GRETDPR2.WPD
15 June 2000
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
Prof. John Munro
Department of Economics
TOPICS IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF LATER MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE, 1250 - 1600
Topic No. 16: 'The Great Depression' of the Late Middle Ages: Myth or Reality?
All readings (except reprints) are given in the chronological order of their original publication.
A. The Debate in General: Journal Articles and Essays
1. Michael Postan, 'Revisions in Economic History, IX: The Fifteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 9 (1939), reprinted in Michael Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. pp. 41-48.
2.. Michael Postan, 'Some Social Consequences of the Hundred Years' War,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 12 (1942), reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. pp. 49-62.
* 3. Edouard Perroy, 'A l'origine d'une économie contractée: les crises du XIVe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 4 (1949), 167-82, republished in English translation as: 'At the Origin of a Contracted Economy: The Crises of the 14th Century,' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Ill. 1970), pp. 91-105.
4. Carlo Cipolla, 'Revisions in Economic History, XII: Trends in Italian Economic History in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949-50), 181-84.
5. Carlo Cipolla, Jan Dhondt, Michael Postan, and Philippe Wolff, 'Rapports collectifs,' IXe congrès international des sciences historiques: Paris, août-septembre 1950, vol. I (Paris, 1950).
6. Michael Postan, 'The Economic Foundations of Medieval Society,' Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie, 161 (1951), republished in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 3-28. An expanded restatement of his report to the 9th International Congress of Historical Sciences, above.
** 7. Michael Postan et al., eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe:Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, 1st edn. (1952); 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1987): pagination for the revised 1987 edn. (with, in fact, very few revisions):
a) Michael M. Postan, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North,' pp. 240-304.
b) Robert S. Lopez, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the South,' pp. 379-401.
** 8. Robert Lopez, 'Hard Times and Investment in Culture,' in The Renaissance: A Symposium, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 1953), pp. 19-32. Reprinted in:
(a) K.H. Dannenfeldt, ed., The Renaissance: Medieval or Modern? (Heath Series, New York, 1959), pp. 50-63.
(b) Wallace Ferguson et al., eds., The Renaissance (New York, 1962), pp. 29-52.
* 9. Edouard Perroy, 'Wage Labour in France in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1955), reprinted in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500, (New York, 1964), pp. 237-48.
10. E. Kosminsky, 'Peut-on considérer le XIVe et le XVe siècles comme l'époque de la décadence de l'économie européenne?' in Studi in onore di Armando Sapori, vol. I (Milan, 1957), pp.
11. Wallace K. Ferguson, 'Recent Trends in the Economic Historiography of the Renaissance,' Studies in the Renaissance, 7 (1960), 19-26. Reprinted in Anthony Molho, ed., Social and Economic Foundations of the Italian Renaissance (London and New York: Wiley, 1969), pp. 116 - 23.
* 12. A.R. Bridbury, Economic Growth: England in the Later Middle Ages (1962). Chapter one and the conclusions in particular.
** 13. Robert Lopez and Harry Miskimin, 'The Economic Depression of the Renaissance,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 14 (1962), 408-26.
** 14. Carlo Cipolla, Robert Lopez, and Harry Miskimin, 'Economic Depression of the Renaissance: Rejoinder and Reply,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 16 (1964), 519-29.
15. Marvin B. Becker, "Economic Change and the Emerging Florentine Territorial State, " Studies in the Renaissance, 122 (1966), 7-14, 36-39. Reprinted in Anthony Molho, ed., Social and Economic Foundations of the Italian Renaissance (London and New York: Wiley, 1969), pp. 123- 31.
16. Marian Malowist, 'The Problem of Inequality of Economic Development in Europe in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 15-28. Republished in French in his Croissance et régression en Europe, XIVe-XVIIe siecles (Cahiers des Annales no. 34, Paris, 1972), pp. 39-52.
17. Ruggiero Romano, "L'Italia nell crisi del secolo XIV,' Nuovo rivista storica, 50 (1966).
* 18. Robert Lopez, Harry Miskimin, and Abraham Udovitch, 'England to Egypt, 1350-1400: Long-Term Trends and Long-Distance Trade,' in M.A. Cook, ed., Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East (London, 1970), pp. 93-128.
** 19. Herman Van der Wee and Theo Peeters, 'Un modèle dynamique de croissance interseculaire du commerce mondiale, XIIe-XVIIIe siècles,' Annales: E.S.C., 25 (1970), 100-28. Despite the title, the bulk of this important and provocative essay is on the late-medieval 'economic crises'. On the question of overland trade and land routes, see also Robert Lopez, "The Evolution of Land Transport in the Middle Ages,' Past & Present, no. 9 (April 1956), 17-29.
20. G. Cherubini, "La 'crisi' del Trecento: bilancio e prospettive di ricerca,' Studi storici, 15 (1974).
* 21. John H. Munro, 'Economic Depression and the Arts in the Fifteenth-Century Low Countries,' Renaissance and Reformation, 19 (1983), 235-50. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London, 1994), no. XI.
22. Ferdinand Seibt and Winifried Eberhard, eds., Europa 1400: Die Krise des Spätmittelalters (Stuttgart, 1984). A series of studies. See below under: Italy, the Low Countries, Germany and France.
23. John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987): consisting chiefly of re-published essays, but several published in English translation for the first time:
a) 'The Great Bullion Famine of the Fifteenth Century,' pp. 1- 54 [From Past & Present, no. 79 (1978), pp. 3-54.
b) 'The Question of Monetary Contraction in Late Medieval Europe,' pp. 55-71 [From Jørgen Jensen, ed., Coinage and Monetary Circulation in the Baltic Area, c. 1350 - ca. 1500: special issue of Nordisk Numismatisk Arsskrift, 1981, pp. 12-29.]
c) 'The Decline of a Money Economy: Sardinia under Catalan Rule,' pp. 72-89. [From Luigi de Rosa, ed., Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis (Naples, 1978), vol. III, pp. 155-76].
d) 'Late Medieval Price Movements and the 'Crisis of Feudalism',' pp. 90-107. [Translation of ' 'Crise du féodalisme' et conjoncture des prix à la fin du moyen âge,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 34 (1979), 305-18]
e) 'The Fisher Equation and Medieval Monetary History,' pp. 108-115 [From Mario Gomes Marques, ed., Problems of Medieval Coinage in the Iberian Area (Santarem, 1984), pp. 139-46.]
f) 'Monetary Colonialism in the Medieval Mediterranean.' pp. 116-28 [translation of 'Colonialisme monétaire en Méditerranée au moyen âge,' in Actes du Deuxième Colloque international d'histoire, économies méditerranéennes: equilibres et intercommunications, XIIIe - XIXe siècles (Athens, 1985), vol. I, pp. 305-19]
g) 'The Monetary Circulation in Tuscany in the Age of Dante,' pp. 129 - 140. [Translation of 'La circulation monétaire en Toscane en 1296,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 23 (1968), 1065-66.]
h) 'Money and Credit in Medieval and Renaissance Italy,' pp. 141-61. [Translation of 'Moneta metallica e moneta creditizia,' in Ruggiero Romano and Ugo Tucci, eds., Economia naturale, economia monetaria (Storia d'Italia, annali 6, Turin, 1983), pp. 337-60].
i) 'Medieval Merchants and Financiers,' pp. 162-84. [Translation of 'mercanti e banchieri dal XII al XV secolo,' in La Storia: I grandi problemi (Turin, 1988).]
