IBERIAN2.WPD Thursday, 15 June 2000
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Prof. John Munro
TOPICS IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF LATER MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE, 1250 - 1600
Topic no. 29: European Overseas Explorations and Colonizations: the Portuguese and Spanish Empires, c. 1420 - 1600
Note: For this topic, you need to consult maps and historical atlases. I can recommend:
H.C. Darby and Harold Fullard, ed., The New Cambridgte Modern History Atlas (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
A. General Readings: on European commerce in the 15th and 16th centuries
1. Robert S. Lopez, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the South,' in M. M. Postan and E.E. Rich, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1952), pp. 257-354; reissued in partly revised form in the 2nd edn., ed. M.M. Postan and Edward Miller (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 306-473.
2. Jacques Heers, L'Occident aux XIVe et XVe siècles: aspects économiques et sociaux (Nouvelle Clio no. 23, Paris, 1963), chapter 2, pp. 86-105; chapter 3, pp. 105-38.
3. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 1949; 2nd rev edn. (Paris, 1966); republished as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, translated by Sian Reynolds, 2 vols. (London and New York, 1972-73).
4. Frédéric Mauro, Le XVIe siècle européen: aspects économiques, Nouvelle Clio no. 32 (Paris, 1970).
5. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974).
6. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975).
7. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, eds., Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History, 1500-1800 (London, 1977). See the population tables commencing each section: for Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Low Countries, British Isles, France, Germany.
8. Harry A. Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460 (1969; reissued Cambridge, 1977), and The Economy of Later Renaissance Europe, 1460-1600 (Cambridge University Press, 1977).
9. Braudel, Fernand, Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme: XVe-XVIIIe siècle: tome 1: Les structures du quotidien: le possible et l'impossible (Paris, 1979); republished as Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Century, Vol. 1: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible, translated by Sian Reynolds (New York, 1981).
10. Braudel, Fernand, Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme: XVe-XVIIIe siècle: tome 2: Les jeux de l'échange (Paris, 1979), republished as Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Century: Vol. 2: The Wheels of Commerce, translated by Sian Reynolds (New York, 1982).
11. Braudel, Fernand, Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme: XVe-XVIIIe siècle: tome 3: Le temps du monde (Paris, 1979), republished as Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. 3: The Perspective of the World, translated by Sian Reynolds (New York, 1984).
12. André-Emile Sayous, Commerce et finance en Méditerranée au moyen âge, ed. by Mark Steele, Variorum Collected Series CS286 (London, 1988).
13. G.V. Scammell, The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion, c. 1400-1715 (London, 1989).
14. Tracy, James, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
15. Tracy, James, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
16. Peter J. Hugill, World Trade Since 1431: Geography, Technology, and Capitalism (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
17. Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994)
a) Bartolomei Yun, 'Economic Cycles and Structural Changes,' pp. 113-46.
b) John H. Munro, 'Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit,' pp. 147-96.
c) John Marino, 'The Italian States in the 'Long Sixteenth Century',' pp. 361-68..
d) Henry Kamen, 'The Habsburg Lands: Iberia,' pp. 467-98.
e) Hugo de Schepper, 'The Burgundian-Habsburg Netherlands,' pp. 499-534.
f) Michael Mallet, 'The Art of War,' pp. 535-62.
g) James D. Tracy, 'Taxation and State Debt,' pp. 563-88.
h) Wolfgang Reinhard, 'The Seaborne Empires,' pp. 637-64
18. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700, 3rd edition (London and New York, W.W. Norton, 1994).
B. Shipping, Shipbuilding, and Navigation: Innovations, Developments, and Explorations
1. A.P. Usher, 'Spanish Ships and Shipping in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' in Facts and Factors in Economic History (Cambridge, Mass. 1932), pp. 189-213.
2. Frederic Lane, Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1934).
3. Frederic Lane, 'Naval Architecture about 1550,' The Mariner's Mirror, 20 (1934), 24-49, reprinted in his Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 163-88.
4. Frederic Lane, 'National Wealth and Protection Costs,' in Jesse Clarkson and Thomas Cochran, eds., War as a Social Institution: The Historian's Perspective (New York, 1941), pp. 32-43, reprinted in his Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 373-82.
5. Penrose, Boies, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420 - 1620 (London, 1952; rev edn. New York, 1962).
6. Romano, Ruggiero, 'Aspetti economici degli armamenti navali veneziani,' Rivista storica italiana, 66 (1954), republished in translation as 'Economic Aspects of the Construction of Warships in Venice in the Sixteenth Century,' in Brian Pullan, ed., Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1968), pp. 59-87.
7. J.H. Parry, The Establishment of the European Hegemony, 1415 - 1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance (New York, 1961): a revised version of Europe and a Wider World (New York, 1949), chapter 1: 'The Tools of the Explorers,' pp. 7-28.
8. J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), Part I: 'The Conditions for Discovery,' pp. 1-130.
9. Frederic Lane, 'From Biremes to Triremes,' The Marriner's Mirror, 49 (1963), 48-50, reprinted in Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), pp. 189 - 92.
10. Frederic Lane, 'Merchant Galleys, 1300-34: Private and Communal Operations,' Speculum, 38 (1963), 179-205, reprinted in Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 193-226.
11. Carlo Cipolla, Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400 - 1700 (New York, 1965).
12. Mallett, M.M., The Florentine Galleys in the Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1967).
13. Frederic Lane, 'The Crossbow in the Nautical Revolution of the Middle Ages,' in David Herlihy, Robert Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds., Economy, Society, and Government in Medieval Italy: Essays in Memory of Robert L. Reynolds (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1969), pp. 161-72.
14. Richard Unger, 'Selling Dutch Ships in the Sixteenth Century,' Maritime History, 3 (1973), 125-46.
15. Unger, Richard, 'Dutch Ship Design in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Viator, 4 (1973), 387-412.
16. Richard Unger, 'Regulations of Dutch Shipcarpenters in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 87 (1974), 503-20.
17. Richard Unger, 'Technology and Industrial Organization: Dutch Shipbuilding to 1800,' Business History, 17 (1975), 56-72.
18. Richard Unger, Dutch Shipbuilding Before 1800: Ships and Guilds (Van Gorcum, 1978).
19. Richard Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600-1600 (London and Montreal, 1980).
20. Richard Unger, 'Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe,' Technology and Culture, 22 (April 1981), 233 - 52.
21. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Shipbuilding and International Competition in the Golden Age,' History Today, 31 (April 1981), 16-21.
22. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Design Specialization and Building Methods in the Seventeenth Century,' in Carl O. Cederlund, ed., Postmedieval Boat and Ship Archaeology (Oxford: British Archeological Reports, 1985), pp. 153-64.
23. Archibald Lewis and Timothy Runyan, European Naval and Maritime History, 300 - 1500 (Bloomington, 1985).
24. Martin Elbl, 'The Portuguese Caravel and European Shipbuilding: Phases of Development and Diversity,' Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, 33 (1985), 543-72.
25. Richard Unger, 'Design and Construction of European Warships in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' in M. Acerra, J. Merino, and J. Meyer, eds., Les marines de guerres européennes, XVII-XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1986), pp. 21-34.
26. Richard Unger, 'Portuguese Shipbuilding and the Early Voyages to the Guinea Coast,' in Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira Da Mota, In Memoriam, Vol. I (Lisbon, 1987), pp. 229-49.
