MEDEMOG2.WPD 15 June 2000
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO John H. Munro
Topics nos. 1 - 3 : Medieval Demography and the Late-Medieval Demographic Crises, ca. 1280-1500: European Population Changes Before and After the Black Death
(1) Medieval European Demography and the Family: The Origins and Evolution of the European Marriage Pattern.
(2) Medieval European Demography and the Economy: Did Late-Medieval Population Growth Produce a Malthusian Crisis?
(3) Medieval European Demography and Disease: The Great Famine, the Black Death, Later Plagues, and Economic Conjoncture in Late-Medieval European Society.
For each section, the readings are listed in the chronological order of original publication. Items of exceptional importance -- including those denounced by later historians -- are indicated by an asterisk (*).
READINGS:
A. General and Methodological
1. Thomas R. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1st edn. (London, 1798); 6th edn., 2 vols. (London, 1826).
2. A.M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford, 1922).
3. A.M. Carr-Saunders, World Population: Past Growth and Present Trends (New York, 1936). Especially chapters 6-7.
* 4. J.C. Russell, British Medieval Population (Albequerque, 1948).
* 5. Carlo Cipolla, Jan Dhondt, Michael Postan, and Philippe Wolff, 'Rapports collectif,' IXe congrès international des sciences historiques, Paris âout - septembre 1950, 1 (1950), 225-41. Michael Postan's contribution was revised and subsequently published as the following:
** 6. Michael Postan, 'The Economic Foundations of Medieval Society,' Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie, 161 (1951); and:
Michael Postan, 'Some Economic Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1950), 130-67;
both reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 3 - 27; and 186 - 213 (the latter, with the revised title of 'Some Agrarian Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages.')
7. Roger Mols, Introduction à la démographie historique des villes d'Europe du XIVe au XVIIIe siècles, 3 vols. (Louvain-Gembloux, 1954-56). See Vol. I on methodology.
8. Wilhelm Abel, Die Wüstungen des ausgehenden Mittelalters, 2nd edn. (Stuttgart, 1955).
* 9. J. Krause, 'The Medieval Household: Large or Small?,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 9 (1956-57), 420-32. With a critique of Russell's demographic assumptions and methods.
10. Karl Helleiner, 'New Light on the History of Urban Populations,' Journal of Economic History, 18 (1958), 56-61. A review-article concerning the Mols volumes, no. 6 above.
11. J.C. Russell, Late Ancient and Medieval Population (Philadelphia, 1958).
12. Carlo Cipolla, The Economic History of World Population (London, 1962), especially chapter 4, 'Births and Deaths,' pp. 73-90.
* 13. B.H. Slicher-van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850 (London, 1963), pp. 77-97, 132-37.
14. J.C. Russell, 'A Quantitative Approach to Medieval Population Change,' Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 1-21.
15. J.C. Russell, 'Recent Advances in Medieval Demography,' Speculum, 40 (1965), 84-101.
* 16. D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversely, eds. Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography (London, 1965), especially:
(a) D.E.C. Eversely, 'Population, Economy, and Society,' pp. 23-70.
** (b) J. Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' pp. 101-46.
17. J. C. Russell, 'The Pre-plague Population of England,' Journal of British Studies, 5 (1966).
** 18. Barbara Harvey, 'The Population Trend in England Between 1300 and 1348,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. 16 (1966), 23-42. Opposes Postan's thesis of a pre-plague population decline, implicitly supporting Russell. But see also no. 40 below, a much more recent essay.
* 19. Goran Ohlin, 'No Safety in Numbers: Some Pitfalls of Historical Statistics,' in Henry Rosovsky, ed. Industrialization in Two Systems: Essays in Honor of Alexander Gerschenkron (New York, 1966), pp. 68 - 90; reprinted in Roderick Floud, ed. Essays in Quantitative Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 59 - 78. An important critique of Russell's demographic statistics.
** 20. Karl Helleiner, 'The Population of Europe, from the Black Death to the Eve of the Vital Revolution,' in E.E. Rich and Charles Wilson, eds., Cambridge Economic History, Vol. IV: The Economy of Expanding Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 1-95, especially pp. 5-19, 68-95.
21. Marcel R. Reinhard, André Armengaud, Jacques Dupâquier, Histoire générale de la population mondiale (Paris, 1968).
* 22. J. Z. Titow, English Rural Society, 1200-1350 (1969), chapter 3, 'The Standard of Living Controversy,' pp. 64-96. Critique of both Russell and Barbara Harvey, defending the Postan thesis.
* 23. E. Anthony Wrigley, Population and History (London, 1969), chapters 1-3.
24. Guy Fourquin, Histoire économique de l'occident médiéval (Paris, 1969), pp. 136-75, 225-34.
25. Harry Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460 (1969: reissued Cambridge, 1975), chapter 2.
* 26. Norman J.G. Pounds, 'Overpopulation in France and the Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages,' Journal of Social History, 3 (1969-70), 225-47.
* 27. J.D. Chambers, Population, Economy, and Society in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1972), chapters 1-3.
* 28. Josiah Cox Russell, 'Population in Europe, 500-1500,' in Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Middle Ages, ed. Carlo Cipolla (London, 1972), pp. 25-70.
29. Frederick Cartwright, Disease and History (New York, 1972).
30. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Times of Feast, Times of Famine: The History of Climate Since the Year 1000 (London, 1972).
31. David Loschky, 'Economic Change, Mortality, and Malthusian Theory,' Population Studies, 30 (1975), 439-52.
32. Edward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348 (London, 1978), chapter 2: 'Land and People,' pp. 27-63; and chapter 9.
* 33. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur, 3rd edn. (Berlin, 1978; 1st edn. 1966): translated by Olive Ordish as Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1980), chapters 1-3, but especially the introduction, pp. 1-16.
34. Robert Fossier, 'Peuplement de la France du Nord entre le 10e et le 16e siècles,' Annales de demographie historique (1979), 59 - 99.
35. J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980): chapters 1 - 4.
* 36. Ester Boserup, Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends (Chicago, 1981), part III: 'The Role of Demographic Factors in European Development,' pp. 93-125.
37. Jacques Dupâquier and A. Fauve-Chamoux, eds., Malthus Past and Present (London, 1983).
38. David Coleman and Roger Schofield, The State of Population Theory: Forward from Malthus (Oxford, 1986):
a) Roger Schofield and David Coleman, 'Introduction: the State of Population Theory,' pp. 1-13.
b) David Coleman, 'Population Regulation: A Long Range View,' pp. 14-41.
39. Pierre Alexandre, Le climat en Europe au moyen âge: contribution à l'histoire des variations climatiques de 1000 à 1425, d'après les sources narratives de l'Europe occidentale (Paris, Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Études, Études en Sciences Sociales, 1987).
40. David Loschky and Maw Lin Lee, 'Malthusian Population Oscillations,' Economic Journal, 97 (1987), 727-39.
41. David Arnold, Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988).
* 42. L. R. Poos, 'The Historical Demography of Renaissance Europe: Recent Research and Current Issues,' Renaissance Quarterly, 42 (1989), 749-811.
43. Massimo Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition: An Essay on European Demographic History, trans. by Tania Croft-Murray (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
** 44. Barbara Harvey, 'Introduction: the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century,' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 1 - 24.
** 45. Richard M. Smith, 'Demographic Developments in Rural England, 1300-48: a Survey,' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 25-78.
46. Gregory Clark, 'The Economics of Exhaustion, the Postan Thesis, and the Agricultural Revolution,' The Journal of Economic History, 52 (March 1992), 61 - 84.
47. Catherine Geissler and Derek Oddy, eds., Food, Diet, and Economic Change: Past and Present (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993).
48. Ronald Lee, 'Accidental and Systematic Change in Population History: Homeostasis in a Stochastic Setting,' Explorations in Economic History, 30:1 (January 1993), 1 - 30. See in particular 'The Origin of Long Swings in Historical Populations,' pp. 21-28.
49. Karl Gunnar Persson, 'Was There a Productivity Gap between Fourteenth-Century Italy and England?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:1 (February 1993), 105-114.
50. David Loschky and Ben D. Childers, 'Early English Mortality,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24:1 (Summer 1993), 85 - 97.
** 51. Jan de Vries, 'Population,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 1 - 50.
52. David Kertzer and Peter Laslett, Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
53. Mark Bailey, 'Demographic Decline in Late-Medieval England: Some Thoughts on Recent Research,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:1 (February 1996), 1-19.