** j) 'Crises and Trends in the Late Middle Ages,' pp. 185-224. [Translation of 'Crisi e congiunture nei secoli XIV e XV,' in La Storia: I grandi problemi (Turin, 1988).]
24. John Munro, 'Industrial Transformations in the North-West European Textile Trades, c. 1290 - c. 1340: Economic Progress or Economic Crisis?' in Bruce M. S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 110 - 48. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London, 1994), no. VIII.
25. John Day, 'The 'General Crisis' and the Great Depression,' Annali della Facoltà di economia e commercio della università di Bari, nouva serie, 30 (1991), pp. 31-35.
26. S. R. Epstein, 'Regional Fairs, Institutional Innovation, and Economic Growth in Late-Medieval Europe,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:3 (August 1994), 459 - 482. A revisionisit view.
* 27. Bartolomé Yun Casallila, 'Economic Cycles and Structural Changes,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 113-46.
* 28. John H. Munro, 'Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 147-95.
* 29. James Masschaele, 'The Renaissance Depression in Debate: The View from England,' The History Teacher, 27:4 (August 1994), 405-15.
30. William Chester Jordan, The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
* 31. John Hatcher, 'The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century,' in Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 237-72.
B. General Economic History Surveys
1. Pierre Boissonnade, Life and Work in Medieval Europe (1921; trans. Eileen Power, 1927; reissued 1964): Book III: 'The Close of the Middle Ages,' pp. 279-336. Compare with Pirenne, in no. 3
2. Johan Huizinga, De Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (Leiden, 1919; 2nd edn. 1921), freely translated and adapted by F. Hopman as: The Waning of the Middle Ages (London, 1924; New York, 1954; Penguin edition, 1955). Newly translated from the original Dutch text by Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch as: The Autumn of the Middle Ages (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). DC 33 .2 H813 1996
3. James Westfall Thompson, Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages, 1300-1530 (1931; republished New York, 1960). Rather dated, but sometimes useful.
4. Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (1933); trans. I.E. Clegg, 1936), chapter VII: 'The Economic Changes of the 14th and 15th Centuries,' pp. 189-219. Pirenne was one of the first to suggest an economic contraction in the later Middle Ages.
** 5. Michael Postan et al., eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe:
(a) Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 1st edn. (Cambridge, 1941):
Hans Nabholz, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in Transition,' pp. 493-561. Compare with the following, in the revised edition.
Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1966):
Leopold Génicot, 'Crisis: From Middle Ages to Modern Times,' pp. 660-702.
(b) Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, 1st edn. (Cambridge, 1952); 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1987). Pagination for 2nd edn.
(i) Michael M. Postan, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North,' pp. 240-305 [reprinted in M.M. Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 92-231.
(ii) Robert S. Lopez, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the South,' pp. 401-79.
(c) Vol. III: Economic Organization in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1963).
(i) A. Hibbert, 'Economic Policies of Towns,' pp. 198-229.
(ii) Edward Miller, 'Economic Policies of Governments: France and England,' pp. 290-339.
(iii) Hans Van Werveke, 'Economic Policies of Governments: the Low Countries,' pp. 340-60.
(iv) Carlo Cipolla, 'Economic Policies of Governments: The Italian and Iberian Peninsulas,' pp. 397-429.
(v) E.B. and M.M. Fryde, 'Public Credit, with Special Reference to North-Western Europe,' pp. 430-543.
(d) Vol. IV: The Economy of Expanding Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries (1967).
Karl F. Helleiner, 'Population of Medieval Europe from the Black Death to the Eve of the Vital Revolution,' pp. 1-20.
6. Howard Adelson, Medieval Commerce (New York, 1962), chapter VII, pp. 88-104.
7. Jacques Heers, L'Occident aux XIVe et XVe siecles: aspects économiques et sociaux (Nouvelle Clio no. 23, Paris, 1963), chapter 2, pp. 86-105; chapter 3, pp. 105-38.
** 8. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, 500-1850 (1963), pp. 137-44, 160-83.
* 9. Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (trans. Cynthia Postan, 1968), Book IV, pp. 289-360.
10. Guy Fourquin, Histoire économique de l'occident médiéval (Paris, 1969). Part III: 'L'age des mutations, XIVe-XVe siècles,' pp. 295-428.
* 11. Robert-Henri Bautier, The Economic Development of Medieval Europe (1971), chapter V, pp. 170-258.
12. Gerald A. Hodgett, A Social and Economic History of Medieval Europe (1972), chapter 16, pp. 199-217.
** 13. Harry A. Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460 (1969; reissued Cambridge, 1975), chapters 1-3 especially.
* 14. Wilhelm Abel, Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century (trans. Olive Ordish, London, 1980), chapters 1-3.
* 15. J.L. Bolton, The English Medieval Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980), chapters 6-10, pp. 180-344.
16. Philippe Contamine, Marc Bompaire, Stéphane Lebecq, and Jean-Luc Sarrazin, L'économie médiévale (Paris: Armand Colin, 1993).
17. Peter J. Hugill, World Trade Since 1431: Geography, Technology, and Capitalism (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
C. Particular Studies on Late-Medieval Monetary Problems and Monetary Crises:
1. Adolphe Landry, Essai économique sur les mutations des monnaies dans l'ancienne France de Philippe le Bel à Charles VII (Paris, 1910).
2. Georges Bigwood, Le régime juridique et économique du commerce de l'argent dans la Belgique du moyen âge, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1921-22).
3. Hans Van Werveke, 'De economische en sociale gevolgen van de muntpolitiek der graven van Vlaanderen (1337 - 1433),' Annales de la Société d'Emulation de Bruges, 74 (1931), 1 - 15; reprinted in his Miscellanea Mediaevalia (Ghent, 1968), pp. 243-55.
4. Henri Laurent, La loi de Gresham au moyen âge: essai sur la circulation monétaire entre la Flandre et le Brabant à la fin du XIVe siècle (Brussels, 1933), pp. 3-36.
5. Henri Laurent, 'Crise monétaire et difficultés économiques en Flandre aux XIVe et XVe siècles', Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 5 (1933), 156-60.
