 'England in the Aftermath of the Black Death,' Past & Present, no. 144 (August 1994), pp. 3 - 35.

108. Christine Carpenter, 'Gentry and Community in Medieval England,' in Maryanne Kowaleski, ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England, special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp. 340-80.

109. Elaine Clark, 'Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside,' in Maryanne Kowaleski, ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England, special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp. 381-406.

110. Christopher Dyer, 'The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline,' in Maryanne Kowaleski, ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England, special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp.407-29.

* 111. Jan Titow, 'Lost Rents, Vacant Holdings and the Contraction of Peasant Cultivation after the Black Death,' Agricultural History Review, 42:ii (1994), 97-114.

112. Edwin DeWindt, ed., The Salt of Common Life: Individuality and Choice in the Medieval Town, Countryside, and Church: Essays Presented to J. Ambrose Raftis, Medieval Institute Publications SMC XXXVI (Kalamazoo: The Medieval Institute, 1995)

a) Maryanne Kowaleski, 'The Grain Trade in Fourteenth-Century Exeter,' pp. 1 - 52.

b) Anne Reiber DeWindt, 'The Town of Ramsey: The Question of Economic Development, 1290 - 1523,' pp. 53-116.

c) Ellen Wedemeyer Moore, 'Aspects of Poverty in a Small Medieval Town,' pp. 117-56.

d) Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'The Livestock of Chaucer's Reeve: Fact or Fiction?' pp. 271-306.

e) Ian Blanchard, 'Social Structure and Social Organization in an English Village at the Close of the Middle Ages: Chewton 1526,' pp. 307-40.

f) David N. Hall, 'Hemington and Barnwell, Northamptonshire: A Study of Two Manors,' pp. 341 - 70.

g) Sherri Olson, ' 'Families Have their Fate and Periods': Varieties of Family Experience in the Pre-Industrial Village,' pp. 409-48.

h) Kathleen A. Biddick, 'The Historiographic Unconscious and the Return of Robin Hood,' pp. 449-84.

i) Denis Brearley, 'The Social, Economic, and Intellectual Life of Richard Depyng, Vicar of Fillongley (1487-1529),' pp. 485-512.

j) F. Donald Logan, 'Ramsey Abbey: The Last Days and After,' pp. 513-45.

113. Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

a) Jean Birrell, 'Peasant Deer Poachers in the Medieval Forest,' pp. 68-88.

b) Ambrose Raftis, 'Peasants and the Collapse of the Manorial Economy on Some Ramsey Abbey Estates,' pp. 191-206.

c) David Farmer, 'The Famuli in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 207-36.

d) John Hatcher, 'The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century,' pp. 237-72.

114. Bruce M.S. Campbell, Kenneth Bartley, and John Power, 'The Demesne-Farming Systems of Post-Black Death England: A Classification,' Agricultural History Review, 44:ii (1996), 131-79.

115. J. Ambrose Raftis, Peasant Economic Development within the English Manorial System (Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).

116. Judith Bennett, Ales, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300 - 1600 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

117. Sherri Olson, A Chronicle of All That Happens: Voices from the Village Court in Medieval England, Studies and Texts, vol. 124 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996).

118. E.B. Fryde, Peasants and Landlords in Later Medieval England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).

119. Bruce M.S. Campbell, Kenneth Bartley, and John Power, 'The Demesne-Farming Systems of Post-Black Death England: A Classification,' Agricultural History Review, 44:ii (1996), 131-79.

120. Bruce M.S. Campbell, 'Matching Supply to Demand: Crop Production and Disposal by English Demesnes in the Century of the Black Death,' Journal of Economic History, 57:4 (December 1997), 827-58.

121. Andrew Watkins, 'Landowners and their Estates in the Forest of Arden in the Fifteenth Century,' Agricultural History Review, 45:1 (1997), 18-33.

122. E.I. Newman and P.D.A. Harvey, 'Did Soil Fertility Decline in Medieval English Farms? Evidence from Cuxham, Oxfordshire, 1320 - 1340,' Agricultural History Review, 45:2 (1997), 119-36.

123. Iain McLean and Jeremy Smith, 'The 1381 Peasants' Revolt: Lessons for the 1990s?', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:1 (Spring 1997), 137-43.

124. Carenza Lewis, Patrick Mitchell-Fox, and Christopher Dyer, Village, Hamlet, and Field: Changing Medieval Settlements in Central England (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997).

125. Phillipp R. Schofield, 'Dearth, Debt and the Local Land Market in a Late Thirteenth-Century Village Community,' Agricultural History Review, 45:1 (1997), 1-17.

126. Andrew Watkins, 'Landowners and their Estates in the Forest of Arden in the Fifteenth Century,' Agricultural History Review, 45:1 (1997), 18-33.

127. E.I. Newman and P.D.A. Harvey, 'Did Soil Fertility Decline in Medieval English Farms? Evidence from Cuxham, Oxfordshire, 1320 - 1340,' Agricultural History Review, 45:2 (1997), 119-36.

128. James Masschaele, Peasants, Merchants, and Markets: Inland Trade in Medieval England, 1150 - 1350 (St. Martin's Press: New York, 1997).