54. Kathy L. Pearson, 'Nutrition and the Early-Medieval Diet,' Speculum, 72:1 (January 1997), 1-32.
55. Massimo Livi-Bacci, A Concise History of World Population, trans. by Carl Ipsen, 2nd edn. (London: Blackwell, 1997. [1st edn: Italian, 1989; English trans., 1992)
56. Michel Morineau, 'Malthus: There and Back, From the Period Preceding the Black Death to the Industrial Revolution,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:1 (Spring 1998), 137-202.
57. Gerhard Andermann, Heinrich Hockmann, and Günther Schmitt, 'Historical Changes in Land-Labour Relationships in Western Europe,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:2 (Fall 1998), 245-83.
58. Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998).
B. The 'European Marriage Pattern?': Family Structures, Marriages, and Medieval Fertility
* 1. J. Krause, 'The Medieval Household: Large or Small?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 9 (1956-57), 420-32.
2. Philip Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, trans. Robert Baldick (London, 1962).
** 3. John Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' in D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversely, eds., Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography (London, 1965), pp. 101-46.
4. John Noonan, Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966; 2nd revised edn, 1986).
5. Jean-Louis Flandrin, 'Contraception, marriage et relations amoureuses dans l'occident chrétien,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 24 (1969), 1370-90.
6. Peter Laslett, 'Mean Household Size in England Since the Sixteenth Century,' in Peter Laslett and R. Wall, eds., Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
7. R.B. Outhwaite, 'Age at Marriage in England from the Late Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 23 (1973).
8. E. A. Wrigley, 'Reflections on the History of the Family,' Daedalus, 106 (1977), 71 - 85.
9. Richard M. Smith, 'Some Reflections on the Evidence for the Origins of the 'European Marriage Pattern' in England,' in C. Harris, ed., The Sociology of the Family: New Directions for Britain (Keele, 1979), pp. 74-112.
10. Zvi Razi, Life, Marriage and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society and Demograpy in Halesowen, 1270 - 1400 (Cambridge, 1980).
11. Peter Laslett, 'Comparing Illegitimacy over Time and Between Cultures,' in Peter Laslett, Karla Osterveen, and Richard M. Smith, eds., Bastardy and its Comparative History (London, 1980).
12. Richard M. Smith, 'Fertility, Economy, and Household Formation in England Over Three Centuries,' Population and Development Review, 7 (1981), 595 - 622.
13. Richard M. Smith, 'The People of Tuscany and Their Families in the Fifteenth Century: Medieval or Mediterranean?' Journal of Family History, Spring 1981, pp. 107-28.
14. Judith Bennett, 'Medieval Peasant Marriage: An Examination of Marriage Licence Fines in the Liber Gersumarum,' in J. A. Raftis, ed., Pathways to Medieval Peasants (Toronto: PIMS, 1981), pp. 193-246.
* 15. P.P.A. Biller, 'Birth Control in the West in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries,' Past and Present, no. 94 (Feb. 1982), 3-26.
* 16. Richard M. Smith, 'Hypothèses sur la nuptialité en Angleterre aux XIIIe - XIVe siècles,' Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 38 (1983), 107-36.
17. Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
18. David Herlihy, 'The Making of the Medieval Family: Symmetry, Structure, and Sentiment,' Journal of Family History, 2 (1983), 116-30.
* 19. John Hajnal, 'Two Kinds of Pre-Industrial Household Formation Systems,' in in Richard Wall, Jean Robin, and Peter Laslett, eds., Family Forms in Historic Europe , Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure (London, 1983), pp. 65-104.
20. Judith Bennett, 'Spouses, Siblings and Surnames: Reconstructing Families from Medieval Court Rolls,' Journal of British Studies, 23 (1983), 26-46.
21. Judith Bennett, 'The Tie That Binds: Peasant Marriages and Families in Late-Medieval England,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (1984), 111-29.
22. David Weir, 'Rather Never than Late: Celibacy and Age at Marriage,' Journal of Family History, 9:4 (Winter 1984), 340-54. Chiefly for the subsequent period; but important for this era.
23. Chris Wilson, 'Natural Fertility in Pre-Industrial England, 1600 - 1799,' Population Studies, 38 (1984), 225-40.
24. Roger S. Schofield, 'English Marriage Patterns Revisited,' Journal of Family History, 10:1 (Spring 1985), 2-20. Response to Weir, with important implications for earlier eras.
25. David Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge, Mass. 1985), chapters 4, 5, and 6 (pp. 79 - 156), for the later Middle Ages (on marriages, parenthood, childhood, etc.).
26. David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427 (New Haven and London, 1985), chapters 3 - 11: especially chapter 5, ' Men and Women,' pp. 131-58; chapter 7, 'Marriage,' pp. 202-31; chapter 8, 'Births,' pp. 232-56; chapter 9, 'Death,' pp. 257-79; chapter 10, 'The Hearth,' pp. 280-336.
27. David Nicholas, The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children, and the Family in Fourteenth-Century Ghent (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1985), chapters 1, 3, 6-8.
28. H.E. Hallam, 'Age at First Marriage and Age at Death in the Lincolnshire Fenland, 1252-1478,' Population Studies, 39 (1985), 55-69.
29. Josiah Cox Russell, Late Ancient and Medieval Population Control (Philadelphia, 1985). Another controversial book by Russell.
30. Alan Macfarlane, Marriage and Love in England, 1300 - 1840 (Oxford, 1986).
31. Barbara Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986).
32. Richard M. Smith, 'Marriage Processes in the English Past: Some Continuities,' in L. Bonfield, K. Wrightson, and R.M. Smith, eds., The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure (Oxford, 1986), pp. 43-99.
33. Frances and Joseph Gies, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages (New York, 1987).
34. Ellen Clark, 'The Decision to Marry in Thirteenth- and Early Fourteenth-Century Norfolk,' Mediaeval Studies, 49 (1987), 496-511.
35. Judith M. Bennett, Women in the Medieval English Countryside: Gender and Household in Brigstock Before the Plague (Oxford, 1987).
36. P. Galloway, 'Basic patterns in Annual Variations in Fertility, Nuptiality, Mortality, and Prices in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Population Studies, 42 (1988), 275-304.
37. Walter Prevenier, ed., Marriage and Social Mobility in the Late Middle Ages/ Mariage et mobilité sociale au bas moyen âge, Studia Historica Gandensia no. 274 (Ghent, 1989).
38. David Herlihy, Opera Muliebria: Women and Work in Medieval Europe (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990).
39. Michael Sheehan and Jacqueline Murray, Domestic Society in Medieval Europe: A Select Bibliography (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990).
40. John M. Riddle, 'Oral Contraceptives and Early-Term Abortifacients during Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages,' Past & Present, no. 132 (August 1991), 3-32.
41. Jean-Louis Flandrin, Sex in the Western World: The Development of Attitudes and Behavior (Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991).
42. C. Wilson and R. Woods, 'Fertility in England: A Long-Term Perspective,' Population Studies, 45 (1991), 399 - 415.
43. S.J. Payling, 'Social Mobility, Demographic Change, and Landed Society in Late-Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (February 1992), 51-73.
44. J. Dufournet, A. Joris, and P. Toubert, eds., Femmes, mariages, lignages, XIIe - XIVee siècles: Mélanges offers à Georges Duby, Bibliothèque du moyen âge, vol. 1 (Brussels: De Boeck Université, 1992).
45. John M. Riddle, Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).
46. P.J.P. Goldberg, Women, Work, and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy: Women in York and Yorkshire, c. 1300-1520 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). Evidence on the European Marriage Pattern.
47. Zvi Razi, 'The Myth of the Immutable English Family,' Past & Present, no. 140 (August 1993), pp. 3 - 44.
48. Barbara A. Hanawalt, Growing Up in Medieval London: The Experience of Childhood in History (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
49. Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, New Approaches to European History 1 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
50. E. A. Wrigley, 'Mortality and the European Marriage Pattern System,' in Catherine Geissler and Derek Oddy, eds., Food, Diet, and Economic Change, Past and Present (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), pp. 35-49.
51. Jan De Vries, 'Population,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 1 - 50.
52. Merry E. Wiesner, 'Family, Household, and Community,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 51-78.
53. Anthony Molho, Marriage Alliance in Late Medieval Florence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
54. David Herlihy, 'Biology and History: The Triumph of Monogamy,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 25:4 (Spring 1995), 571-83.
55. S.H. Rigby, English Society in the Later Middle Ages: Class, Status and Gender (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
56. David Nicholas, 'Child and Adolescent Labour in the Late Medieval City: A Flemish Model in Regional Perspective,' English Historical Review, 110 (November 1995), 1103-1131.