27. John H. Pryor, Commerce, Shipping and Naval Warfare in the Medieval Mediterranean (London: Variorium Reprints, 1987).
28. John H. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649 - 1571 (Past and Present Publications, Cambridge University Press, 1988).
29. Russell Menard, 'Transport Costs and Long-Range Trade, 1300 - 1800: Was There a European 'Transport Revolution' in the Early Modern Era?' in James Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 228 - 75.
30. Richard Unger, 'The Technical Development of Shipbuilding and Government Policies in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' in Atti del V Convegno Internazionale di studi Colombiani navi e navigazioni nei secoli XV e XVI (Genoa, 1990), pp. 199-211.
31. Richard Unger, 'Dutch and Flemish Marine Paintings as a Source for Research on the History of Shipbuilding,' in Jan De Vries and D. Friedberg, eds., Art in History/History in Art (Santa Monica, 1991), pp. 75-93.
32. Richard W. Unger, The Art of Medieval Technology: Images of Noah the Shipbuilder (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1991).
33. Richard Unger, 'The Tonnage of Europe's Merchant Fleets, 1300 - 1800,' The American Neptune, 52:4 (Fall 1992), 247-61.
34. Richard Unger, 'Northern Ships and the Late Medieval Economy: Columbus and the Medieval Maritime Tradition,' The American Neptune, 53:4 (Fall 1993), 247-54.
35. Richard Unger, 'The Fluit: Specialist Cargo Vessels, 1500 - 1650,' in Robert Gardiner, ed., The Ship, Vol. III: Cogs, Caravels and Galleons (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1994), pp. 115-30.
36. Martin Elbl, 'The Caravel and the Galleon,' in Robert Gardiner, ed., Conway's History of the Ship, Vol. III Cogs, Caravels and Galleons (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1994), pp. 91-98.
37. Jean Claude Hocquet, 'Productivity Gains and Technological Change: Venetian Naval Architecture at the End of the Middle Ages,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 537-56.
38. Geoffrey V. Scammell, Ships, Oceans and Empire: Studies in European Maritime and Colonial History, 1400 -1750, Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS478 (London and Brookfield, 1995).
39. Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale, Studies in Nautical Archaeology no. 3 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press; London: Chatham Publishing, 1997).
40. Andrew Gow, 'Gog and Magog on Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition,' Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparison, Contrasts, 2:1 (February 1998), 61-88.
41. David Williams and Lewis Fischer, eds., Modern European Maritime History, Variorum Collected Studies Series (London and Brookfield, 1999).
C. Portugal: Portuguese Trade and Colonization in Europe, Africa and the Americas (Brazil), 1400 - 1620:
1. J.H. Parry, The Establishment of the European Hegemony, 1415 - 1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance (New York, 1961): a revised version of Europe and a Wider World (New York, 1949), chapter 2, 'Christians and Spices,' pp. 29-43.
2. J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), chapter 8, 'Africa and the Indian Ocean,' pp. 131-45; chapter 9, 'The Atlantic and the South Sea,' pp. 146-61; chapter 12: 'New Routes to the East,' pp. 177-89.
3. Charles Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Empire, 1415 - 1825 (New York, 1963).
4. Charles Boxer, Portuguese Society in the Tropics: The Municipal Councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510 - 1800 (Madison, Wisc., 1965).
5. E.W. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors, 2nd edn. (London, 1968).
6. Frederic Lane, 'Pepper Prices Before Da Gama,' The Journal of Economic History, 28 (1968), 590-97.
7. Vitorino Magalhâes Godhino, L'économie de l'empire portugais aux XVe et XVIe siècles (Paris, 1969).
8. Charles R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415 - 1825 (London, 1969).
9. Marian Malowist, 'Quelques observations sur le commerce de l'or dans le Soudan occidentale au moyen âge', Annales: E.S.C., 25 (1970), 1630-36.
10. Juan Friede and Benjamin Keen, eds., Bartolomé de las Casas in History (Dekalb, Ill., 1971).
11. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), chapter 1: 'The Portuguese in the Atlantic,' pp. 1-14.
12. Bailey Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415 - 1580, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion vol. 1 (Minneapolis, 1977).
13. Abdallah Laroui, The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretative Essay, trans. by Ralph Manheim (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), Part III, pp. 227-294.
14. Frédéric Mauro, Le Portugal, le Brésil, et l'Atlantique au XVIIe siècle, 1570 - 1670: Étude économique, 2nd edn. (Paris, 1983).
15. Charles R. Boxer, From Lisbon to Goa: 1500-1750: Studies in Portuguese Maritime History (London: Variorium Reprints, 1984).
16. Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the Neew World, 1492 - 1700, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion vol. 3 (Minneapolis, 1984).
17. Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: the Question of the Other (New York, 1984).
18. Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Studies in Comparative World History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), chapters 2: 'Africa: Incentives to Trade,' pp. 15-37, chapter 3: 'Africa: Traders and Trade Communities,' pp. 38-59.
19. Stuart Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835 (Cambridge, 1986).
20. Richard Unger, 'Portuguese Shipbuilding and the Early Voyages to the Guinea Coast,' in Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira Da Mota, In Memoriam, Vol. I (Lisbon, 1987), pp. 229-49.
21. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229 - 1492 (London, 1987).
22. Francisco Morales Padrón, Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de América, 5th edn. (Madrid, 1990).
23. José de Andrade Arruda Jobson, 'Colonies as Mercantile Investments: The Luso-Brazilian Empire, 1500 - 1808,' in James Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 360 - 420.
24. Ivana Elbl, 'Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator,' Luso-Brazilian Review, 28 (1991), 73 - 89.
25. Ivana Elbl, 'Cross-Cultural Trade and Diplomacy: Portuguese Relations with West Africa, 1441 - 1521,' Cahiers d'histoire mondiale/Journal of World History, 3 (1992), 165 - 204.
26. Ivana Elbl, 'Nation, Bolsa, and Factory: Three Institutions of Late-Medieval Portuguese Trade with Flanders,' The International History Review, 14 (February 1992), 1 - 22.
27. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400 - 1680 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See below for the 2nd and expanded edition of 1998.
28. Ivana Elbl, 'Archival Evidence of the Portuguese Expansion in Africa, 1440-1521,' Primary Sources and Original Works, 2:3/4 (1993), 319-57. Also published in: Lawrence J. McCrank, ed., Discovery in the Archives of Spain and Portugal: Quincentenary Essays, 1492 - 1993 (New York: Haworth Press, 1993), pp. 319-57.
29. P. T. Rooney, 'Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal, 1580-1640,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:3 (Winter 1994), 545-562.
30. John H. Munro, 'Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 147-95 (especially pp. 168-72).
31. David Eltis and David Richardson, 'Productivity in the Transatlantic Slave Trade,' Explorations in Economic History, 32:4 (October 1995), 465-84.
32. Ivana Elbl, 'Men Without Wives: Sexual Arrangements in the Early Portuguese West African Enterprise,' in Jacqueline K. Murray and Konrad Eisenblicher, eds., Desire and Discipline: Sex and Sexuality in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), pp. 61-86.
33. Ivana Elbl, 'The Volume of the Early Atlantic Slave Trade, 1450 - 1521,' Journal of African History, 38 (1997), 31-75.