6. Hans Van Werveke, 'De Vlaamse munthervorming van 1389-1390,' Nederlandsche Historiebladen, 1 (1938), 336-47; reprinted in his Miscellanea Mediaevalia (Ghent, 1968), pp. 268-80.
7. A. Girard, 'Un phénomène économique: la guerre monétaire, XIVe-XVe siècles', Annales: E.S.C., 2 (1940).
8. Carlo Cipolla, Studi di storia della moneta: i movimenti dei cambi in Italia dal secolo XII al secolo XV (Pavia, 1948).
* 9. Hans Van Werveke, 'Currency Manipulation in the Middle Ages: The Case of Louis de Male, Count of Flanders,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th ser. 31 (1949), 115-127, reprinted in his Miscellanea Mediaevalia (Ghent, 1968), pp. 255-67.
* 10. Edouard Perroy, 'À l'origine d'une économie contractée: les crises du XIVe siècle', Annales: E.S.C., 3 (1949), 167-82, republished in translation as 'At the Origin of a Contracted Economy: The Crises of the 14th Century', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (1970), pp. 91-105
11. F. Graus, 'La crise monétaire du XIVe siècles', Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 29 (1951), 445-54.
* 12. Michael Postan, 'The Economic Foundations of Medieval Society', Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie, 161 (1951), republished in his collection Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 3-27;
* 13. Michael Postan, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North', in M.M. Postan and E. Rich, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages (1952), pp. 191-216; subsequently reprinted in his collection Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 160-85. See also the later, revised edition of this essay in M.M. Postan and Edward Miller, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 240-66.
14. Hans Van Werveke, 'Munt en politiek: De Frans-Vlaamse verhoudigen vóór en na 1300,' Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 8 (1953), 1-19; reprinted in his Miscellanea Mediaevalia (Ghent, 1968), pp. 209-26.
15. A. Grunzweig, 'Les incidences internationales des mutations monétaires de Philippe le Bel', Le moyen âge, 59 (1953), 117-72.
* 16. Johan Schreiner, 'Wages and Prices in the Later Middle Ages', Scandinavian Economic History Review, 2 (1954), 61-73. (Chiefly on England).
17. Gino Luzzatto, 'L'oro e l'argento nella politica monetaria veneziano dei secoli XIII-XIV,' in Studi di storia economia veneziana (Padua, 1954).
* 18. W.C. Robinson, 'Money, Population, and Economic Change in Late Medieval Europe', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 12 (1959), 63-76.
Read also the 'Note', by Michael Postan, following Robinson's article, as a rejoinder, on pp. 77-82. Postan's anti-monetarist views are further enlarged in his essays above, nos. 1 and 2.
19. Harry Miskimin, 'Le problème de l'argent au moyen âge', Annales: E.S.C., 17 (1962), 1125-30. Reprinted in Harry A. Miskimin, Cash, Credit and Crisis in Europe, 1300-1600 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1989), no. IV.
20. Harry Miskimin, Money, Prices, and Foreign Exchange in Fourteenth-Century France (New Haven, 1963).
* 21. Carlo M. Cipolla, 'Currency Depreciation in Medieval Europe', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1963), 413-33; reprinted with a few changes in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500 (1964), pp. 227-36.
* 22. Harry Miskimin, 'Monetary Movements and Market Structures: Forces for Contraction in 14th and 15th Century England', Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 470-90. Reprinted in Harry A. Miskimin, Cash, Credit, and Crisis in Europe, 1300-1600 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1989), no. VII.
23. Edward Ames, 'The Sterling Crisis of 1337-1339,' Journal of Economic History, 25 (1965), 496-552, reprinted in Roderick Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 36-58.
24. R. Cazelles, 'Quelques réflexions à propos des mutations monétaires de la monnaie royale française (1295-1360)', Le moyen âge, 72 (1966), 83-105, and 251-78.
* 25. Andrew Watson, 'Back to Gold -- and Silver', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 1-34.
26. E.W. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors, 2nd edn. (London, 1968), pp. 13-44, 79-131.
* 27. Harry Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460 (1969; reissued Cambridge, 1976), pp. 25-32, 132-50.
28. Peter Spufford, Monetary Problems and Policies in the Burgundian Netherlands, 1433-1496 (Leiden, 1970), chapter 3, 'Currency,' pp. 55 - 73; chapter 4, 'La guerre monétaire,' pp. 74 - 129.
29. Marian Malowist, 'Quelques observations sur le commerce de l'or dans le Soudan occidentale au moyen âge', Annales: E.S.C., 25 (1970), 1630-36.
30. John Munro, 'An Economic Aspect of the Collapse of the Anglo-Burgundian Alliance, 1428-1442,' English Historical Review, 85 (1970), 225-44. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London, 1992), no. I.
* 31. R.S. Lopez, H.A. Miskimin, and A.L. Udovitch, 'England to Egypt, 1350-1500: Long-Term Trends and Long-Distance Trade', in M.A. Cook, ed., Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East (London, 1970), pp. 93-128. Reprinted in Harry A. Miskimin, Cash, Credit, and Crisis in Europe, 1300-1600 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1989), no. VIII.
32. Eliyahu Ashtor, Les métaux précieux et la balance des payements du Proche-Orient a la basse époque (Paris, 1971).
33. John Munro, 'An Aspect of Medieval Public Finance: The Profits of Counterfeiting in the Fifteenth-Century Low Countries', Revue belge de numismatique, 118 (1972), 127-48. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1992), no. II.
* 34. John Munro, Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian Trade, 1340-1478 (Brussels and Toronto, 1973), especially chapter 1: 'Late Medieval Monetary Policies and the Economics of Bullionism'. (Some of the views expressed here on the late-medieval monetary question have been modified in later publications).
35. John Munro, 'Billon-Billoen-Billio: From Bullion to Base Coinage', Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 52 (1974), 293-305. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1992), no. III.
* 36. Nicholas Mayhew, 'Numismatic Evidence and Falling Prices in the Fourteenth Century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27 (1974), 1-15.
37. Nicholas Mayhew, 'The Monetary Background to the Yorkist Recoinage of 1464-1471', British Numismatic Journal, 44 (1974), 62-73.
38. Mavis Mate, 'High Prices in Early Fourteenth-Century England: Causes and Consequences', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 28 (1975), 1-16.
39. Eliyahu Ashtor, A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages (London, 1976), pp. 319-31.
* 40. Frederic C. Lane, 'The First Infidelities of the Venetian Lire,' in H. A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and A.L. Udovitch, eds., The Medieval City (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 43 - 64.
41. T.H. Lloyd, 'Overseas Trade and the English Money Supply in the Fourteenth Century', in Nicholas Mayhew, ed., Edwardian Monetary Affairs, 1279-1344, British Archeological Reports, BAR International Series, no. 36 (Oxford, 1977), pp. 96-124.