129. Joan Thirsk, Alternative Agriculture: A History from the Black Death to the Present Day (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

130. Mark Bailey, 'Peasant Welfare in England, 1290 - 1348,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:2 (May 1998), 223-51.

131. John H. Munro, 'Crisis and Change in the Later Medieval English Economy,' Journal of Economic History, 58:1 (March 1998), 215-19. A review article based on Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

132. Gregory Clark and Ysbrand Van der Werf, 'Work in Progress? The Industrious Revolution,' Journal of Economic History, 58:3 (September 1998), 830-43. An important article that compares labour productivity rates, chiefly in agriculture, from the 13th to 18th centuries.

133. Phillip R. Schofield, 'Peasants and the Manor Court: Gossip and Litigation in a Suffolk Village at the Close of the Thirteenth Century,' Past & Present, no. 159 (May 1998), 3-42.

134. Chris Wickham, 'Gossip and Resistance Among the Medieval Peasantry,' Past & Present, no. 160 (August 1998), 3-24.

135. Jane Whittle, 'Individualism and the Family-Land Bond: A Reassessment of Land Transfer Patterns Among the English Peasantry,' Past & Present, no. 160 (August 1998), 25-63.

Note: The question of Serfdom, in western and eastern Europe, is a separate topic, the next one, with an equally extensive bibliography and list of questions.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. What constituted manorialism in later medieval Europe? How were manorial institutions related to feudalism and serfdom? What differences are to be found among manorial institutions in Italy, France, the Low Countries, and England in the later Middle Ages?

2. To what extent did manorial institutions act as barriers to agrarian change and to economic development in later medieval and early modern Europe? Under what specific conditions might you expect to find rising agricultural productivity within a manorial village?

3. What is meant by 'common' and 'open' field farming in northern Europe? What are the costs and what are the benefits of common or open field farming? What changes did such systems undergo from the 13th to 16th centuries; and why did such systems last so long (indeed to the 20th century in some parts of Europe)?

4. Explain why the open or common field system was found chiefly in: (a) northern Europe -- north of the Loire and Danube Rivers; (b) chiefly in strongly feudalized manorial regions; (c) regions of high population densities; (d) agricultural regions that practised a mixed farming that combined arable (heavily grain-oriented and livestock husbandry ('sheep and corn')? Why were the English Midlands, with parts of East Anglia, the chief zone for open-field farming. To what extent does the physical, economic, social, cultural, and 'political-institutional' geography of this region fit the components listed in no. 2 above.

5. What were the methods of arable and pastoral farming in northern Europe during the later Middle Ages? What crops were grown in southern and northern Europe; and under what conditions? What was the function of the 'fallow'? Explain the two- and three- field systems of crop rotations, and their variants. Explain the role of livestock and pastoral farming in northern European agriculture.

6. Did Europe undergo an 'agrarian depression' in the 14th and 15th centuries? What regional differences can be detected in analysing the fortunes of late medieval European agriculture? Were all sectors of agriculture affected or afflicted alike--or did grain and livestock farming experience different fortunes, in terms of prices and costs? Discuss also the changing fortunes of agriculture in specialized crops and viniculture.

7. What changes did manorial structures and institutions undergo in this period of population decline and 'agrarian depression'? Discuss in terms of demesne (domain) and peasant tenancy farming. What new types of peasant tenancies developed in this era?

8. What changes did agricultural techniques undergo in this late-medieval period? Before and after the Black Death? What was the relationship, if any, between demographic change and technical change in medieval European agriculture? For some general methodological considerations on this particular issue, though not related to specifically to medieval Europe, see:

Esther Boserup, Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends (Chicago, 1981), chapters 1 and 2.

(A) Fall or Winter Fields: consisted of crops that were planted in the Fall and harvested in the late Spring or early Summer: grains such as winter wheat and rye (rye being a northern crop in origin). Winter wheat was the only form of Roman-Mediterranean farming.

(B) Spring or Summer Fields: fields that were planted with both grain and vegetable crops in the Spring and harvested in the Fall (Autumn): new crop rotations added in early-medieval northern Europe and merged with the Roman system to become a so-called Three Field system.

(C) The Fallow Fields: one third of the arable lands, lying at rest, uncultivated (each field every third year). Communal grazing of livestock on natural grasses growing on the fallow (after double-ploughing).

THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING RELATIVE AREAS OF GRASS (LIVESTOCK-PASTURE) AND ARABLE (GRAIN CROPS) ON THE OUTPUT OF A 100-ACRE FARM: IN BUSHELS PER ACRE (WITH LIVESTOCK OUTPUT EQUIVALENTS)

Assumption: Farm Operating on a Three-Field System with 2/3 in Crops and 1/3 Fallow (Uncultivated, Land at Rest) each Year

* Assumption: That the output of livestock products is equivalent to 10 bushels of grain per acre.

Source: Robert Shiel, 'Improving Soil Fertility in the Pre-Fertiliser Era,' in Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, eds., Land, Labour, and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity (Manchester and New York, 1991), p. 71.

Source: J.C. Russell, 'Population in Europe, 500 - 1500,' in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Middle Ages, 900-1500 (London, 1972), pp. 25-70: Table 1, p. 19.