35. Francesco D'Esposito, 'Portuguese Settlers in Santo Domingo in the Sixteenth Century (1492-1580),' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:2 (Fall 1998), 315-29.
36. L.M.E. Shaw, The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the English Merchants in Portugal, 1654 - 1810, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1998).
37. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400 - 1800, 2nd edition (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
D. Portugal in Asia: 1497 - 1630
1. Frederick C. Danvers, The Portuguese in India, 2 vols. (London, 1894).
2. Richard S. Whiteway, The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497 - 1550 (London, 1899).
3. Frederic Lane, 'The Mediterranean Spice Trade: Its Revival in the Sixteenth Century,' The American Historical Review, 45 (1940), 581-90, reprinted in his Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 23-34; and also in Brian Pullan, ed., Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1968), pp. 47-58.
4. João de Barros, Asia: Dos feitos que os Portuguezes fizerem no descubrimento e conquista dos mares e terras de Oriente, 4 vols. (Lisbon, 1945).
5. J.H. Parry, The Establishment of the European Hegemony, 1415 - 1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance (New York, 1961): a revised version of Europe and a Wider World (New York, 1949), chapter 2, 'Christians and Spices,' pp. 29-43.
6. Maria A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade and the European Influence in the Malay Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 (The Hague, 1962).
7. J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), chapter 12: 'New Routes to the East,' pp. 177-89, chapter 15: 'The Sea Empires of Portugal and Holland,' pp. 242-57.
8. Charles Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Empire, 1415 - 1825 (New York, 1963).
9. Charles Boxer, Portuguese Society in the Tropics: The Municipal Councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510 - 1800 (Madison, Wisc., 1965).
10. Frederic Lane, 'Pepper Prices Before Da Gama,' The Journal of Economic History, 28 (1968), 590-97.
11. Vitorino Magalhâes Godhino, L'économie de l'empire portugais aux XVe et XVIe siècles (Paris, 1969).
12. Charles R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415 - 1825 (London, 1969).
13. Niels Steensgaard, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade (London, 1974).
14. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), chapter 1: 'The Portuguese in the Atlantic,' pp. 1-14.
15. Holden Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600 - 1800, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion vol. 2 (Minneapolis, 1976).
16. Bailey Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415 - 1580, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion vol. 1 (Minneapolis, 1977).
17. A. R. Disney, Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978).
18. Wake, C.H.H., 'The Changing Pattern of Europe's Pepper and Spice Imports, ca 1400-1700,' Journal of European Economic History, 8:2 (Fall 1979), 361-403.
19. Peter Musgrave, 'The Economics of Uncertainty: The Structural Revolution in the Spice Trade, 1480 - 1640,' in P.L. Cottrell and D.H. Aldcroft, eds., Shipping, Trade, and Commerce: Essays in Memory of Ralph Davis (Leicester, 1981).
20. Dietmar Rothermund, Asian Trade and European Expansion in the Age of Mercantilism, Perspectives in History, Vol. I (New Delhi: Manohar, 1981).
21. Niels Steensgaard, 'The Companies as a Specific Institution in the History of European Expansion,' in Leonard Bluse and Femme Gaastra, eds., Companies and Trade (The Hague: Leiden University Press, 1981).
22. John Correia-Afonso, ed., Indo-Portuguese History: Sources and Problems (Bombay, 1981).
23. Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Studies in Comparative World History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), chapter 7: 'The European Entry into the Trade of Maritime Asia,' pp. 136-57.
24. K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), especially chapter 3: 'The Portuguese Seaborne Empire in the Indian Ocean,' pp. 63-79.
25. T.B. Duncan, 'Navigation between Portugual and Asia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' in C.K. Pullapilly and E.J. Van Kley, eds., Asia and the West: Ecounters and Exchanges from the Age of Explorations: Essay in Honor of Donald F. Lach (Notre Dame, 1986), pp. 3-25.
26. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'Precious Metal Flows and Prices in Western and Southern Asia, 1500 - 1750: Some Comparative and Conjunctural Aspects,' in Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, ed., Precious Metals, Coinage and the Changes of Monetary Structures in Latin-American, Europe, and Asia (Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times) (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1989), pp. 385 - 418.
27. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500-1650 (Cambridge, 1990).
28. Sanjay Subrahmanyamand Luis Filipe F. R. Thomas, 'Evolution of Empire: The Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the Sixteenth Century,' in James Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 298 - 332.
29. James C. Boyajian, Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580 - 1640 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
30. Stephen Frederic Dale, Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
31. John H. Munro, 'Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 147-95 (especially pp. 168-72).
32. Glenn J. Ames, 'Spice and Sulphur: Some Evidence on the Quest for Economic Stabilisation in the Portuguese Monsoon Asia, 1668-1682,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 465-88.
33. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
E. Spain (Catalonia/Aragon and Castile): the Mediterranean, the Levant, and the Atlantic: Late-Medieval to c1520
1. Wilhelm Heyd, Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen âge, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1885-86). A classic study. Note the importance that the Catalans achieved in Levantine trade in the later Middle Ages.
2. Julius Klein, The Mesta: A Study in Spanish Economic History, 1273-1836 (Cambridge, Mass. 1920).
3. Earl Hamilton, Money, Prices, and Wages in Valencia, Aragon, and Navarre, 1351 - 1500 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936).
4. Frederic Lane, 'The Mediterranean Spice Trade: Its Revival in the Sixteenth Century,' The American Historical Review, 45 (1940), 581-90, reprinted in his Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane (Baltimore, 1966), pp. 23-34; and also in Brian Pullan, ed., Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1968), pp. 47-58.
5. A. P. Usher, The Early History of Deposit Banking in Mediterranean Europe, Vol. I, Harvard Economic Studies LXXV (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1943; reissued New York, 1967). Chiefly on Catalonia, 1240-1723.
6. Robert Lopez, 'The Origin of the Merino Sheep,' The Joshua Starr Memorial Volume: Studies in History and Philology (a publication of Jewish Social Studies no. 5, New York, 1953), pp. 161-68.
7. Gordon Connell-Smith, Forerunners of Drake: A Study of English Trade with Spain in the Early Tudor Period (London, 1954).
8. Pierre and Huguette Chaunu, Séville et l'Atlantique, 1504-1650, 11 vols. (Paris, 1955-60).
9. Jacques Heers, 'Il commercio nel Mediterranea alle fine del secolo XIV e nei primi anni del XV,' Archivio storico italiano, 93 (1955), 157-209.
10. Pierre Vilar, 'Le déclin catalan du bas Moyen Age: Hypothèses sur sa chronologie,' Estudios de Historia Maderna, 6 (1956-9).
11. R. Trevor Davies, The Golden Century of Spain, 1501-1621 (1961).
12. J.H. Parry, The Establishment of the European Hegemony, 1415 - 1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance (New York, 1961): a revised version of Europe and a Wider World (New York, 1949), chapter 3, 'The New World,' pp. 44-59.
13. J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), chapter 9: 'The Atlantic and the South Sea,' pp. 146-61; chapter 10: 'The American Conquests,' pp. 162-76; chapter 14: 'The Land Empire of Spain,' pp. 227-41.
14. J.H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London, 1964).
15. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1964-69).
16. Charles-Emmanuel Dufourcq, L'Espagne catalane et le Maghrib aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles: de la bataille de Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) à l'avènement du sultan mérinide Abou-l-Hasan (1331) (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1966).