57. Jennifer Ward, ed., Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
58. Henrietta Leyser, Medieval Women: A Social History of Women in England, 450 - 1500 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
59. Richard Adair, Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996). Although this study concerns the following period (and will appear in the bibliography on early-modern demography), its methodology is useful for this medieval topic.
60. John M. Riddle, 'Contraception and Early Abortion in the Middle Ages,' in Vern L. Bullough and James A. Brundage, eds., Handbook of Medieval Sexuality (New York, 1996), 263-
61. Katherine L. French, ' 'To Free Them from Binding': Women in the Late Medieval English Parish,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 27:3 (Winter 1997), 387-412.
62. Rebecca Jean Emigh, 'Land Tenure, Household Structure, and Age at Marriage in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 27:4 (Spring 1997), 613-36.
63. Trevor Dean, 'Marriage and Mutilation: Vendetta in Late Medieval Italy,' Past & Present, no. 157 (November 1997), 3-36.
* 64. Etienne Van de Walle, 'Flowers and Fruits: Two Thousand Years of Menstrual Regulation,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28:2 (Autumn 1997), 183-203. A criticism of the Riddle thesis on fertility controls in ancient and medieval societies.
65. Martha C. Howell, The Marriage Exchange: Property, Social Place, and Gender in the Cities of the Low Countries, 1300 - 1500 (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
66. Maristella Botticini, 'A Loveless Economy? Intergenerational Altruism and the Marriage Market in a Tuscan Town, 1415 -1436,' Journal of Economic History, 59:1 (March 1999): 104-21.
C. Demographic Crises in the Late Middle Ages: Famines and Plagues: General Features
* 1. Henry Lucas, 'The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317,' Speculum, 5 (1930), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 49-72.
* 2. Edouard Perroy, 'A l'origine d'une économie contractée: les crises du XIVe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 4 (1949), 167-82. Republished in translation as 'At the Origin of a Contracted Economy: The Crises of the 14th Century,' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Ill., 1970), pp. 91-105.
* 3. Karl Helleiner, 'Population Movement and Agrarian Depression in the Later Middle Ages,' Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 15 (1949). A pioneering article, superseded by no. 10 below.
** 4. Michael Postan, 'Some Economic Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1950), 130-67; and:
Michael Postan, 'The Economic Foundations of Medieval Society,' Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie, 161 (1951);
Both are reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 186 - 213 (the former, with the revised title of 'Some Agrarian Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages'), and the latter on pp. 3 - 27.
5. Wilhelm Abel, 'Wüstungen und Preisfall im spätmittelalterlichen Europa,' Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 165 (1953), 380-427. A classic, seminal article. But restated and updated (in English translation) in no. 13 below.
6. A.R. Lewis, 'The Closing of the Medieval Frontier, 1250-1350,' Speculum, 33 (1958), 475-83.
7. Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables Compared with Builders' Wage-rates,' Economica, 23:92 (November 1956), reprinted in their A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London and New York: Methuen, 1981), pp. 13-59 (with additional statistical appendices not in the original). Important for providing statistical evidence on real wages during the supposed era of demographic 'crisis'.
8. Hans Van Werveke, 'La famine de l'an 1316 en Flandre et dans les régions voisines,' Revue du Nord, 41 (1959), reprinted in his Miscellanea Medievalia (Ghent, 1968), pp. 3-11.
9. Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West, trans. Cynthia Postan (London, 1962), Book IV: pp. 289-360.
* 10. Léopold Genicot, 'Crisis: From Middle Ages to Modern Times,' in Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd rev. edn., ed. M.M. Postan (Cambridge, 1966), 660-702.
* 11. Karl Helleiner, 'The Population of Europe from the Black Death to the Eve of the Vital Revolution,' Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV (1967), 1-20, 68-95.
* 12. David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia, 1200-1430 (New Haven, 1967), chapters 3 - 5, pp. 55 - 120; see also pp. 271-82. See also below, section E. nos 3-4.
* 13. Ian Kershaw, 'The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England, 1315-1322,' Past and Present, no. 59 (May 1973), 3-50. Reprinted in R.H. Hilton, ed., Peasants, Knights, and Heretics (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 85-132.
* 14. Wilhelm Abel, Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries, 3rd edn., (Berlin, 1978); trans. Olive Ordish (London, 1980), chapter 1-3.
15. E. D. Jones, 'Going Round in Circles: Some New Evidence for Population in the Later Middle Ages,' Journal of Medieval History, 15 (1989), 329-45.
16. L. R. Poos, 'The Historical Demography of Renaissance Europe: Recent Research and Current Issues,' Renaissance Quarterly, 42 (1989), 749-811.
* 17. Richard M. Smith, 'Demographic Developments in Rural England, 1300-48: a Survey,' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 25-78.
** 18. Barbara Harvey, 'Introduction: the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century,' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991) pp. 1 - 24.
19. Mavis Mate, 'The Agrarian Economy of South-east England before the Black Death: Depressed or Bouyant?' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 79 - 109.
20. Mark Bailey, 'Per impetum maris: Natural Disaster and Economic Decline in Eastern England, 1275 - 1350,' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 184 - 208.
21. Robert Worth Frank, Jr., 'The "Hungry Gap", Crop Failure, and Famine: The Fourteenth-Century Agricultural Crisis and Piers Plowman,' in Del Sweeney, Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Technology, Practice, and Representation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), pp. 227-43.
22. William C. Jordan, The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
23. Michael Anderson, ed., British Population History from the Black Death to the Present Day, Studies in Social and Economic History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Includes the Hatcher essay in D.30, below.
24. Kathy L. Pearson, 'Nutrition and the Early-Medieval Diet,' Speculum, 72:1 (January 1997), 1-32.
25. Phillipp R. Schofield, 'Dearth, Debt and the Local Land Market in a Late Thirteenth-Century Village Community,' Agricultural History Review, 45:1 (1997), 1-17.
26. Mark Bailey, 'Peasant Welfare in England, 1290 - 1348,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:2 (May 1998), 223-51.
D. Bubonic Plagues and Disease in Late-Medieval Europe
1. Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1891-94); revised edn. 1965.
* 2. J. Saltmarsh, 'Plague and Economic Decline in England in the Later Middle Ages,' Cambridge Historical Journal, 7 (1941), 23 - 41.
3. Yves Renouard, 'La Peste Noire de 1348-50,' La Revue de Paris, 57 (1950).
* 4. Hans Van Werveke, De Zwarte Dood in de zuidelijke Nederlanden, 1349-1351, in Mededelingen van de koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor wetenschappen, letteren, en schone kunsten van België, Klasse der Letteren, vol. XII, no. 3; Brussels, 1950). Has a French summary. A classic study.
5. Millard Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death (New York, 1951).
6. L. Fabian Hirst, The Conquest of Plague (Oxford, 1953). Classic study on the plague, modern and medieval.
7. R. Pollitzer, Plague (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1954).
8. E. A. Kosminskii, 'Peut-on considérer le XIVe et le XVe siècles comme l'époque de la décadence européene?' in Studi in onore di Armando Sapori, Vol. I (Milan, 1957), pp. 559-69. See below, no. 22 for an excerpted English translation.
9. Johannes Nohl, The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague Compiled from Contemporary Sources (1961).
* 10. Elisabeth Carpentier, 'La peste noire: famines et épidemies au XIVe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 17 (1962), 1062-92.
11. Elisabeth Carpentier, Une ville devant la peste: Orvieto et la peste noire de 1348 (Paris: SEVPEN, 1962).
12. J.M.W. Bean, 'Plague, Population, and Economic Decline in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1963), 423-37.
13. Hans Zinsser, Rats, Lice, and History (Boston, 1963).
14. William Bowsky, 'The Impact of the Black Death Upon Sienese Government and Society,' Speculum, 39 (1964).
15. Séraphine Guerchberg, 'The Controversy over the Alleged Sowers of the Black Death in the Contemporary Treatises on Plague,' in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050 - 1500 (New York, 1964), pp. 208-24.
* 16. David Herlihy, 'Population, Plague, and Social Change in Rural Pistoia, 1201-1430,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1965), 225-44.
** 17. David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia, 1200-1430 (New Haven, 1967), chapter 3, pp. 55-71; and 271-82.
18. Richard W. Emery, 'The Black Death of 1348 in Perpignan,' Speculum, 42 (1967), 611-23.
19. John Henneman, 'The Black Death and Royal Taxation in France, 1347-1351,' Speculum, 43 (1968).
* 20. Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (1969). Especially Chapter 15, pp. 240-59.