42. Michael Prestwich, 'Currency and the Economy of Early Fourteenth-Century England', in Nicholas Mayhew, ed., Edwardian Monetary Affairs, 1279-1344 (British Archeological Reports, BAR International Series, no. 36 (Oxford, 1977), pp. 45-58.
43. Mavis Mate, 'Coping with Inflation: A Fourteenth-Century Example', Journal of Medieval History, 4 (1978), 95-106.
44. Mavis Mate, 'The Role of Gold in the English Economy, 1338-1400', Numismatic Chronicle, 138 (1978), 26-41.
** 45. John Day, 'The Great Bullion Famine of the Fifteenth Century', Past and Present, no. 79 (May 1978), 1-54. Reprinted in John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 1-54.
46. John Day, 'The Decline of a Money Economy: Sardinia Under Catalan Rule,' in Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis, 3 vols. (Florence, 1978), Vol. III, pp. 155-76. Reprinted in John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 72-89.
47. Reinhold Mueller, 'The Role of Bank Money in Venice, 1300-1500,' Studi Veneziani, new ser. 3 (1979), 47-96.
48. Michael Prestwich, 'Early Fourteenth-Century Exchange Rates', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 32 (1979), 470-82.
49. John Munro, 'Monetary Contraction and Industrial Change in the Late Medieval Low Countries, 1335-1500', in Nicholas Mayhew, ed., Coinage in the Low Countries, 880-1500: Third Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History, British Archeological Reports, International Series No. 54 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 95-162, especially pp. 95-110.
* 50. John Munro, 'Bullionism and the Bill of Exchange in England, 1272-1663: A Study in Monetary Management and Popular Prejudice', in Fredi Chiappelli, Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA, ed., The Dawn of Modern Banking (New Haven and London, 1979), pp. 169-239. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1992), no.IV.
51. Clyde Reed, 'Price Movements, Balance of Payments, Bullion Flows, and Unemployment in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries', Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 479-87. Followed by:
Harry Miskimin, 'A Response to Professor Reed', pp. 487-94.
52. John Day, '`Crise du Féodalisme' et conjoncture des prix à la fin du moyen âge', Annales: E.S.C., 34 (1979), 305-18. Reissued in translation as 'Late Medieval Price Movements and the `Crisis of Feudalism',' in John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 90 - 107.
53. Guy Bois, 'Sur la monnaie et les prix à la fin du moyen âge', Annales: E.S.C., 34 (1979), pp. 319-24. A response to the previous article by John Day, concluding with a rejoinder by John Day.
54. John Munro, 'Mint Policies, Ratios, and Outputs in England and the Low Countries, 1330-1420', Numismatic Chronicle, 141 (1981), 71-116. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1992), no. V.
55. John Day, 'The Question of Monetary Contraction in Late Medieval Europe', Nordisk Numismatisk Arsskrift: Nordic Numismatic Journal, 1981: Coinage and Monetary Circulation in the Baltic Area, c. 1350 - c. 1500 (Copenhagen, 1981), pp. 12-29. Reprinted in John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 55-71.
56. Angus MacKay, Money, Prices and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Castile, Royal Historical Society (London, 1981).
* 56. Carlo M. Cipolla, The Monetary Policy of Fourteenth-Century Florence (Berkeley, 1982).
57. Michael Prestwich, 'The Crown and the Currency: The Circulation of Money in Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth-Century England', Numismatic Chronicle, 142 (1982), 51-65.
58. Jere Bacharach, 'Monetary Movements in Medieval Egypt, 1171-1517', in John F. Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, (Durham, N.C. 1983), pp. 159-82.
59. Harry Miskimin, 'Money and Money Movements in France and England at the End of the Middle Ages,' in John Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1983), pp. 79 - 96. Reprinted in Harry A. Miskimin, Cash, Credit and Crisis in Europe, 1300-1600 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1989), no. XI.
60. Louise Robbert, 'Monetary Flows: Venice 1150 to 1400,' in John Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, N.C., 1983), pp. 53-78.
* 61. John Munro, 'Bullion Flows and Monetary Contraction in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries', in John F. Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, N.C., 1983), pp. 97-158. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1992), no. VI.
62. John Munro, 'Medieval Monetary Problems: Bimetallism and Bullionism', Journal of Economic History, 43 (March 1983), 294-98.
* 63. John Munro, 'Mint Outputs, Money, and Prices in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries', in Eddy Van Cauwenberghe and Franz Irsigler, eds., Münzprägung, Geldumlauf und Wechselkurse/ Minting, Monetary Circulation and Exchange Rates, Trierer Historische Forschungen, vol. 7 (Trier, 1984), pp. 31-122.
64. John Munro, 'Monnayage, monnaies de compte et mutations monétaires au Brabant à la fin du moyen âge', in John Day, ed., Études d'histoire monétaire, XIIe-XIXe siècles, (Lille, 1984), 263-94. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1992), no. VII.
65. Reinhold Mueller, ''Chome l'ucciello di passegio': la demande saisonniere des especes et le marché des changes à Venise au moyen âge,' in John Day, ed., Études d'histoire monétaire, XIIe - XIXe siècles (Lille, 1984), pp. 195-220.
* 66. Harry Miskimin, Money and Power in Fifteenth-Century France (New Haven and London, 1984).
67. Reinhold Mueller, 'Guerra monetaria tra Venezia e Milano nel quattrocento,' La zecca di Milano: Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio Milano, 9-14 maggio 1983 (Milan, 1984), pp. 341-55.
68. John Day, 'The Fisher Equation and Medieval Monetary History,' in Mario Gomes Marques, ed., Problems of Medieval Coinage in the Iberian Area (Santarém, 1984), pp. 139 - 46. Reprinted in John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 108-17.
69. John Day, 'Colonialisme monétaire en Méditerranée au moyen âge,' Actes du IIe colloque internationale d'histoire: Economies méditerranéennes: équilibres et intercommunications, XIIIe - XIXe siècles (Centre de recherches néohelléniques, Athens, 1985), pp. 305 - 19. Reprinted in translation as 'Monetary Colonialism in the Medieval Mediterranean,' in John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 116-28.
70. Harry Miskimin, 'L'or, l'argent, et la guerre dans la France médiévale,' Annales: E.S.C., 40 (1985), 171 - 84. Reprinted in Harry A. Miskimin, Cash, Credit and Crisis in Europe, 1300-1600 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1989), no. XII.
* 71. Frederic Lane and Reinhold Mueller, Money and Banking in Medieval and Renaissance Venice, Vol. I: Coins and Moneys of Account (Baltimore and London, 1985), especially Part III: 'The Genesis and Persistence of Bimetallism,' pp. 257 - 492.