17. Claude Carrère, Barcelone: centre économique à l'époque des difficultés, 1380 - 1462 (Paris, 1967).
18. Jorge Nadal and G. Giralt, La population catalane de 1522 à 1717 (Paris, 1967).
19. Frederic Lane, 'Pepper Prices Before Da Gama,' The Journal of Economic History, 28 (1968), 590-97.
20. Eliyahu Ashtor, Histoire des prix et des salaires dans l'Orient médiéval (Paris, 1969).
21. James Vicens Vives and Jorge Nadal Oller, An Economic History of Spain, trans. by F. Lopez-Morilles (Princeton, 1969).
22. Robert S. Lopez, Harry Miskimin, and Abraham Udovitch, 'England to Egypt, 1350-1500: Long-Term Trends and Long-Distance Trade,' in M.A. Cook, ed., Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East (London, 1970), pp. 93-128.
23. Eliyahu Ashtor, Les métaux précieux et la balance des payements du Proche-Orient à la basse-époque (Paris, 1971).
24. Robert I. Burns, Islam Under the Crusaders: Colonial Survival in the Thirteenth-Century Kingdom of Valencia (Princeton, 1973).
25. Federigo Melis, 'La lana della Spagna mediterranea e della Barberia occidentale nei secoli XIV-XV,' in Marco Spallanzani, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII (Florence, 1974), pp. 241-51.
26. Claude Carrère, 'Aspects de la production et du commerce de la laine en Aragon au milieu du XVe siècle,' in Marco Spallanzani, ed., La lana come materia prima: I fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII-XVII (Florence, 1974), pp. 205-19.
27. P. Irradiel Murrugarén, Evolucion de la industria textil castellana en los siglos XIII - XVI (Salamanca, 1975).
28. Eliyahu Ashtor, 'The Volume of Levantine Trade in the Later Middle Ages (1370-1498),' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 573-612.
29. Eliyahu Ashtor, 'Profits from Trade with the Levant in the Fifteenth Century,' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 37 (1975), 250-75.
30. Richard Rapp, 'The Unmaking of the Mediterranean Trade Hegemony: International Trade Rivalry and the Commercial Revolution,' Journal of Economic History, 25 (1975), 499-525.
31. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975), chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10.
32. Michael Weisser, The Peasants of the Montes: The Roots of Rural Rebellion in Spain (Chicago, 1976).
33. Claude Carrère, 'La draperie en Catalogne et en Aragon au XVe siècle,' in Marco Spallanzani, ed., Produzione, commercio, e consumo dei panni di lana nei secoli XII-XVIII (Florence, 1976), pp. 475-509.
34. Pierre and Huguette Chaunu, Séville et l'Amérique: aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles (Paris, 1977).
35. Eliyahu Ashtor, 'L'exportation de textiles occidentaux dans le Proche Orient musulman au bas moyen âge (1370-1517),' in Luigi de Rosa et al., eds., Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis, Vol. II (Naples, 1978), pp. 303-77.
36. Childs, Wendy, Anglo-Castilian Trade in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1978).
37. John Day, 'The Decline of a Money Economy: Sardinia Under Catalan Rule,' in Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis, 3 vols. (Florence, 1978), Vol. III, pp. 155-76. Reprinted in John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 72-89.
38. Wake, C.H.H., 'The Changing Pattern of Europe's Pepper and Spice Imports, ca 1400-1700,' Journal of European Economic History, 8:2 (Fall 1979), 361-403.
39. Peter Musgrave, 'The Economics of Uncertainty: The Structural Revolution in the Spice Trade, 1480 - 1640,' in P.L. Cottrell and D.H. Aldcroft, eds., Shipping, Trade, and Commerce: Essays in Memory of Ralph Davis (Leicester, 1981).
40. Angus MacKay, Money, Prices and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Castile (London, 1981).
41. Manuel Riu, 'The Woollen Industry in Catalonia in the Later Middle Ages,' in N. B. Harte and K. G. Ponting, eds., C loth and Clothing in Medieval Europe (London, 1983), pp. 205-29.
42. Eliyahu Ashtor, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Princeton, 1983).
43. Pedro Roqué, '153 000 florins d'or d'Aragon, de 1414 à 1428: Avatars politiques et avatars monétaires en Sardaigne médiévale', in John Day, ed., Études d'histoire monétaire, XIIe-XIXe siècles (Université de Paris VII, Lille, 1984), pp. 221-48.
44. David Abulafia, 'The Levant Trade of the Minor Cities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Strengths and Weaknesses,' in B. Z. Kedar and A. L. Udovitch, eds., The Medieval Levant: Studies in Memory of Eliyahu Ashtor (1914 - 1984): a special issue of Asian and African Studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society, 22 (Nov. 1988), 183 - 202.
45. Eliyahu Ashtor, 'Catalan Cloth on the Late Medieval Mediterranean Markets,' Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 227-57.
46. Jeffrey B. Nugent and Nicholas Sanchez, 'The Efficiency of the Mesta: A Parable,' Explorations in Economic History, 26 (July 1989), 261 - 84.
47. Paul Hiltpold, 'The Price, Production, and Transportation of Grain in Early Modern Castile,' Agricultural History, 63 (Winter 1989).
48. Carla Rahn Phillips, 'The Growth and Composition of Trade in the Iberian Empires, 1450 - 1750,' in James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 34 - 101.
49. Van der Wee, Herman, 'Structural Changes in European Long-Distance Trade, and Particularly in the Re-export Trade from South to North, 1350 - 1750,' in James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 14 - 33.
50. Charles-Emmanuel Dufourcq, L'Ibérie chrétienne et le Maghreb, XIIe - XVe siècles, ed. by Jacques Heers and Georges Jehel, Variorum Collected Studies Series CS 328 (London: Variorum, 1990).
a) 'La question de Ceuta au XIIIe siècle,' Hespéeris: Archives berbères et bulletin de l'institute des hautes études marocaines, 42 (1955), 67-127.
b) 'Prix et niveaux de vie dans les pays catalans at maghribiens à la fin du XIIIe et au début du XIVe siècles,' Le moyen âge, 4th ser., 20 (1965), 475-520.
c) 'Commerce du Maghreb médiéval avec l'Europe chétienne et marine musulmane: données connues et problèmes en suspens,' Actes du congrès d'histoire et de civilisation du Maghreb, Tunis, 1974, Centre d'Études de Rcherches économiques et sociales, Tunis, Cahier série Histoire no. 1 (Tunis, 1979), pp. 161-92.
d) 'Les consulats catalans de Tunis et de Bougie au temps de Jacques le Conquérant,' Annuario de Estudios medievales, 3 (1966), 469-79.
e) 'Les relations de Maroc et de la Castille pendant la première moitié du XIIIe siècle,' Revue d'histoire et de civilisation du Maghreb, 5 (July 1968), 37-62.
f) 'Berbérie et Ibérie médiévales: un problème du rupture,' Revue historique, 240 (1968), 293-324.
g) 'Ver la Méditerranée orientale et l'Afrique,' in Jaime I y su epoca: X Congreso de histoira de la Coronia de Aragaon (Zaragoza, 1975), pp. 7-90.
h) 'Les équipages catalans au XIVe siècle: effectifs, composition, enrolement, paye, vie à bord,' in R. Ragosta, ed., La genti del Mare Mediterraneo: Actes du Colloque internationale d'histoire maritime (Naples, 1980), Vol. I (Naples, 1981), pp. 535-59.
i) ' 'Honrats', 'mercaders' et autres dans le Conseil des Cent au XIVe siècle,' in La cuidad hispánica durante los siglos XIII al XVI: Actas del Cologquio celebrado en La Rabida y Sevilla (septembre 1981), Vol. II (Madrid, 1985), pp. 1-9.