21. J.F.D. Shrewsbury, A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970).
22. Geoffrey Marks, The Medieval Plague: The Black Death of the Middle Ages (New York, 1971).
23. William M. Bowsky, ed., The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? (New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1971). See especially: E. A. Kosminskii, 'The Plague De-emphasized,' pp. 38-46, originally published in Russian in 1957.
24. Frederick F. Cartwright, Disease and History (New York, 1972), chapter 2, 'The Black Death', pp. 29-53.
** 25. A.R. Bridbury, 'The Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 557-92.
** 26. J.N. Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranées, 2 vols. (Paris and The Hague, 1975-76). A very important study, which provides a very different view about the medieval dissemination of plague.
27. William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York, 1976).
28. A.R. Bridbury, 'Before the Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 393-410. More relevant to subsequent topics. Not entirely consistent with his earlier article.
** 29. John Hatcher, Plague, Population, and the English Economy, 1348-1530 (London, 1977), pp. 11-73. So far, the best survey for late-medieval England.
30. Georges Despy, 'La 'Grande Peste Noire de 1348': a-t-elle touché le roman pays de Brabant?' Centenaire du seminaire d'histoire médiévale de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1876-1976, ed. Georges Despy (Brussels, 1977), pp. 195-217. In the PIMS Library, St. Michael's College Library.
31. David Amundsen, 'Medical Deontology and Pestilential Disease in the Late Middle Ages,' Journal of the History of Medicine, 32 (1977).
32. Michael Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton, 1977).
33. John Norris, 'East or West: The Geographic Origin of the Black Death,' Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 52 (1977), 1-24.
34. Michael Dols, 'Geographic Origin of the Black Death: Comment,' and John Norris, 'Reply,' both in Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 53 (1978), 112-13, 114-20.
35. Robert S. Gottfried, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth-Century England: The Medical Response and the Demographic Consequences (Leicester and Rutgers, 1978).
* 36. Michael Flinn, 'Plague in Europe and the Mediterranean Countries,' Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 131-48. Largely a review of Biraben's two volume study (no. 17); but also a fascinating review of the general European literature on the plague, much of it beyond the period of this topic.
37. Neithard Bulst, 'Der schwarze Tod: demographische, wirtschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Aspekte der Pestkatastophe von 1347 - 1352,' Saeculum, 30 (1979), 45-67.
* 38. Willem Blockmans, 'The Social and Economic Effects of Plague in Low Countries, 1349-1500,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 58 (1980), 833-63. A critique of the Van Werveke thesis, in no. 3 above.
39. Stephen R. Ell, 'Interhuman Transmission of the Medieval Plague,' Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 54 (1980), 497-510.
* 40. Andrew Appleby, 'The Disappearance of Plague: A Continuing Puzzle,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 161-73. Also chiefly beyond the period of this topic; but it raises very important issues on the biological nature of the late-medieval plagues; and should be read in conjunction with Flinn, Biraben, Davis, and Slack.
41. Paul Slack, 'The Disappearance of the Plague: An Alternative View,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (1981), 469-76. See no. 30 above.
42. Robert E. Lerner, 'The Black Death and Western European Eschatological Mentalities,' The American Historical Review, 86 (1981), 533-52.
43. Daniel Williman, The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-Century Plague (Binghamton, N.Y., 1982).
* 44. Robert S. Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (New York and London, 1983). Has had mixed and some hostile reviews; does not supersede Ziegler.
* 45. David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427 (New Haven and London, 1985): Chapter 3, 'Population Movements, 1300-1550,' pp. 60-92; chapter 9, 'Death,' pp. 257-79.
46. Graham Twigg, The Black Death: A Biological Reappraisal (New York, 1985). Provides a singularly unusual and iconoclastic view on the biological origins of plague.
47. Robert S. Gottfried, Doctors and Medicine in Medieval England, 1340 - 1530 (Princeton, 1986). Has received mixed and hostile reviews.
* 48. John Hatcher, 'Mortality in the Fifteenth Century: Some New Evidence,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 39 (Feb. 1986), 19-38.
* 49. David Davis, 'The Scarcity of Rats and the Black Death: An Ecological History,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 16 (Winter 1986), 455 - 70.
50. Ann G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence, Cambridge History of Medicine (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
51. Francis X. Newman, ed., Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies vol. 39 (Binghampton, New York, 1986):
(a) D. W. Robertson, Jr., 'Chaucer and the Economic and Social Consequences of the Plague,' pp. 49-74.
(b) John B. Friedman, ' 'He Hath a Thousand Slayn This Pestilence': Iconography of the Plague in the late Middle Ages,' pp. 75-112.
(c) Russell A. Peck, 'Social Conscience and the Poets,' pp. 113-48.
52. O. J. Benedictow, 'Morbidity in Historical Plague Epidemics,' Population Studies, 41 (1987), 401-31. Concerns chiefly post-1600 plagues.
53. Mark Bailey, 'Blowing up Bubbles: Some New Demographic Evidence for the Fifteenth Century?' Journal of Medieval History, 15 (1989), 347-58.
54. John Walter and Roger Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
55. Faye Getz, 'Black Death and the Silver Lining: Meaning, Continuity, and Revolutionary Change in Histories of Medieval Plague,' Journal of the History of Biology, 24 (Summer 1991), 265-89.
56. E. D. Jones, 'A Few Bubbles More: the Myntling Register Revisited,' Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 263-9.
57. Carlo Cipolla, Miasmas and Disease: Public Health and the Environment in the Pre-Industrial Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). Chiefly for the subsequent periods.
58. Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., The Cult of Remembrance and the Black Death: Six Renaissance Cities in Central Italy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
59. Steven Bassett, ed., Death in Towns: Urban Responses to the Dying and the Dead, 100 - 1600 (Leicester, London, New York: Leicester University Press, 1992).
60. Terence Ranger and Paul Slack, eds., Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
61. Ole Jorgen Benedictow, Plague in the Late Medieval Nordic Countries: Epidemiological Studies (Oslo: Middelderforlaget, 1992).
62. Hugo Kupferschmidt, Die Epidemiologie der Pest: Der Konzeptwandel in der Erforschung der Infektionsketten seit der Entdeckung des Pesterregers im Jahre 1894 (Aaruu, Verlag Sauerländer, 1993).
63. Colin Platt, King Death: The Black Death and Its Aftermath in Late-Medieval England (London: University College London Press; and Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996).
64. Mark Ormrod and Phillip Lindley, eds., The Black Death in England (Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1996).
a) Jeremy Goldberg, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-16.
b) Jim Bolton, ''The World Upside Down': Plague as an Agent of Economic and Social Change,' pp. 17-78.
c) Christopher Harper-Bill, 'The English Church and English Religion after the Black Death,' pp. 79-123.
d) Phillip Lindley, 'The Black Death and English Art: A Debate and Some Assumptions,' pp. 125-46.
e) Mark Ormrod, 'The Politics of Pestilence: Government in England after the Black Death,' pp. 147-81.
65. Michael Anderson, ed., British Population History from the Black Death to the Present Day, Studies in Social and Economic History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
66. Gunnar Karlsson, 'Plague Without Rats: The Case of Fifteenth-Century Iceland,' Journal of Medieval History, 22:3 (1996), 263-84. How was plague bacillus transmitted -- if not by rat fleas?
67. A. Lynne Martin, Plague? Jesuit Accounts of Epidemic Disease in the Sixteenth Century (Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth-Century Journal Publishers, 1996).
68. David Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
69. Jon Arzibalaga, The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997).
70. J.R. Maddicott, 'Plague in Seventh-Century England,' Past & Present, no. 156 (August 1997), 7-54. For an earlier perspective: the first Great Pandemic beginning in the Justinian era.
E. Particular Demographic Studies on England
* 1. J. Saltmarsh, 'Plague and Economic Decline in England in the Later Middle Ages,' Cambridge Historical Journal, 7 (1941).
* 2. J.C. Russell, British Medieval Population (Albequerque, 1948).
** 3. Michael Postan, 'The Economic Foundations of Medieval Society,' Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie, 161 (1951); and:
Michael Postan, 'Some Economic Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1950), 130-67;
both reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 3 - 27; and 186 - 213 (the latter, with the revised title of 'Some Agrarian Evidence of Declining Population in the Later Middle Ages.'
* 4. J. Krause, 'The Medieval Household: Large or Small?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 9 (1956), 420-32. Important, especially as a critique of Russell.
5. H.E. Hallam, 'Some Thirteenth-Century Censuses,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 10 (1957-58), 340-61.