72. A.R. Bridbury, 'Thirteenth-Century Prices and the Money Supply', Agriculture History
Review, 33 (1985), 1-21. (1)
* 73. Michael Bordo, 'Money, Deflation, and Seigniorage in the Fifteenth Century,' Journal of
Monetary Economics, 18 (1986), 337 - 46. 74. John Munro, 'Political Muscle in an Age of Monetary Famine: A Review,' Revue belge de
philologie et d'histoire, 64 (1986), 741 - 46. A review of Miskimin's Money and
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Rythmes de la production monétaire, de l'antiquité à nos jours (Louvain-la-Neuve,
1987), pp. 537-77. Republished in John Day, Monnaies et marchés au moyen âge,
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re-published essays, but several published in English translation for the first time.
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Late Middle Ages,' pp. 267 - 396; and in particular, chapter 15: 'The Bullion-Famines of the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 339-62. * 81. John Munro, 'Deflation and the Petty Coinage Problem in the Late-Medieval Economy: the
Case of Flanders, 1334 - 1484,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (October
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England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1992),
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and Asia (Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times), (Leuven: Leuven University
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financière de la France (Paris, 1994). Collection of republished essays, many of
which were republished in English, in his Medieval Market Economy (1987). See
above section A.18: (a) 'Prix agricoles en Méditerranée à la fin du XIVe siècle (1382),' pp. 1-28 [republished
from Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 23 (1968), 629-56.] (b) 'La circulation monétaire en Toscane au temps de Dante,' pp. 29-39 [republished
from Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 23 (1968), 1054-1066.] (c) 'La grande famine monétaire du XVe siècle,' pp. 41-82 [republished in translation
from 'The Great Bullion Famine of the Fifteenth Century,' Past & Present, no. 79
(1978), pp. 3-54.] (d) ' 'Crise du féodalisme' et conjoncture des prix à la fin du Moyen Âge,' pp. 83-100
[republished from Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 34 (1979), 305-18.] (e) 'Contraction monétaire et déclin économique aux XIVe-XVe siècles,' pp. 101-16
[republished in translation from 'The Question of Monetary Contraction in Late
Medieval Europe,' Nordisk Numismatisk Arsskrift (1981): special issue, ed. Jorgen
Steen Jensen, Coinage and Monetary Circulation in the Baltic Area, c. 1350 -c.1500,
pp. 12-29.] (f) 'Monnaie et crédit dans l'Italie de la Renaissance,' pp. 117-36 [republished in
translation from 'Moneta metallica e moneta creditizia,' in Ruggiero Romano and
Ugo Tucci, eds., Economia naturale, economia monetaria, Storia d'Italia Annali 6
(Turin: Einaudi, 1983), pp. 337-60.] (g) 'Colonialisme monétaire en Méditerranée au Moyen Age,' pp. 137-48 [republished
from Acte du IIe Colloque International de l'Histoire: Économies méditerranéennes:
Équilibres et Intercommunications, XIIIe-XIXe siècles, Vol. I (Athen, 1985), pp.
305-19.] (h) 'Les frappes de monnaie en France et en Europe aux XIVe-XVe siècles,' p. 149-90
[republished from G. Depeyrot and Tony Hackens, eds., Rythmes de la production
monétaire, de l'Antiquité à nos jours (Louvain, 1987), pp. 537-77.] (i) 'Marchands et banquiers au Moyen Age,' pp. 191-212 [republished in translation
from 'Mercanti et banchieri dal XII al XV secolo,' in Nicola Tranfagli and Massimo
Firpo, eds., La Storia: I grandi problemi dal Medioevo all'Età Contemporanea, Vol.
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Firpo, eds., La Storia: I grandi problemi dal Medioevo all'Età Contemporanea, Vol.
II: Medioevo (Turin: UTET, 1988), pp. 145-73.] (k) 'Les monnaies de compte médiévales et le problème de l'étalon,' pp. 251-70
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Coinage in the Iberian Area, Vol. III (Santerem, 1988), pp. 461-83.] (l) 'L'histoire de la monnaie dans les écrits de Marc Bloch,' pp. 271-82 [republished in
translation from 'The History of Money in the Writings of Marc Bloch,' in Mario
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Variorum Collected Studies Series (Aldershot and Brookfield: Variorum, 1995). 70. Federico Arcelli, 'A Banking Enterprise at the Papal Court: The Company of Antonio della
Casa and Jacopo di Michele de Corso Donati (1438-1440),' The Journal of European
Economic History, 25:1 (Spring 1996), 9-32. 71 Yaacov Lev, ed., War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th - 15th Centuries, The
Medieval Mediterranean no. 9 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996). 72. Yom Tov Assis, Jewish Economy in the Medieval Crown of Aragon, 1213 - 1327: Money and
Power, Brill's Series in Jewish Studies no. 18 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997). 73. Halil Inalcik, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Vol. I: 1300 - 1600
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997). F . The Low Countries: Flanders, Brabant, and Holland 1. Rudolf Häpke, Brugges Entwicklung zum mittelalterlichen Weltmarkt (Berlin, 1908; reissued
1975). 2. Henri Laurent, La loi de Gresham au moyen âge: essai sur la circulation monétaire entre la
Flandre et le Brabant à la fin du 14e siècle, Travaux de la Faulté de philosophie et
lettres de l'Université de Bruxelles vol. 5 (Brussels, 1933). 3. Jan A. Van Houtte, 'La genèse du grand marché international d'Anvers à la fin du moyen
âge,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 19 (1940), 87-126. 4. Renée Doehaerd, L'expansion économique belge au moyen âge (Brussels, 1946), pp. 79-98. 5. Jan A. Van Houtte, 'Bruges et Anvers: marchés 'nationaux'ou 'internationaux' du XIVe au
XVIe siecle?' Revue du Nord, 24 (1952), 89-108. 6. Raymond Van Uytven, 'La Flandre et le Brabant: 'Terres de promission' sous les ducs de
Bourgogne?' Revue du Nord, 43 (1961), 281-318. 7. Adriaan Verhulst, 'L'économie rurale de la Flandre et la depression économique du bas moyen
âge,' Etudes rurales, 10 (1963), 68-80. 8. Herman Van der Wee, Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy,
Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries (The Hague, 1963), 3 vols., Vol. II: Interpretation,
Part I, chapters 1-4; Part II, 'Secular Trends and Structural Changes,' chapters 1-2,
pp. 3-112, 285-332. 9. Herman Van der Wee, 'Typologie des crises et changements de structures aux Pays-Bas,
XVe-XVIe siècles,' Annales: E.S.C., 18 (1963), 209-25. 10. John Munro, 'Bruges and the Abortive Staple in English Cloth: An Incident in the Shift of
Commerce from Bruges to Antwerp in the Late Fifteenth Century', Revue belge de
philologie et d'histoire, 44 (1966), 1137-59. [Belgisch tijdscrift voor filologie en
geschiedenis.] Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the
Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London, 1994),
no. VIII. 11. David Nicholas, Town and Countryside: Social, Economic, and Political Tensions in