51. L.P. Harvey, Islamic Spain: 1250 to 1500 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
52. Henri Bresc, Politique et société en Sicile, XIIe - XVe siècles, Collected Studies Series no. 329 (London: Variorum, 1990).
53. Teofilio F. Ruiz, 'Festivités, couleurs et symboles du pouvoir en Castille au XVe siècle: les célébrations de mai 1428,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 46 (mai-juin 1991), 521-45.
54. Paul Freedman, The Origins of Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
55. Martin Elbl, 'Iberian Sources for the History of Trade with North Africa and the Levant, ca. 1350 - 1510,' Journal of Primary Sources and Original Works, 2:3-4 (1993), 399-425; also published in Lawrence J. McCrank, ed., Discovery in the Archives of Spain and Portugal: Quincentenary Essays, 1492 - 1992 (The Haworth Press, 1993), pp. 399-425.
56. Olivia Remi Constable, Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900 - 1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
57. Richard Gyug, The Diocese of Barcelona during the Black Death: The Register Notule communium 15 (1348 - 1349), Subsidia Mediaevalia 22 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1994).
58. David Abulafia, A Mediterranean Emporium: The Catalan Kingdom of Majorca (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
59. Teofilio F. Ruiz, Crisis and Continuity: Land and Town in Late Medieval Castile (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994).
60. Richard L. Kagan and Geoffrey Parker, eds., Spain, Europe and the Atlantic World: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
61. Yom Tov Assis, Jewish Economy in the Medieval Crown of Aragon, 1213 - 1327: Money and Power, Brill's Series in Jewish Studies no. 18 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997).
62. Robert B. Ekelund, jr., Donald R. Street, and Robert D. Tollison, 'Rent Seeking and Property Rights' Association as a Process: The Mesta Cartel of Medieval-Mercantile Spain,' The Journal of European Economic History, 26:1 (Spring 1997), 9-36.
63. David E. Vassberg, The Village and the Outside World in Golden Age Castile: Mobility and Migration in Everyday Rural Life (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
F. Spain and the New World in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
1. R.L. Lee, 'Cochineal Production and Trade in New Spain,' The Americas, 4 (1947-48), 458-63.
2. R.L. Lee, 'American Cochineal in European Commerce, 1526-1625,' Journal of Modern History, 23 (1951), 205-24.
3. Woodrow Borah, New Spain's Century of Depression (Berkeley, 1951).
4. Pierre and Huguette Chaunu, Seville et l'Atlantique, 11 Vols. (Paris, 1955-60).
5. Charles Gibson, The Aztecs under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519 - 1810 (Stanford, 1964).
6. P. J. Bakewell, Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas 1546-1700 (Cambridge, 1971).
7. John TePaske, 'Quantification in Latin American Colonial History,' J. Price and V. Lorwin, eds., Dimensions of the Past (New Haven, 1972), pp. 438-41.
8. Murdo MacLeod, Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520-1720 (Berkeley, 1973).
9. James Lockart, Spanish Peru, 1532-1560: A Colonial Society (Madison, Wisc., 1974)
10. Jonathan Israel, 'Mexico and the 'General Crisis' of the Seventeenth Century' Past and Present, No. 63 (May 1974), 33-57.
11. Jonathan Israel, Race, Class, and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610-1670 (Oxford, 1975).
12. Albert Garcia, La découverte et la conquête du Pérou d'après les sources originales (Paris, 1975).
13. R.A. Donkin, 'Spanish Red: an Ethnogeographical Study of Cochineal and the Opuntia Cactus,' Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 67:5 (Philadelphia, 1977).
14. Andrews, K.R., The Spanish Caribbean: Trade and Plunder, 1530-1630 (New Haven, 1978).
15. Eufemio Lorenzo Sanz, Comercio de España con America en la época de Felipe II, 2 vols. (Valladoid, 1979-80).
16. Horst Pietschmann, Die staatliche Organisation des kolonialien Iberoamerika (Stuttgart, 1980).
17. John H. TePaske and Herbert Klein, 'The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in New Spain: Myth or Reality?' Past and Present, No. 90 (Feb. 1981), 116-35.
* 18. Henry Kamen and Jonathan K. Israel, 'The Seventeenth Century Crisis in New Spain: Myth or Reality?,' and John TePaske and Herbert Klein, 'A Rejoinder,' both in: Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), 144-56, 156-61.
19. M. MacLeod, , 'Spain and America: The Atlantic Trade, 1492 - 1720,' in Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol. I (Cambridge, 1984).
20. G. A. Aizen and J. Daniel, 'Natural Economies or Monetary Economies? Silver Production and Monetary Circulation in Spanish America (Late XVIth - Early XVIIth Centuries),' The Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Spring 1984), 99 - 115.
21. Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: the Question of the Other (New York, 1984).
22. Peter J. Bakewell, Silver and Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth-Century Potosi: The Life and Times of Anthony Lopez de Quiroga (Albuquerque, 1988).
23. Louisa Schell, Mexico's Merchant Elite, 1590 - 1660: Silver, State, and Society (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991).
24. Brooks, Francis, 'Revising the Conquest of Mexico: Smallpox, Sources, and Population,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24:1 (Summer 1993), 1 - 29.
G. Spain and the European Price Revolution:
1. Soetbeer, Adolf, Edelmetall-Produktion und Werthverhältniss zwischen Gold und Silber seit der Entdeckung Amerika's bis zur Gegenwart (Gotha, 1879).
2. Wiebe, Georg, Zur Geschichte der Preisrevolution des XVI. und XVII. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1895).
* 3. Earl Hamilton, 'American Treasure and Andalusian Prices, 1503-1660: A Study in the Spanish Price Revolution,' Journal of Economic and Business History, 1 (1928), reprinted in P.H. Ramsey, ed., The Price Revolution in Sixteenth-Century England (London, 1971), pp. 147-81. The study that sparked the modern debate, though his monetary ideas were obviously not original.
* 4. Earl J. Hamilton, 'American Treasure and the Rise of Capitalism, 1500-1700,' Economica, 27 (Nov. 1929), 338-57.
5. Earl Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501-1650 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934; reissued 1965). See especially Chapter XII: 'Wages: Money and Real,' pp. 262-82; and Chapter XIII: 'Why Prices Rose,' pp. 283-308. See also the Appendices (pp. 309-403), with statistical tables on prices and wages.
6. Earl Hamilton, Money, Prices, and Wages in Valencia, Aragon, and Navarre, 1351 - 1500 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936).
7. Pierre Vilar, Oro y moneda en la historia, 1450-1920 (Barcelona, 1969): reissued in English translation as A History of Gold and Money, 1450-1920 (London, 1976), chapters 4-20, especially nos. 9-10, pp. 76-90.
8. Braudel, F.P., and Spooner, F., 'Prices in Europe from 1450 to 1750,' in E. E. Rich, ed., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: The Economy of Expanding Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 374-486.