6. J.B. Harley, 'Population Trends and Agricultural Developments from the Warwickshire Hundred Rolls of 1279,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 11 (1958-9), 8-18.
7. Michael Postan and J.Z. Titow, 'Heriots and Prices on Winchester Manors,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 11 (1959); reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture (1973), pp. 150-85.
8. H.E. Hallam, 'Population Density in Medieval Fenland,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 14 (1960-61), 71-81.
* 9. J.M.W. Bean, 'Plague, Population, and Economic Decline in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1963), 423-37.
* 10. Sylvia Thrupp, 'The Problem of Replacement Rates in Late Medieval English Population,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 18 (1965), 101-19.
* 11. Michael Postan, 'Medieval Agrarian Society: England,' in Cambridge Economic History, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, ed. M. M. Postan (2nd rev. edn. 1966), 560-70.
12. J.C. Russell, 'The Pre-Plague Population of England,' Journal of British Studies, 5 (1966), 1-21.
* 13. G. Ohlin, 'No Safety in Numbers: Some Pitfalls of Historical Statistics,' in Industrialization in Two Systems: Essays in Honor of Alexander Gerschenkron, ed. H. Rosovsky (New York, 1966): reprinted in Essays in Quantitative Economic History, ed. Roderick Floud (Oxford, 1974), pp. 59-78. An attack on Russell's statistical methods (no. 11 above).
* 14. Barbara Harvey, 'The Population Trend in England Between 1300 and 1348,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. 16 (1966), 23-42. Opposes Postan's thesis of a pre-plague population decline (implicitly supporting Russell); but see her later essay on this theme, in no. 57 below.
15. A.R.H. Baker, 'Evidence in the 'Nonarum Inquisitiones' of Contracting Arable Lands in England during the Early Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 518-32.
16. D.G. Watts, 'A Model for the Early Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 543-47.
** 17. J.Z. Titow, English Rural Society, 1200-1350 (1969), chapter 3, 'The Standard of Living Controversy,' pp. 64-96. A trenchant and hostile critique of both Barbara Harvey and J.C. Russell, especially the latter.
18. J.F.D. Shrewsbury, A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970).
* 19. Michael Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain, 1100-1500 (1972), chapter 3, pp. 27-40.
* 20. J.D. Chambers, Population, Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1972), chapters 1-3.
21. Edwin DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needingworth, 1252-1457 (Toronto, 1972): Especially chapter 2, pp. 107-61.
** 22. A.R. Bridbury, 'The Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 557-92.
* 23. Ian Kershaw, 'The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England, 1315-1322,' Past and Present, no. 59 (May 1973), 3-50. Reprinted in R.H. Hilton, ed., Peasants, Knights, and Heretics (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 85-132.
24. A.N. May, 'An Index of Thirteenth-Century Peasant Impoverishment? Manor Court Fines,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 389-402.
25. T.B. James and N.A. Price, 'Measurement of the Change in Populations Through Time: Capture-Recapture Analysis of Population for St. Lawrence Parish, Southampton, 1454 to 1610,' The Journal of European Economic History, 5:3 (Winter 1976), 719-36.
** 26. John Hatcher, Plague, Population, and the English Economy, 1348-1530 (London, 1977), pp. 11-73. So far, the best survey on this subject.
27. A.R. Bridbury, 'Before the Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 393-410. (Only partly related to demographic issues, but relevant nonetheless).
28. D.L. Farmer, 'Grain Yields on the Winchester Manors in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 555-66.
29. R.H. Britnell, 'Agricultural Technology and the Margin of Cultivation in the Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 53-66.
30. Edward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348 (London, 1978), chapters 2 and 9.
31. Robert S. Gottfried, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth-Century England: The Medical Response and the Demographic Consequences (Leicester and Rutgers, 1978).
32. W. Harwood Long, 'The Low Yields of Corn in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 32 (1979), 459-69.
33. S. H. Rigby, 'Urban Decline in the Later Middle Ages: Some Problems in Interpreting the Statistical Data,' Urban History Yearbook 1979 (Leicester University Press, 1979), pp. 46 - 59.
* 34. J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980), chapter 3: 'The Overcrowded Island,' pp. 82-118; chapter 6: 'Towards a Crisis,' pp. 180-206; chapter 7: 'Crisis and Change in the Agrarian Economy,' pp. 207-45.
35. Zvi Razi, Life, Marriage and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and Demography in Halesowen, 1270-1400 (Past and Present Publications, Cambridge, 1980).
36. Zvi Razi, 'Family, Land, and the Village Community in Later Medieval England,' Past and Present, no. 93 (Nov. 1981), 3-36.
37. H.E. Hallam, Rural England, 1066 - 1348 (London, 1981).
* 38. Christopher Dyer, 'Deserted Medieval Villages in the West Midlands,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (1982), 19-34.
39. Bruce M. Campbell, 'Agricultural Progress in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 36 (Feb. 1983), 26-46. See also:
40. Bruce Campbell, 'Arable Productivity in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Norfolk,' Journal of Economic History, 43 (1983), 379-404.
41. M. Silver, 'A Non-Neo Malthusian Model of English Land Values, Wages, and Grain Yields Before the Black Death,' Journal of European Economic History, 12 (Winter 1983), 631-50.
42. Christopher Dyer, 'English Diet in the Later Middle Ages,' in T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 191 - 216.
43. S. H. Rigby, 'Urban Decline in the Later Middle Ages: The Reliability of the Non-Statistical Evidence,' Urban History Yearbook 1984 (Leicester University Press, 1984), pp. 45 - 60.
44. Derek Keene, 'A New Study of London Before the Great Fire,' Urban History Yearbook 1984 (Leicester University Press, 1984), pp. 11 - 21.
* 45. Richard M. Smith, ed. Land, Kinship and Life-Cycle (Cambridge, 1984): collection of essays. See especially the following:
a) Bruce M. Campbell, 'Population Pressure, Inheritance, and the Land Market in a Fourteenth-Century Peasant Community,' pp. 87 - 134.
b) Jack Ravensdale, 'Population Changes and the Transfer of Customary Land on a Cambridgeshire Manor in the Fourteenth Century', pp. 197 - 226.
c) Ian Blanchard, 'Industrial Employment and the Rural Land Market, 1380 - 1520,' pp. 227 - 55.
d) Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in the Size of Peasant Holdings in Some West Midland Villages, 1400-1500,' pp. 277 - 94.
46. H. E. Hallam, 'The Climate of Eastern England, 1250-1350,' The Agricultural History Review, 32 (1984), 124-32.
* 47. L. R. Poos, 'The Rural Population of Essex in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (November 1985), 515 - 30.
* 48. John Hatcher, 'Mortality in the Fifteenth Century: Some New Evidence,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 39 (Feb. 1986), 19 - 38.
49. Peter Franklin, 'Peasant Widows' 'Liberation' and Remarriage Before the Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 39 (May 1986), 186 - 204.
50. Jack Goldstone, 'The Demographic Revolution in England: A Re-examination,' Population Studies, 40 (1986), 5-33.
51. Robert Gottfried, Doctors and Medicine in Medieval England, 1340 - 1530 (Princeton, 1986).
52. L. R. Poos, 'Population Turnover in Medieval Essex: The Evidence of Some Early Fourteenth-Century Tithing Lists,' in L. Bonfield, R.M. Smith, and K. Wrightson, eds., The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure (Oxford, 1986), pp. 1-22.
53. Francis X. Newman, ed., Social Unrest in the Late Middle Ages, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies vol. 39 (Binghampton, New York, 1986):
(a) D. W. Robertson, Jr., 'Chaucer and the Economic and Social Consequences of the Plague,' pp. 49-74.
(b) John B. Friedman, ' 'He Hath a Thousand Slayn This Pestilence': Iconography of the Plague in the late Middle Ages,' pp. 75-112.
(c) Russell A. Peck, 'Social Conscience and the Poets,' pp. 113-48.
* 54. H. E. Hallam, 'Population Movements in England, 1086 - 1350,' and 'Rural England and Wales, 1042 - 1350,' in H. E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, II: 1042 - 1350 (Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 508 - 93, and 966 - 1008. Important; but unfortunately rather outdated by the time it was finally published.
55. Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in Diet in the Late Middle Ages: The Case of Harvest Workers,' The Agricultural History Review, 36 (1988), 21 - 38.
56. Christopher Dyer, ' 'The Retreat from Marginal Land': The Growth and Decline of Medieval Rural Settlements,' in M. Aston, D. Austin, and C. Dyer, eds., The Rural Settlements of Medieval England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), pp. 45 - 57.