Fourteenth-Century Flanders (Bruges, 1971). 12. David Nicholas, Stad en platteland in de middeleeuwen (Bossom, 1971). 13. John H. Munro, Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian
Trade, ca. 1340-1478 (Brussels and Toronto, 1973). * 14. Herman Van der Wee, 'Structural Changes and Specialization in the Industry of the Southern
Netherlands, 1100-1600,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 28 (1975), 203-21. 15. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Politiek en economie: de crisis der late XVe eeuw in de
Nederlanden,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 53 (1975), 1097 - 1149. 16. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, La formation des prix céréaliers en Brabant et en Flandre au
XVe siècle (Brussels, 1975). 17. David Nicholas, 'Economic Reorientation and Social Change in Fourteenth-Century
Flanders,' Past and Present, no. 70 (Feb. 1976), 3-29. 18. John H. Munro, 'Industrial Protectionism in Medieval Flanders: Urban or National?' in Harry
Miskimin, David Herlihy, Avrom Udovitch, eds., The Medieval City (New Haven
and London, 1977), pp. 229-68. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and
Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low
Countries (London, 1994), no. VII. 19. Wim Blockmans and Walter Prevenier, 'Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth
to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae,
10 (1977), 20-57. 20. Jean-Pierre Sosson, Les travaux publics de la ville de Bruges, XIVe - XVe siècles (Credit
Communal, Collection Histoire Pro Civitate no. 48, Brussels, 1977). 21. David Nicholas, 'Structures du peuplement, fonctions urbaines et formation du capital dans
la Flandre médiévale,' Annales: E.S.C., 30 (1978), 501-27. 22. Dick E.H. De Boer, Graaf en grafiek: sociale en economische ontwikkelingen in het
middeleeuwse Noordholland tussen 1345 en 1415 (Leiden, 1978). * 23. Herman Van der Wee, 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between
England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10
(1978), 58-78. 24. John H. Munro, 'Monetary Contraction and Industrial Change in the Late-Medieval Low
Countries, 1335-1500,' in Nicholas Mayhew, ed., Coinage in the Low Countries
(880-1500): Third Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History, British
Archeological Reports, International series, no. 54 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 95-161. 25. Jan A. Van Houtte and Raymond Van Uytven, 'Nijverheid en handel' and 'Financien,' in
Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, Vol. IV: Middeleeuwen (Haarlem, 1980),
87-111, 112-27, respectively. 26. Wim Blockmans, 'The Social and Economic Effects of Plague in the Low Countries, 1349-1500,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, LVIII (1980), 833-63. 27. Walter Prevenier and Wim Blockmans, De Bourgondische Nederlanden, Antwerp, 1983); in
English translation as The Burgundian Netherlands (Antwerp, 1985). Chapters 2 -
4. * 28. John H. Munro, 'Economic Depression and the Arts in the Fifteenth-Century Low Countries,'
Renaissance and Reformation, 19 (1983), 235-50. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles,
Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and
the Low Countries (London, 1994), no. XI. 29. John Munro, 'Bullion Flows and Monetary Contraction in Late-Medieval England and the
Low Countries,' in John F. Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and
Early Modern Worlds (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 1983),
pp. 97-158. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in
England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London, 1992), no.VI. 30. John Munro, 'Monnayage, monnaies de compte, et mutations monétaires au Brabant à la fin
du moyen âge,' in John Day, ed., Etudes d'histoire monétaire, XIIe - XIXe siècles,
Etudes de l'Université de Paris VII et Centre National des Lettres (Lille: Presses
Universitaires de Lille, 1984), pp. 263-94. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows
and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London,
1992), no. VII. 31. John H. Munro, 'Mint Outputs, Money, and Prices in late-medieval England and the Low
Countries,' in Eddy Van Cauwenberghe and Franz Irsigler, eds., Münzprägung,
Geldumlauf und Wechselkurse / Minting, Monetary Circulation and Exchange Rates:
Akten des 8th International Economic History Congress, Trierer Historische
Forschungen, Vol. VII (Trier, 1984), pp. 31-122. 32. Ferdinand Seibt and Winfried Eberhard, eds., Europea 1400: Die Krise des Spätmittelalters
(Stuttgart, 1984): (a) Ferdinand Seibt, 'Zu einem neuen Begriff von der 'Krise des Spätmittelalters,'' pp.
7-23. (b) Werner Rosener, 'Krisen und Konjunkturen der Wirtschaft im spätmittelalterlichen
Deutschland,' pp. 24-38. (c) Erik Aerts and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, 'Die Grafschaft Flandern und die
sogennante spatmittelalterliche Depression,' pp. 95-116. (d) Wim Blockmans, 'Die Niederlande vor und nach 1400: eine Gesellschaft in der
Krise?', pp. 117-32. (e) Frans Verhaege, 'The Late Medieval `Crisis' in the Low Countries: the
Archeological Viewpoint,' pp. 146-71. (f) Philippe Braunstein, 'Die französische Wirtschaft am Ende des Mittelalters: ein
Uberblick,' pp. 200-09. (g) Werner Paravicini, 'Die Krise der französischen Gesellschaft im Zeitalter des
Hundertjahrigen Kriegs,' pp. 210-20. (h) Winfried Eberhard, 'Die Krise des Spätmittelalters: Versuch einer
Zusammenfassung,' pp. 303-19. 33. David Nicholas, The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children, and the Family
in Fourteenth-Century Ghent (Lincoln and London, 1985). 34. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, 'The Baltic Grain Trade and Cereal Prices in Flanders at the
End of the Middle Ages: Some Remarks,' in Walter Minchinton, ed., The Baltic
Grain Trade: Five Essays (Exeter, 1985), pp. 11 - 20. 35. Jean Marie Cauchies, ed., Aspects de la vie économique des pays bourguigonons, 1384 -
1559: dépression ou prosperité? (Rencontres de Douai, 25 - 28 septembre 1986,
Publication du Centre Européen d'Etudes Bourguignons, no. 27, Basel, 1987). 36. David Nicholas, The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes,
1302 - 1390 (Lincoln and London, 1987). Especially chapters 3, 5, and 6. 37. David Nicholas, The Van Arteveldes of Ghent: The Varieties of Vendetta and the Hero in
History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988). 38. John Munro, 'Deflation and the Petty Coinage Problem in the Late-Medieval Economy: The
Case of Flanders, 1334 - 1484,' Explorations in Economic History, 35 (October
1988), 387 - 423. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies
in England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London, 1992), no. VIII. 39. Richard Unger, 'Brewing in the Netherlands and the Baltic Grain Trade,' in W.G. Heeres,
L.M. Hesp, L. Noordegraaf, and R.C. Van der Voort, eds., From Dunkirk to Danzig:
Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honor
of J.A. Faber on the Occasion of His Retirement as Professor of Economic and Social