9. Frank Spooner, The International Economy and Monetary Movements in France, 1493-1725 (Cambridge, Mass. 1972): involves Spain: chapters 1, 3, and 5 especially .
10. D.A. Brading and Harry E. Cross, 'Colonial Silver Mining: Mexico and Peru,' and 'Estimated Minimum Spanish-American Bullion Production, 1571-1700,' Hispanic American Historical Review, 52 (1972), 545-79.
11. P.J. Bakewell, Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546-1700 (Cambridge, 1972).
12. Fernand Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800 (1973), chapter 7, 'Money,' pp. 325-72.
13. Modesto Ulloa, 'Castilian Seignorage and Coinage in the Reign of Philip II,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 459-80.
14. Christopher Challis, 'Spanish Bullion and Monetary Inflation in England in the Later Sixteenth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 381-92. See another version in Challis (1984).
15. Dennis O. Flynn, 'A New Perspective on the Spanish Price Revolution: The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments,' Explorations in Economic History, 15 (1978), 388-406. An interesting and novel approach, using modern monetary economics.
16. Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. I: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible, translated by Sian Reynolds (New York, 1981), chapter 7: 'Money,' pp. 436 - 478. A revised and expanded version of Braudel (1973).
17. Hermann Kellenbenz, ed., Precious Metals in the Age of Expansion: Papers of the XIVth International Congress of Historical Sciences (Stuttgart, 1981). See especially:
(a) Adon and Jeanne P. Gordus, 'Potosi Silver and the Coinage of Early Modern Europe,' pp. 225-41. Their views have been revised in Gordus (1988).
(b) Hermann Kellenbenz, 'Final Remarks: Production and Trade of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Lead, from 1450 to 1750,' pp. 307-61.
(c) Adam Szaszdi, 'Preliminary Estimates of Gold and Silver Production in America,' pp. 151-223.
(d) Herman Van der Wee, 'World Production and Trade in Gold, Silver, and Copper in the Low Countries, 1450-1700,' pp. 79-86.
18. Dennis Flynn, 'Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Spain (Castile),' Journal of Economic History, 42 (Mar. 1982), 139-47.
19. John F. Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, N.C., 1983). See especially:
(a) John Munro, 'Bullion Flows and Monetary Contraction in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries,' pp. 97-158.
(b) Philip D. Curtin, 'Africa and the Wider Monetary World, 1250 - 1850,' pp. 231-68.
(c) Harry E. Cross, 'South American Bullion Production and Export, 1550-1750,' pp. 397-424.
(d) John J. TePaske, 'New World Silver, Castile, and the Philippines, 1590-1800 A.D.,' pp. 424-446.
(e) F.S. Gaastra, 'The Exports of Precious Metal from Europe to Asia by the Dutch East India Company, 1602-1795 A.D.,' pp. 447-76.
20. Christopher Challis, 'Les trésors d'Espagne et l'inflation monétaire en Angleterre à la fin du XVIe siècle,' in John Day, ed., Etudes d'histoire monétaire, XIIe - XIXe siècles (Lille, 1984), pp. 179 - 91.
21. Michel Morineau, Incroyables gazettes et fableaux métaux: les retours des trésors americains d'après les gazettes hollandaises (XVIe - XVIIIe siècles). (Cambridge, 1985).
22. Attman, Artur, American Bullion in the European World Trade, 1600 - 1800 (Goteborg, 1986).
23. Dennis Flynn, 'The Microeconomics of Silver and East-West Trade in the Early Modern Period,' in Wolfram Fischer, R. Marvin McInnis, eds.. The Emergence of a World Economy, 1500 - 1914, Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, Vol. I (Wiesbaden, 1986), pp. 37 - 60. Not readily available. See also essays in Van Cauwenberghe and Irsigler (1984), above.
24. Marie-Thérèse Boyer-Xambeu, Ghislain Deleplace, and Lucien Gillard, 'Métaux d'Amérique et monnaies d'Europe,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 43 (July-August 1988), 959 - 67.
25. A.A. and J.P. Gordus, 'Identification of Potosi Silver Usage in 16th and 17th-century Coinage through the Gold-Impurity Content of Coins,' in William Bischoff, ed., The Coinage of the Vice Royalty of Peru and Its Successor States, The American Numismatic Society (New York, 1988).
26. Douglas Fisher, 'The Price Revolution: A Monetary Interpretration,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (December 1989), 883 - 902.
27. Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, ed., Precious Metals, Coinage and the Changes of Monetary Structures in Latin-American, Europe, and Asia (Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times) (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1989):
(a) Eddy Van Cauwengerghe and Rainer Metz, 'Coinage and the Coin (Money) Stock: Problems, Possiblities and First Results (The Southern Low Countries, 1334 - 1789),' pp. 7-24.
(b) John H. Munro, 'Petty Coinage in the Economy of Late-Medieval Flanders: Some Social Considerations of Public Minting,' pp. 25-56.
(c) Michael North, 'Bullion Transfer from Western Europe to the Baltic and the Problem of Trade Balances: 1550-1750,' pp. 57-64.
(d) Artur Attman, 'The Bullion Flow from Europe to the East: 1500-1800,' pp. 65-68.
(e) Carlo M. Cipolla, 'American Treasure and the Florentine Coinage in the Sixteenth Century,' pp. 69-76.
(f) Michel Morineau, 'Precious Metals, Money and Capital,' pp. 77-82.
(g) Joachim Schüttenhelm, 'The Problems of Quantifying the Volume of Money in Early Modern Times: A Preliminary Survey,' pp. 83-98.
(h) Kazui Tashiro, 'Exports of Japan's Silver to China via Korea and Changes in the Tokugawa Monetary System during the 17th and 18th Centuries,' pp. 99-116.
(i) Frank Perlin, 'The Parts of the `Machine' Division of Labour in European and Indian Coin Manufacture before Mechanization,' pp. 117-58.
(j) Alan K. Craig, 'Mining Ordenanzas and Silver Production at Potosi: The Toledo Reforms,' pp. 159-84.
(k) Kerry W. Doherty and Dennis O. Flynn, 'A Microeconomic Quantity Theory of Money and the Price Revolution,' pp. 185-208.
(l) Winfried Stier, 'Meaning and Function of New Methods of Time Series Analysis for Economic History,' pp. 209-22.
28. Charles P. Kindleberger, Spenders and Hoarders: The World Distribution of Spanish American Silver, 1550 - 1750 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989).
29. Ward Barrett, 'World Bullion Flows, 1450 - 1800,' in James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 224 - 254.
30. Renate Pieper, 'The Volume of African and American Exports of Precious Metals and its Effects in Europe, 1500 - 1800,' in Hans Pohl, ed., The European Discovery of the World and its Economic Effects on Pre-Industrial Society, 1500 - 1800: Papers of the Tenth Interntional Economic History Congress (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990), pp. 97 - 121.
31. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Jean-Noël Barrandon, Bruno Collin, Maria Guerra, Cécile Morrisson, 'Sur les traces de l'argent du Potosi,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 45:2 (mars-avril 1990), 483 - 505.
32. Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, ed., Money, Coins, and Commerce: Essays in the Monetary History of Asia and Europe (From Antiquity to Modern Times), Studies in Social and Economic History, Vol. 22 (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1991):
(a) Dennis O. Flynn, 'Comparing the Tokugawa Shogunate with Hapsburg Spain: Two Silver-Based Empires in a Global Setting,' pp. 11 - 46.