57. Derek Keene, 'Medieval London and Its Region,' The London Journal, 14 (1989), 99 - 111.
58. Mark Bailey, 'Blowing up Bubbles: Some New Demographic Evidence for the Fifteenth Century?' Journal of Medieval History, 15 (1989), 347-58.
59. M. Lyons, 'Weather, Famine, Pestilence, and Plague in Ireland, 900-1500,' in M.E. Crawford, ed., Famine: the Irish Experience, 900-1900 (Edinburgh, 1989).
* 60. Nils Hybel, Crisis or Change? The Concept of Crisis in the Light of Agrarian Structural Reorganization in Late Medieval England (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1989). For discussions of the literature on demographic changes, see: Chapter I.1-8, pp. 1-14; Chapter IV.1-5, pp. 105-17; Chapter VI.1-6, pp. 178-90; Chapter VII.6, pp. 228-30; and especially Chapter VIII.4-15, pp. 261-97.
* 61. Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991).
a) Barbara Harvey, 'Introduction: the 'Crisis' of the early fourteenth century,' pp. 1 - 24.
** b) Richard M. Smith, 'Demographic developments in rural England, 1300-48: a survey,' pp. 25 - 78.
c) Mavis Mate, 'The agrarian economy of south-east England before the Black Death: depressed or bouyant?', pp. 79 - 109.
d) John H. Munro, 'Industrial transformations in the north-west European textile trades, c.1290 - c.1340: economic progress or economic crisis?', pp. 110 - 48.
e) W. M. Ormrod, 'The crown and the English economy, 1290 - 1348,' pp. 149 - 83.
f) Mark Bailey, 'Per impetum maris: natural disaster and economic decline in eastern England, 1275 - 1350,' pp. 184 - 208.
62. E. D. Jones, 'A Few Bubbles More: the Myntling Register Revisited,' Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 263-9.
63. Alan Dyer, Decline and Growth in British Towns, 1400 - 1600, Studies in Economic and Social History, London: Macmillan Press, 1991.
* 64. Edward Miller, 'Introduction: Land and People,' and various authors, 'The Occupation of the Land,' in Edward Miller, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. III: 1348 - 1500 (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 1 - 33; 34 - 174.
65. Lawrence R. Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death: Essex, 1350 - 1525, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 18 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), especially chapter 6: 'Components of Demographic Equilibrium', pp. 111-30.
66. S.J. Payling, 'Social Mobility, Demographic Change, and Landed Society in Late-Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (February 1992), 51-73.
67. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'A Fair Field Once Full of Folk: Agrarian Change in an Era of Population Decline, 1348 - 1500,' Agricultural History Review, 41:1 (1993), 60 - 70. A review article of Edward Miller, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. III: 1348-1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
68. Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 1140 - 1540: The Monastic Experience (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
** 69. John Hatcher, 'England in the Aftermath of the Black Death,' Past & Present, no. 144 (August 1994), pp. 3 - 35.
70. Nicholas J. Mayhew, 'Population, Money Supply, and the Velocity of Circulation in England, 1300 - 1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:2 (May 1995), 238-57.
71. William Dohar, The Black Death and Pastoral Leadership: the Diocese of Hereford in the Fourteenth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).
* 72. Mark Bailey, 'Demographic Decline in Late-Medieval England: Some Thoughts on Recent Research,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:1 (February 1996), 1-19.
* 73. Colin Platt, King Death: The Black Death and Its Aftermath in Late-Medieval England (London: University College London Press; and Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996).
* 74. Mark Ormrod and Phillip Lindley, eds., The Black Death in England (Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1996).
a) Jeremy Goldberg, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-16.
b) Jim Bolton, ''The World Upside Down': Plague as an Agent of Economic and Social Change,' pp. 17-78.
c) Christopher Harper-Bill, 'The English Church and English Religion after the Black Death,' pp. 79-123.
d) Phillip Lindley, 'The Black Death and English Art: A Debate and Some Assumptions,' pp. 125-46.
e) Mark Ormrod, 'The Politics of Pestilence: Government in Engalnd after the Black Death,' pp. 147-81.
75. Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). In particular:
** a) Pamela Nightingale, 'The Growth of London in the Medieval English Economy,' pp. 89-106. Challenges Postan's and Hallam's population estimates for England c.1300.
b) Christopher Dyer, 'Taxation and Communities in Late Medieval England,' pp. 168-90.
c) Ambrose Raftis, 'Peasants and the Collapse of the Manorial Economy on Some Ramsey Abbey Estates,' pp. 191-206.
d) David Farmer, 'The famuli in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 207-36.
e) John Hatcher, 'The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century, ' pp. 237-72.
76. Michael Anderson, ed., British Population History from the Black Death to the Present Day, Studies in Social and Economic History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
77. Zvi Razi, 'Manorial Court Rolls and Local Population: An East Anglian Case Study,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:4 (Nov. 1996), 758-763.
78. Mavis E. Mate, Daughters, Wives, and Widows after the Black Death: Women in Sussex, 1350-1535 (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1998).
F. Demographic Changes in Continental Western Europe: Italy, France, Spain, and the Low Countries
1. Ferdinand Lot, 'L'état des paroisses et des feux en 1328,' Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, 90 (1929), 51-107, 256-315.
2. Marc Bloch, 'La population de la France au XIVe siècle: comment la connaître?' Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 3 (1931).
** 3. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 2 vols. Oslo, 1931; new edition, with supplementary notes, 1931-44, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1961-64.) Translated by J. Sondheimer, as French Rural History: An Essay on its Basic Characteristics (Berkeley, 1966). See in particular, Part IV, pp. 102-49 (in the English edn.).
4. F.L. Ganshof, Étude sur le developpement des villes entre Loire et Rhin au moyen âge (Paris, 1943).
* 5. Edouard Perroy, 'A l'origine d'une économie contractée: les crises du XIVe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 4 (1949), 167-82. Republished in translation as 'At the Origin of a Contracted Economy: The Crises of the 14th Century,' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Ill., 1970), pp. 91-105.
6. Carlo Cipolla, 'Trends in Italian Economic History in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949-50).
* 7. Hans Van Werveke, De Zwarte Dood in de zuidelijke Nederlanden, 1349-1351 (in Mededelingen van de koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor wetenschappen, letteren, en schone kunsten van België, Klasse der Letteren, Vol. XII. no. 3 (Brussels, 1950). Has a French summary.
8. Millard Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death (New York, 1951).
9. P. Rogghe, 'De Zwarte Dood in de zuidelijke Nederlanden,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire/Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis, 30 (1952), 834 - 37.
10. Charles Higounet, 'Mouvements de population dans le Midi de la France du XIe au XVe siècles,' Annales: E.S.C., 8 (1953).
11. Edouard Perroy, 'Wage Labour in France in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 8 (1955), reprinted in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500 (New York, 1964), pp. 237-48.
12. Guy Fourquin, 'La population de la région parisienne aux environs de 1328,' Le moyen âge, 61 (1956), 63-91.
13. Philippe Dollinger, 'La chiffre de population de Paris au XIVe siècle: 210,000 ou 80,000?' Revue historique, 216 (1956), 35-44.
14. Edouard Baratier, La démographie provençale du XIIIe au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1961).
15. J.C. Russell, 'L'evolution démographique de Montpellier au moyen âge,' Annales du Midi, 74 (1962), 345-60.
* 16. Elisabeth Carpentier, 'La peste noire: famines et épidemies au XIVe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 17 (1962), 1062-92.
17. Elisabeth Carpentier, Une ville devant la peste: Orvieto et la peste noire de 1348 (Paris: SEVPEN, 1962).
18. William Bowsky, 'The Impact of the Black Death Upon Sienese Government and Society,' Speculum, 39 (1964), 1-34.
* 19. David Herlihy, 'Population, Plague, and Social Change in Rural Pistoia, 1201-1430,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1965), 225-44.
** 20. David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia, 1200-1430 (New Haven, 1967), chapter 3, 'Population, Growth and Decline,' pp. 55 - 77; chapter 4, 'Demographic Patterns, 1427,' pp. 78-101; chapter 5, 'The Population Catastrophe: A Review of Causes,' pp. 102-21; and Appendix I, pp. 271-82.
21. Richard W. Emery, 'The Black Death of 1348 in Perpignan,' Speculum, 42 (1967), 611-23.
22. John Bell Henneman, 'The Black Death and Royal Taxation in France, 1347-51,' Speculum, 43 (1968).
23. H. Neveaux, 'La mortalité des pauvres à Cambrai, 1377-1473,' Annales démographies historiques (1968).
* 24. Norman J.G. Pounds, 'Overpopulation in France and the Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages,' Journal of Social History, 3 (1969-70), 225-47.