(b) Takeshi Hamashita, 'The Asian Trade Network and Silver Circulation,' pp. 47 - 54.
(c) Om Prakash, 'Precious Metal Flows, Coinage and Prices in India in the 17th and Early 18th Century,' pp. 55 - 74.
(d) Kazui Tashiro, 'Exports of Gold and Silver during the Early Tokugawa Era, 1600 - 1750,' pp. 75 - 94.
(e) Tsu-yu Chen, 'China's Copper Production in Yunnan Province, 1700 - 1800,' pp. 95 - 118.
(f) John H. Munro, 'The Central European Silver Mining Boom, Mint Outputs, and Prices in the Low Countries and England, 1450 - 1550,' pp. 119 - 83.
(g) Michael North, 'Bullion Transfer from Western Europe to the Baltic and Asia, 1550 - 1750: A Comparison,' pp. 185 - 96.
(h) Michel Morineau, 'The Changing Nature of Money,' pp. 197 - 208.
(i) Winfried Stier, 'Analysis of Causality in Economic History,' pp. 209 - 20.
(j) Frank Perlin, 'World Economic Integration before Industrialisation and the Euro-Asian Monetary Continuum: Their Implications and Problems of Categories, Definitions and Method,' pp. 239 - 74.
(k) Pin-tsun Chang and Chau-nan Chen, 'Competing Monies in Chinese History from the 15th to the 19th Century,' pp. 375 - 84.
(l) Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'Precious Metal Flows and Prices in Western and Southern Asia, 1500 - 1750: Some Comparative and Conjunctural Aspects,' pp. 385 - 418.
(m) Peter Klein, 'Dutch Monetary Policy in the East Indies, 1602 - 1942: A Case of Changing Continuity,' pp. 419 - 54.
(n) V.B. Gupta, 'Imports of Treasure and Surat's Trade in the 17th Century,' pp. 455 - 72.
(o) Om Prakash, 'Sarrafs, Financial Intermediation and Credit Network in Mughal India,' pp. 473 - 90.
(p) Dennis Flynn and Lori Warner, 'A Model of Minting and Melting Coins,' pp. 521 - 53.
33. Renata Pieper, 'American Silver Production and West European Money Supply in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century,' in José Casas Pardo, ed., Economic Effects of the European Expansion, 1492 - 1824, Beiträge zur Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeschichte Band 51 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1992), pp. 77-98.
34. Akira Motomura, 'The Best and Worst of Currencies: Seigniorage and Currency Policy in Spain, 1597 - 1650,' The Journal of Economic History, 54:1 (March 1994), 104 - 27.
35. Marie-Thérèse Boyer-Xambeu, Ghislain Deleplace, and Lucien Gillard, Private Money and Public Currencies: the 16th Century Challenge, trans. by Aziseh Azodi, from Monnaie privée et pouvoir des princes (Paris, 1986) in a revised and abridged form, with an introduction by Charles Kindleberger (London and New York, 1994).
H. Spain: 'The Golden Age' in the Sixteenth Century and 'The Decline of Spain' in the Later Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
1. Earl Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501-1650 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934).
2. R. S. Smith, 'Barcelona and 'Bills of Mortality' and Population, 1457-1590,' Journal of Political Economy, 44 (1936).
* 3. Earl Hamilton, 'The Decline of Spain,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 8 (1938), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 215-26.
4. Earl Hamilton, War and Prices in Spain, 1651-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1947).
5. Michael Schwarzman, 'Background Factors in the Spanish Economic Decline,' Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 3 (1950-51).
6. Taylor, H.W., 'Price Revolution or Price Revision: The English and Spanish Trade after 1604,' Renaissance and Modern Studies, 12 (1968).
7. Pierre Vilar, 'Le temps du 'Quichotte',' Europe, 34 (1956), 3 - 16. Republished in translation as 'The Age of Don Quixote,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (1974), pp. 110-12.
8. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (Paris, 1960). Republished in translation by Sian Reynolds as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (London: Collins; New York: Harper and Row, 1972-73). Vol. I (1972), pp. 508-42; Vol. II (1973), pp. 1204-44.
9. Pierre Chaunu, Les Philippines et le Pacifique des Ibériques (XVIe-XVIIe siècle), 2 vols. (Paris, 1960-66).
10. Jacob Van Klaveren, Europäische Wirtschaftsgeschichte Spaniens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1960).
11. R. Trevor Davies, The Golden Century of Spain, 1501-1621 (London, 1961), Chapters 9-10, pp. 227-94; and Appendices I-II.
12. J.H. Elliott, 'The Decline of Spain,' Past and Present, No. 20 (Nov. 1961), pp. 52 - 75; revised edn. published in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London, 1965), pp. 167 - 93.
13. Pierre Chaunu, 'Minorités et conjoncture: l'expulsion de Morèsques,' Revue historique, 225 (1961), 81-98.
14. R. Trevor Davies, Spain in Decline, 1621-1700 (London, 1965).
15. John L. Phelan, The Hispanization of the Philippines, 1565 - 1700, 2nd edn. (Madison, Wisc., 1967).
16. Henry Kamen, 'The Decline of Castile: The Last Crisis,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1964), 63-76.
17. J.H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London, 1964), Chapters 7-10, pp. 242-382.
18. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1964-69). See especially Vol. II, pp. 1204-44.
19. R. Trevor Davies, Spain in Decline, 1621-1700 (London, 1965).
20. J. Nadal and G. Giralt, La population catalane de 1522 à 1717 (Paris, 1967).
21. David R. Ringrose, 'Transportation and Economic Stagnation in Eighteenth- Century Castile,' Journal of Economic History, 28 (1968), 51-79.
22. Jaime Vicens Vives, 'The Decline of Spain in the Seventeenth Century,' in his Economic History of Spain, translated by Frances Lopez-Morillas (Princeton, 1969), Chapters 29-30. Republished in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Economic Decline of Empires (London, 1970), pp. 121-67.
23. James Casey, 'Moriscos and the Depopulation of Valencia,' Past and Present, No. 50 (Feb. 1971), 19-40.
24. Ralph Davis, Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973), Chapter 9, 'Spain in Decline', pp. 143-56; and Chapter 10, 'Latin America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', pp. 157-75.
25. Michael Weisser, 'The Decline of Castile Revisited: The Case of Toledo,' Journal of European Economic History, 2 (1973), 614-39.
26. Henry Kamen, 'Public Authority and Popular Crime: Banditry in Valencia, 1660-1714,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 654-88.
27. Modesto Ulloa, 'Castilian Seignorage and Coinage in the Reign of Philip II,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 459-80.
28. Michael Weisser, The Peasants of the Montes: The Roots of Rural Rebellion in Spain (Chicago, 1976).
29. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History 1500-1800 (London, 1977), Chapter 2, 'Spain' (F. Mauro).
30. J.H. Elliott, 'Self-Perception and Decline in Early Seventeenth-Century Spain,' Past and Present, No. 74 (1977), 41-60.
31. Henry Kamen, 'The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth,' Past and Present, No. 81 (1978), 24-50.
32. Charles Jago, 'Crisis of the Aristocracy in Seventeenth-Century Castile,' Past and Present, No. 84 (Aug. 1979), 60-89.