25. Elizabeth Brown, 'Taxation and Mortality in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century France,' French Historical Studies (1973).
** 26. J.N. Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranées, 2 vols. (Paris and The Hague, 1975-76). A very important study, which provides a very different view about the medieval dissemination of bubonic plagues.
27. Georges Despy, 'La 'Grande Peste Noire de 1348': a-t-elle touché le roman pays de Brabant?' Centenaire du seminaire d'histoire médiévale de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1876-1976, ed. Georges Despy (Brussels, 1977), pp. 195-217. In the PIMS Library, St. Michael's College Library.
* 28. David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427 (New Haven and London, 1985), chapter 3, 'Population Movements, 1300 - 1550,' pp. 60 - 92; and chapter 9, 'Death,' pp. 257 - 79. This book is a condensation and translation of the authors' Les Toscans et leurs familles: Une étude du Catasto florentin de 1427, (Paris, 1978).
* 29. Willem Blockmans, 'The Social and Economic Effects of Plague in the Low Countries, 1349-1500,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 58 (1980), 833-63. Critique of Van Werveke.
* 30. Walter Prevenier, 'La démographie des villes du comté de Flandre aux XIVe et XVe siècles: État de la question. Essai d'interpretation,' Revue du Nord, 65 (1983), 255-75.
31. Donald Wellington, 'The Mark of the Plague,' Revista internazionale di scienze economiche e commercial 37 (1990), 673-84.
32. Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., The Cult of Remembrance and the Black Death: Six Renaissance Cities in Central Italy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
33. Pierre Dubois, Le jeu de la vie et de la mort: La population du Valais, XIVe-XVIe siècles, Cahiers Luasannois d'histoire médiévale no. 13 (Lausanne: Université de Lausanne, 1994).
34. M.V. Amasuno Sarraga, La peste en la Corona de Castilla durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIV (Junta de Castilla y Leon, Consejeria de Educacion y Cultura, 1996).
35. Elisabeth Carpentier and Michel Le Mené, La France du XIe au Xve siècle: population, société, économie, Collection Thémis (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1996).
36. Rebecca Jean Emigh, 'Traces of Certainty: Recording Death and Taxes in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 30:2 (Autumn 1999), 181-98.
G. Population, Labour, and Real Wages: The Standard of Living Controversy, Before and After the Black Death, 1300-1500
i. On the Continent (and General)
* 1. Edouard Perroy, 'Wage Labour in France in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1955); republished in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500 (1964), pp. 314-24.
* 2. Robert Lopez, 'Hard Times and Investment in Culture,' in:
(a) K.H. Dannenfeldt, ed. The Renaissance: Medieval or Modern? (Heath Series, New York, 1959), pp. 50-63.
(b) Wallace Ferguson et al., eds. The Renaissance (New York, 1962), pp. 29-52.
3. F. Graus, 'The Late Medieval Poor in Town and Countryside,' [original French version in Annales: E.S.C., 16 (1961)], republished in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500 (1964), pp. 237-48, 314-24.
4. Raymond Van Uytven, 'La Flandre et le Brabant: Terres de promission' sous les ducs de Bourgogne?' Revue du Nord, 43 (1961), 281-318.
5. Herman Van der Wee, 'Typologie des crises et changements de structures aux Pays-Bas, XVe-XVIe siècles,' Annales: E.S.C., 18 (1963), 209-25.
6. David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia: the Social History of an Italian Town, 1200 - 1430 (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), chapters 6- 8, pp. 121 - 212.
7. Bronislaw Geremek, Le salariat dans l'artisanat parisien aux XIII-XVe siècles (Paris, 1968).
* 8. Harry A. Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300 - 1460 (1969; republished Cambridge, 1975), especially pp. 77-111; 116-58.
9. Bronislaw Geremek, 'La lutte contre le vagabondage à Paris aux XIVe et XVe siècles,' Ricerche storiche ed economische in memoria di Corrado Bargallo, vol. II (Naples, 1970), 213-36.
10. Brian Pullan, Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State to 1620 (Cambridge, Mass. 1971).
* 11. Michael Mollat and Philippe Wolff, The Population Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages (London, 1973), especially chapter 3: 'Revolts Against Poverty,' pp. 91-137.
12. Michel Mollat, ed., Etudes sur l'histoire de la pauvreté, 2 vols. Paris, 1974.
13. Charles-M. de la Roncière, 'Pauvres et pauvreté à Florence au XIVe siècle,' in Michel Mollat, ed. Etudes sur l'histoire de la pauvreté, Vol. II (Paris, 1974).
* 14. Guy Bois, Crise du féodalisme (Paris, 1976): republished in English translation as The Crisis of Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy, ca. 1300 - 1550 (Past and Present Publications, Cambridge, 1984). Part I, chapters 3-5 ('Prices,' 'Wages,' and 'The Gross Product,' pp. 78- 133; Part II, chapter 7, 'Peasant Holdings,' pp. 175 - 214; Part III, 'The Stages of the Crisis (esp. chapter 13, 'The Disasters, ca. 1410 - c. 1450, pp. 316 - 45).
15. Wim Blockmans and Walter Prevenier, 'Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1977), 20-57.
16. David Herlihy, 'Family and Property in Renaissance Florence,' in Harry Miskimin, David Herlihy, and Avrom Udovitch, eds., The Medieval City, (1977), pp. 3-24.
17. David Herlihy, 'The Distribution of Wealth in a Renaissance Community: Florence, 1427,' in Philip Abrams and E.A. Wrigley, eds., Towns and Societies, (London, 1978), pp. 131-58.
18. Michel Mollat, Les pauvres au moyen âge: étude sociale (Paris, 1978). Republished in English translation as The Poor in the Middle Ages (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1986).
19. Charles-M. de la Roncière, Prix et salaires à Florence au XIVe siècle (Rome, 1982).
20. John H. Munro, 'Economic Depression and the Arts in the Fifteenth-Century Low Countries,' Renaissance and Reformation, 19 (1983), 235-50.
21. David Herlihy and Christianne Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427 (New Haven and London, 1985), chapter 4, 'Wealth and Enterprise,' pp. 93 - 130.
22. David Nicholas, The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes (1987), chapter 3, 'The Poor You Will Always Have With You,' pp. 41 - 66.
23. Jean-Pierre Sosson, 'Les XIVe et XVe siècles: un `âge d'or de la main-d'oeuvre'? Quelques réflexions à propos des anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux,' in Jean-Marie Cauchies, ed., Aspects de la vie économique des pays bourguignons, 1384 - 1559: dépression ou prospérité (Basel, 1987), pp. 17 - 38.
23. Bronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, trns. by Jean Birrell (Cambridge, 1987).
25. Bronislaw Geremek, La pietà e la forca: storia della miseria e della carità in Europa (Bari, 1988).
26. John Munro, 'Deflation and the Petty Coinage Problem in the Late-Medieval Economy: The Case of Flanders, 1334 - 1484,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (October 1988), 387 - 423.
27. David Loschky, 'New Perspectives on Seven Centuries of Real Wages,' Journal of European Economic History, 21:1 (Spring 1992), 169 - 82.
ii. On England:
1. Nora Ritchie (née Kenyon), 'Labour Conditions in Essex in the Reign of Richard II,' Economic History Review, 1st ser., 4 (1934), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 91 - 111.
2. Brian Tierney, Medieval Poor Law: A Sketch of Canonical Theory and its Application in England (Berkeley, 1959).
* 3. A. R. Bridbury, Economic Growth: England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1962), chapters IV - VI, pp. 52 - 109.
4. D.G. Watts, 'A Model for the Early Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 543-47.
* 5. Christopher Dyer, 'A Redistribution of Incomes in Fifteenth-Century England,' Past and Present, no. 39 (1968), 11-33.
6. R. R. Davies, 'Baronial Accounts, Incomes, and Arrears in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 21 (1968), 211-29.
* 7. J.Z. Titow, English Rural Society, 1200-1350 (1969), chapter 3: 'The Standard of Living Controversy,' pp. 64-96.
* 8. A. R. Bridbury, 'The Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 557-92.
9. A.N. May, 'An Index of Thirteenth-Century Peasant Impoverishment? Manor Court Fines,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 389-402.
10. R. H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1975), chapters 3 and 4.
11. R. B. Dobson, 'Urban Decline in Late-Medieval England,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 27 (1977), 1- 22.