33. I. A. A. Thompson, 'Purchase of Nobility in Castile,' Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 313-60.
34. Jonathan Israel, 'Spanish Wool Exports and the European Economy, 1610-1640,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 193-211.
35. David Ringrose, 'Madrid and the Castilian Economy,' Journal of European Economic History, 10 (Fall 1981), 481-90.
36. Dennis Flynn, 'Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Spain (Castile),' Journal of Economic History, 42 (Mar. 1982), 139-48, 149-54.
37. Michael Weisser, 'The Agrarian Depression in Seventeenth-Century Spain,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (1982), 149-62.
38. M. R. Weisser, 'Rural Crisis and Rural Credit in XVIIth Century Castile,' Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Fall 1987), 297-313.
39. Jeffrey B. Nugent and Nicholas Sanchez, 'The Efficiency of the Mesta: A Parable,' Explorations in Economic History, 26 (July 1989), 261 - 84.
40. César Molinas and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, 'Was Spain Different? Spanish Historical Backwardness Revisited,' Explorations in Economic History, 26 (Oct. 1989), 385 - 402.
41. Dino Puncuh and Giuseppe Felloni, eds., Banchi pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale: Amministrazione, tecniche operative e ruoli economici, Atti della società Ligure di storia patria, new series, vol. 31, 2 vols. (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 1991.
(a) Peter Marzahl y Enrique Otte, 'El imperio genovés, 1522 - 1556,' pp. 247 - 64.
(b) Felipe Ruiz Martín, 'La banca genovesa en España durante el siglo XVII,' pp. 265 - 74.
(c) Juan Carrasco Perez, 'Cambistas y «banqueros» en el reino de Navarra (siglos XIII-XV). Dinero, banca y crédito en la Navarra bajomedieval,' pp. 941 - 62.
(d) Esteban Hernandez Esteve, 'Aspectos organizativos, operativos, administrativos y contables del proyecto de erarios publicos. Contribución al estudio de la banca pública en España durante la baja Edad Media y comienzos de la Moderna,' pp. 963 - 1032.
(e) Emiliano Fernandez De Pinedo, 'Credit et banque dans la Castille aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles,' pp. 1035 - 50.
(f) Santiago Tinoco Rubiales, 'Banca privada y poder municipal en la ciudad de Sevilla (siglo XVI),' pp. 1051 - 34.
(g) Valentin Vazquez De Prada, 'Cambistas, mercaderes y teologos en Castilla, a mediados del siglo XVI,' pp. 1135 - 56.
41. Bartolomé Yun, 'Seigneurial Economies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Spain: Economic Rationality or Political and Social Management?' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 173-82.
42. I.A.A. Thompson and B. Yun Casalilla, eds., The Castilian Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
43. David Vassberg, The Village and the Outside World in Golden Age Castile: Mobility and Migration in Everyday Rural Life (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
44. Richard L. Kagan and Geoffrey Parker, eds., Spain, Europe and the Atlantic World: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
QUESTIONS:
1. What particular factors -- economic, social, cultural, political/military -- led or inspired Western Europeans, and especially Iberians, to engage in overseas explorations, discoveries, and then colonizations from the early fifteenth century?
2. How important were relations and conflicts with the Islamic (Muslim) world in Iberia and North Africa in the processes of overseas Iberian expansion? What role did the Iberian Reconquista play in these processes in particular?
3. Discuss the economic importance of Catalonia (Barcelona especially) in Mediterranean commerce in the 15th century, and why Catalan commercial and economic power waned in the later 15th century. To what extent did the economic policies of Castile, both before and after Spanish unification (1492) play in the decline of Catalan economic power.
4. What advances in shipbuilding, maritime navigation, and cartography made possible and promoted the new age of Overseas Expansion, from the early fifteenth century?
5. Describe and explain the importance of the following, in ship design and shipbuilding in the 15th century: the cog, lateeen sails, the caravel, the new 'Atlantic ship' and the carrack. What economies of scale and what reductions in transportation and transaction costs did they achieve in the course of the 15th century?
6. What advances did western Europe make in naval artillery in the 15th century? Were Asian powers able to compete with western European military power in the 16th century?
7. Who was Prince Henry the Navigator, and what was his importance in inaugurating the age of Overseas of Exploration and Expansion?
8. Why in particular was the small, economically underdeveloped (or 'backward') nation of Portugal the first, as a nation, to engage in overseas exploration, expansion, and colonization?
9. What conflicts arose between Portugal and Spain (Castile and Aragon before the 1492 unification) in these processes of overseas expansion and colonization, particularly concerning West Africa and the Atlantic Islands; and how were they finally resolved?
10. What was the importance of the Atlantic Islands (Madeira, the Canaries, the Azores) for Iberian and western European overseas expansion?
11. Explain the events that led the Portuguese to discover a sea route to explore, trade with, and colonize parts of West Africa in the 15th century?
12. Explain the importance of the following in Portuguese explorations, trade, and colonization: gold, spices, sugar, and slaves. Analyze the economic relations of the Portuguese with the west African states (in the Senegal, Niger, and Volta river systems).
13. Discuss the changing importance of the Mediterranean spice trades in the 15th century, and the events that led the Portuguese to seek and then establish a direct sea route to India by the end of the 15th century.
14. Discuss the roles of Bartholmew Dias and Vasco da Gama When Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut, why did he purportedly say that he came 'in search of Christians and spices'? Who was Prester John, and what was his mythical importance in this era?
15. How did the Portuguese establish their Empire in the Indian Ocean, and how did they seek to gain control over the Asian spice trades? Why did they fail in this attempt, and how did they come to lose their Indian Ocean Empire: in particular to the Dutch and the English.
16. Why did the Portuguese establish their west European spice staple at Antwerp at the beginning of the 16th century: i.e. explain the importance of Antwerp for the spice trade
17. How did Venice regain control of much of the spice trade during the later 16th century; and how did Venice finally lose control over that most lucrative trade by the early 17th century?.
18. Compare the importance of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, and the Indian subcontinent (with Ceylon) for the commerce of the Portuguese and other West Europeans during the 16th and 17th centuries.
19. How and why did Chrisopher Columbus come to 'discover' the Americas in and after 1492? What led the Iberians to explore and colonize the Americas in the 16th century?
20. How did the Americas come to be divided between Spain and Portugal -- and in particular why did the Portuguese colonize Brazil? What was the importance of Brazil for the west European economy?
21. How did the Spanish come to exploit the precious metal, and especially the silver resources of the Americas (in Mexico and 'Peru': i.e. Zacatecas and Potosi, the latter in modern day Bolivia)? What was the importance of that gold and silver for the West European and then the world economies in the 16th and 17th centuries? How important were they in financing European trade with Asia?
22. What other forms of commerce with the Americas did the Spanish come to develop in the 16th century.
23. Discuss the importance of sugar in the economic development of the Atlantic and Caribbean islands and of Brazil during the 16th and 17th centuries. What was the importance of sugar in European commerce during the 16th and 17th centuries?
24. How, why, and in what manner did the Spanish colonize the Caribbean Islands, Central, and South America in the 16th century?
25. What were the major factors involved in the decline of Spanish economic, political, and military power from the later 16th century, and especially by the mid-17th century?
26. Which European nations or powers principally gained from the decline of Portuguese and Spanish economic and military power?