12. Charles Pythian-Adams, 'Urban Decay in Late-Medieval England,' in P. Abrams and E. A. Wrigley, eds., Towns in Societies (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 159 - 85.
13. Ian Blanchard, 'Labour Productivity and Work Psychology in the English Mining Industry, 1400 - 1600,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 31 (1978), 1-24.
14. T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
a) M. M. Postan, 'Feudalism and its Decline: A Semantic Exercise,' pp. 73 - 87.
b) Zvi Razi, 'The Struggles between the Abbots of Halesowen and their Tenants in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,' pp. 151 - 67.
c) Geoffrey Shepherd, 'Poverty in Piers Plowman,' pp. 169 - 89.
d) Christopher Dyer, 'English Diet in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 191 - 216.
e) G. G. Astill, 'Economic Change in Later Medieval England: An Archaeological Review,' pp. 217 - 47.
17. Christopher Dyer, 'Social and Economic Background to the Rural Revolt of 1381,' in R. H. Hilton and T. H. Aston, eds. The English Rising of 1381 (Cambridge, 1984).
* 17. Robert Tittler, 'Late Medieval Urban Prosperity,' and A. R. Bridbury, 'Late Medieval Urban Prosperity: A Rejoinder,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Nov. 1984), 551-56.
18. Mavis Mate, 'Labour and Labour Services on the Estates of Canterbury Cathedral Priory in the Fourteenth Century,' Southern History, 7 (1985), 55 - 67.
19. R. H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London, 1985). Various essays.
20. Miri Rubin, Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge (Cambridge, 1987).
21. Simon A. C. Penn, 'Female Wage-Earners in Late Fourteenth-Century England,' The Agricultural History Review, 35:1 (1987), 1 - 14.
22. Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in Diet in the Late Middle Ages: The Case of Harvest Workers,' The Agricultural History Review, 36 (1988), 21 - 38.
23. Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in the Size of Peasant Holdings in Some West Midland Villages, 1400 - 1540,' and,
Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in the Link between Families and Land in the West Midlands in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,' and also:
Bruce Campbell, 'Population Pressure, Inheritance, and the Land Market in a Fourteenth-Century Peasant Community,'
in Richard Smith, ed., Land, Kinship and Life Cycle (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 277 - 94, 305 - 12, and 87 - 134, respectively.
24. Hallam, H. E., 'The Life of the People,' in H. E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II: 1042 - 1350 (Cambridge, 1988), 818-53.
** 25. Christopher Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England c. 1200 - 1520 (Cambridge, 1989). Especially chapters 5-8.
26. Mark Bailey, 'The Concept of the Margin in the Medieval English Economy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 42 (Feb. 1989), 1-17.
27. Christopher Dyer, 'The Consumer and the Market in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (August 1989), 305-27.
28. Kathleen Biddick, The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). Contains some information on peasant consumption (chiefly before 1348), in chapters 3-6.
29. Simon A. C. Penn, and Christopher Dyer, 'Wages and Earnings in Late Medieval England: Evidence from the Enforcement of the Labour Laws,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 43:3 (August 1990), 356-76.
30. Lawrence R. Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death: Essex, 1350 - 1525, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 18 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), chapter 10: 'Wages and Labourers', pp. 207-30.
31. John Hatcher, 'England in the Aftermath of the Black Death,' Past & Present, no. 144 (August 1994), pp. 3 - 35.
32. Mark Bailey, 'Peasant Welfare in England, 1290 - 1348,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:2 (May 1998), 223-51.
iii. On Wages, Prices, and Income Distributions (Statistical)
1. James E. Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Vol. I: 1259 - 1400 (Oxford, 1867); and Vol. IV: 1401 - 1582 (Oxford, 1882).
2. Douglas Knoop and G. P. Jones, 'Mason's Wages in Mediaeval England,' Economic History, 2 (Jan. 1933), 473 - 99.
3. William Beveridge, 'Wages in the Winchester Manors,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. VII (1936-37), 22-43.
4. Johan Schreiner, 'Wages and Prices in the Later Middle Ages,' Scandinavian Economic History Review, II (1954), 61-73.
* 5. E. H. Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of Building Wages,' Economica, 22 (1955); and
E. H. Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables, Compared with Builders' Wage Rates,' Economica, 23 (1956):
Both are reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed. E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 168 - 178; and 179 - 207; and in Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), pp. 13-59.
6. William Beveridge, 'Westminster Wages in the Manorial Era,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 8 (1955-56), 18 - 35.
7. D. L. Farmer, 'Some Grain Price Movements in Thirteenth-Century England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 10 (1957), 207-20.
8. Charles Verlinden, E. Scholliers, et al, eds., Documents pour l'histoire des prix et des salaires en Flandre et en Brabant/Dokumenten voor de geschiedenis van prijzen en lonen in Vlaanderen en Brabant, 4 vols. (Bruges, 1959 - 65), Vols. I and II.
9. Herman Van der Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy, fourteenth - sixteenth centuries, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1963), Vol. I: Statistics.
10. R.S. Schofield, 'The Geographical Distribution of Wealth in England, 1334-1649,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1965), reprinted in Roderick Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative Economic History (1974), pp. 79-106.
11. J.P. Cooper, 'The Social Distribution of Land and Men in England, 1436-1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), reprinted in Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative Economic History (1974) pp. 107-32.
12. D. L. Farmer, 'Some Livestock Price Movements in Thirteenth-Century England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 22 (1969), 1 - 16.
13. John Munro, 'The Purchasing Power of Coins and of Wages in England and the Low Countries from 1500 to 1514,' in R.A.B. Mynors and W.K. Ferguson, ed., The Correspondence of Erasmus, A.D. 1501-1514, (Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol. 2, Toronto, 1975), pp. 307-45.
14. R.A. Doughty, 'Industrial Prices and Inflation in Southern England, 1401-1640,' Explorations in Economic History, 12 (1975), 177-92.
* 15. Herman Van der Wee, 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 58-78.
A republication in translation (with graphs, but without the long statistical appendices of the original): 'Prijzen en lonen als ontwikkelingensvariabelen: Een vergelijkend onderzoek tussen Engeland en de zuidelijke Nederlanden, 1400 - 1700,' in Album aangeboden aan Charles Verlinden ter gelegenheid van dertig jaar professoraat (Ghent, 1975), pp. 413 - 47.
16. D. L. Farmer, 'Crop Yields, Prices and Wages in Medieval England,' Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, new series, 6 (1983), 115 - 55.
17. John Munro, 'Mint Outputs, Money, and Prices in late-Medieval England and the Low Countries,' in Eddy Van Cauwenberghe and Franz Irsigler, ed., Münzprägung, Geldumlauf und Wechselkurse / Minting, Monetary Circulation and Exchange Rates, (Trierer Historische Forschungen, Vol. VIII, Trier, 1984), pp. 31-122.
18. D. L. Farmer, 'Prices and Wages,' in H. E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II: 1042 - 1350 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 715 - 817.
19. D. L. Farmer, 'Prices and Wages, 1350 - 1500' in Edward Miller, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. III: 1348 - 1500 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 431 - 525.
QUESTIONS ON DEMOGRAPHY
1. When did the general growth of European population, the demographic upswing that commenced in the 10th-11th centuries, cease? In the later 13th century? In the early 14th century? Not until the Black Death of 1348? Or later? WHY and HOW?
2. What brought about the drastic demographic declines in 14th and 15th century Europe? Did a 'Malthusian Crisis' trigger that population decline? Or was the demographic decline chiefly the result of Plague? Were the causes of European population decline essentially endogenous or exogenous to the functioning of the European economy?
3. What relationships were there, in the 14th and 15th centuries, between/among: famine, warfare, and disease?
4. What was the Black Death? What forms did it take? How was it introduced into Europe? How did it spread? What determined or influenced the mortality rates from the Black Death and succeeding plagues?
5. What other factors determined high death rates in late-medieval Europe, in rural and urban areas?
6. What factors influenced changes in birth rates? What was the more powerful factor in determining demographic changes and population levels: the birth rate or the death rate? How were the two related?
7. What is the 'European marriage pattern'? What influence did it come to have on European birth and death rates? When did it commence -- in the Middle Ages, or later, in the early-modern era? Is there any evidence for a European marriage pattern anywhere in medieval Europe?
8. Why did the population decline continue for so long, into the 15th century? When, where, how, and why did that population decline come to a halt? What brought about the beginnings of population recovery?
9. What were the general economic and social consequences of population decline in late medieval Europe?
10. Discuss the relationships between living standards and population levels, demographic change.
11. Did demographic decline produce economic decline, or stagnation; or did it foster change and new economic growth?