History at the University of Amsterdam (Hilversum, 1988), pp. 429-46. 40. Richard Unger, 'The Trade in Beer to Medieval Scandinavia,' Deutsches Shiffahrtsarchiv, 11
(1988), 249-58. 41. Marc Boone and Walter Prevenier, 'The 'City-State' Dream, 1300 - 1500,' in Johan
DeCavele, ed., Ghent: In Defence of a Rebellious City, Antwerp: Mercatorfonds,
1989, pp. 81 - 105. 40. Yoshio Fujii, 'Draperie urbaine et draperie rurale dans les Pays Bas méridionaux au bas
moyen age,' Journal of Medieval History, 16 (1990), 77-97. 41. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Classes économiques, hiérarchies sociales, et influence politique aux
Pays-Bas du sud du XIVe au XVIIe siecle,' in A. Guarducci, ed., Gerarchie
economiche e gerarchie sociali secoli XII - XVIII, Istituto internazionale di Storia
Economica 'Francesco Datini' Prato, Serie II, no. 12 (Florence, 1990), pp. 365 - 86. 42. Marc Boone, Geld en macht: de Gentse stadsfinanciën en de Bourgondische staatsvorming,
1384 - 1453, Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent,
Verhandelingen no. XV (Ghent, 1990). 43. Marc Boone, Gent en de Bourgondische hertogen, ca. 1384 - ca. 1453: een sociaal-politieke
studie van een staatsvormingsproces, Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie
voor Wetenschappen, Letteren, en Schone Kunsten van België, Klasse der Letteren,
Jaargang 52, 1990, no. 133 (Brussels: Paleis der Academiën, 1990). 44. Denis Clauzel, and Silvain Calonne, 'Artisant rural et marché urbain: la draperie a Lille et
dans ses campagnes à la fin du Moyen Age,' Revue du Nord, 72 (Jul-Sept 1990),
531-73. 45. Marc Boone, 'Gestion urbaine, gestion d'entreprises: l'élite urbaine entre pouvoir d'état,
solidarité communale et intérêts privés dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux à l'époque
bourguignonne (XIVe-XVe siècle),' in Marco Spallanzani, ed., Industria, commercio,
banca, Atti della XXII Settimana di Studi Prato, 30 aprile-4 maggio 1990 (Florence:
Leo S. Olschki, 1991), pp. 839-62. 46. Erik Aerts and John Munro, eds., Textiles of the Low Countries in European Economic
History, Studies in Social and Economic History, Vol. 19 (Leuven: Leuven University
Press, 1990). * 47. John Munro, 'Industrial Transformations in the North-West European Textile Trades, c. 1290
- c. 1340: Economic Progress or Economic Crisis?' in Bruce M. S. Campbell, ed.,
Before the Black Death: Studies in the `Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century
(Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 110 - 48.
Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic
History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London, 1994), no. VIII. * 48. John Munro, 'Die Anfänge der Übertragbarkeit: einige Kreditinnovationen im englisch-flämischen Handel des Spätmittelalters (1360 - 1540),' in Michael North, ed., Kredit
im spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Europa, in Quellen und Darstellungen
zur hansischen Geschichte, vol. 37 (Cologne-Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1991), pp. 39 -
69. 49. John Munro, 'The International Law Merchant and the Evolution of Negotiable Credit in
Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries,' in Dino Puncuh, ed., Banchi
pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale: amministrazione,
tecniche operative e ruoli economici, in Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria,
Nouva Serie, Vol. XXXI (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 1991), pp. 49 - 80.
Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic
History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London, 1994), no. X. 50. John Munro, 'The Central European Mining Boom, Mint Outputs, and Prices in the Low
Countries and England, 1450 - 1550,' in Eddy H.G. Van Cauwenberghe, ed., Money,
Coins, and Commerce: Essays in the Monetary History of Asia and Europe From
Antiquity to Modern Times (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1991), pp. 119 - 83. 51. Hanno (A.J.) Brand, 'Crisis, beleid en differentiatie in de laat-middeleeuwse Leidse
lakennijverheid,' in J.K.S. Moes and B.M.A. De Vries, eds., Stof uit het Leidse
verleden: zeven eeuwen textielnijverheid (Leiden: Uitgeverij Matrijs, 1991), pp. 53-65, 201-05. 52. David Nicholas, 'Vendetta and Civil Disorder in Late Medieval Ghent,' in Richard M.
Golden, ed., Social History of Western Civilization, Vol. I: Readings from the
Ancient World to the Seventeenth Century, 2nd edn. (New York: St. Martin's Press,
1992). 53. Ivana Elbl, 'Nation, Bolsa, and Factory: Three Institutions of Late-Medieval Portuguese
Trade with Flanders,' The International History Review, 14 (February 1992), 1 - 22. 54. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Splendour or Wealth: Art and Economy in the Burgundian
Netherlands,' Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 10:2 (1992),
101 - 24. 55. Richard Unger, 'Technical Change in the Brewing Industry in Germany, the Low Countries
and England in the Late Middle Ages,' Journal of European Economic History, 21:2
(Fall 1992), 281 - 313. 56. Hanno Brand, 'Urban Policy or Personal Government: The Involvment of the Urban Elite in
the Economy of Leiden at the End of the Middle Ages,' in Herman Diederiks, Paul
Hohenberg, and Michael Wagenaar, eds.,Economic Policy in Europe Since the Late
Middle Ages: The Visible Hand and the Fortune of Cities (Leicester and New York,
1992), pp. 17-34. * 57. John H. Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries,
1350 - 1500, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 355 (London, 1992). 58. Walter Prevenier and Marc Boone, 'Les villes des Pays-Bas méridionaux au bas moyen âge:
identité urbaine et solidarités corporatives,' Bulletin du Crédit Communal, no. 183:1
(1993), 25-42. 59. Marc Boone and Hanno Brand, 'Vollersproeren en collectieve actie in Gent en Leiden in de
14e en 15e eeuw,' Tijdschrift voor sociale geschiedenis, 19:2 (May 1993), 168-92. * 60. William H. TeBrake, A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323 - 1328 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993). 61. Wim P. Blockmans, 'Der holländische Durchbruch in der Ostee,' in Stuart Jenks and Michael
North, eds., Der Hansische Sonderweg? Beitrage zur Sozial- und
Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Hanse, Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen
Geschichte, hansischen Geschichtsverein, new series no. 39 (Cologne-Vienna, Böhlau
Verlag, 1993), pp. 49-58. ** 62. Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World, translated by Lisabeth
Fackelman (London: Variorium, 1993). A collection of studies, chiefly in translation,
by Belgium's (and perhaps the world's) most eminent economic historian of the late-medieval and early-modern Low Countries: (1) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,'
pp. 3-28. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds.,
The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de
Nederlanden, Vol. II, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 11-37] (2) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From Commercial Capitalism to the Industrial
Revolution,' pp. 29-43. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A.
Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (as Vol II of Winkler
Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988),
pp. 425-38.] (3) 'Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by Tithe and Rent
Statistics, 1250 - 1800,' pp. 47-68. [From Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van
Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low
Countries, 1250 - 1800 (Leuven, 1978), pp. 1-23.] (4) (with Eddy Van Cauwenberghe) 'Agrarian History and Public Finances in Flanders,
14th to 17th Century,' pp. 69-83. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations,
28 (1973), 1051-64.] (5) 'Trade in the Southern Netherlands, 1493-1587,' pp. 87 - 114. [From Algemene
geschiedenis der Nederlanden, VI (Haarlem, 1979), pp. 75097.] (6) 'Economic Activity and International Trade in the Southern Netherlands, 1538-1544,'
pp. 115-25. [From Jürgen Schneider, ed., Wirtschaftsgeschichte und
Wirtschaftswege: Festschrift für Hermann Kellenbenz, as Beiträge zur
Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 5:2 (Bamberg, 1978), pp. 133-44. (7) 'Trade Relations between Antwerp and the Northern Netherlands, 14th to 16th
Century,' pp. 126-41. [From Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 4
(1965-66), 267-85.] (8) 'Antwerp and the New Financial Methods of the 16th and 17th Centuries,' pp. 145-66. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 222 (1967), 1067-89.] (9) 'Monetary Policy in the Duchy of Brabant, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern
Times,' pp. 167-82. [From H. Van den Eerenbeemt, ed., Het geld zoekt zijn weg (the
Van Lanschot-Lectures on Banking in Brabant), in Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van
het zuiden van Nederland (Tilburg, 1987), pp. 37-58.] (10) 'Credit in Brabant, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 183-97. [From
H. Van den Eerenbeemt, ed., Het geld zoekt zijn weg (the Van Lanschot-Lectures on
Banking in Brabant), in Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van het zuiden van Nederland
(Tilburg, 1987), pp. 59-78.] (11) 'Structural Changes and Specialization in Southern Netherlands Industry, 1100-1600,' pp. 201-22. [From Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 28 (9175), 203-21.] ** (12) 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and
the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' pp. 223-41. [From Actae Historia
Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 58-78.] (13) 'Typology of Crises and Structual Changes in the Netherlands, 15th to 16th Century,'
pp. 245-63. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 18 (1963), 209-25.] (14) 'The Economy as a Factor in the Revolt in the Southern Netherlands,' pp. 264-78.
[From Actae Historia Neerlandicae, 5 (1971), 52-67.] (15) 'Nutrition and Diet in the Ancien Régime,' pp. 279-87. [From Spiegel Historiael, 1
(1966), 94-101. 63. Marc Boone, Hanno Brand, and Walter Prevenier, 'Revendications salariales et conjoncture
économiuqe: les salaires de foulons à Gand et à Leyde au XVe siècle,' in Erik Aerts,
Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica
Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. pp. 59-74. * 64. Wim Blockmans, 'The Economic Expansion of Holland and Zeeland in the Fourteenth-Sixteenth Centuries,' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van
Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee
(Leuven, 1993), pp. 41-58. 65. Jean-Pierre Sosson, 'Travaux publics et politiques économiques. l'example de quelque villes
des anciens Pays-Bas (XIVe-XVe siècle),' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul
Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber
Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 239-58. 66. Yoshio Fujii, 'Les finances urbaines dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux au bas Moyen Age.
Quelques réflexions méthodologiques,' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte, Henau, Pual
Jannssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historia Oeconomica: Liber
Alumnorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 161-72. * 67. Marc Boone and Walter Prevenier, eds., La draperie ancienne des Pays: débouchés et
stratégies de survie (14e - 16e siècles)/ Drapery Production in the late medieval Low
Countries: Markets and Strategies for Survival (14th-16th Centuries), Studies in
Urban Social, Economic and Political History of the Medieval and Modern Low
Countries (Leuven/Appeldorn: Garant, 1993). 68. Caroline Barron and Nigel Saul, eds., England and the Low Countries in the Late Middle
Ages (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994). 69. John H. Munro, 'Urban Wage Structures in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries:
Work-Time and Seasonal Wages,' in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in
Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Vierteljahrschrift für
Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beheifte series no. 116 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner
Verlag, 1994), pp. 65-78. 70. John H. Munro, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship in the Late-Medieval Low Countries: Urban
Draperies, Fullers, and the Art of Survival,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van
Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven
University Press, 1994), pp. 377-88. * 71. John H. Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 442
(London, 1994). 72. James Murray, 'Een bakermat van het kapitalism: Brugge in de 14de eeuw,' Handelingen van
het genootschap voor geschiedenis, gesticht onder de benaming «Société d'Emulation»
te Brugge, 131:1-3 (1994), 167-77. 72. Jean-Paul Peeters, 'Het financieel-economisch profiel van de stad Mechelen tijdens de eerste
decennia der 14de eeuw (1311-1336),' Handelingen van de koninklijke kring voor
oudheidkunde, letteren en kunst van Mechelen (Cercel archéologique, littéraire en
artistique de Malines), 97 (1994), 55-122. 72. John Munro, 'Anglo-Flemish Competition in the International Cloth Trade, 1340 - 1520,' in
Jean- Marie Cauchies, ed., L'Angleterre et les pays bas bourguignonnes: relations
et comparaisons, XVe - XVIe siècle (Brussels, 1995), pp. 37-60. [Rencontres
d'Oxford (septembre 1994), annual issue of Centre Européen d'Études
Bourguignonnes, 35 (1995)]. Serial publication: DC611 B771 C42 73. David Nicholas, 'Child and Adolescent Labour in the Late Medieval City: A Flemish Model
in Regional Perspective,' English Historical Review, 110 (November 1995), 1103-1131. 74. Richard Unger, 'The Scale of Dutch Brewing, 1350-1600,' Research in Economic History,
15 (1995), 261-92. 76. Martha C. Howell, 'Fixing Movables: Gifts by Testament in Late Medieval Douai,' Past &
Present, no. 150 (February 1996), pp. 3-45. G. France 1. L. Mirot, Les insurrections urbaines au début de règne de Charles VI, 1380-1382 (Paris,
1905). ** 2. Edouard Perroy, 'A l'origine d'une économie contractée: les crises du XIVe siècle,' Annales:
E.S.C., 4 (1949), 167-82, republished in English translation as: 'At the Origin of
a Contracted Economy: The Crises of the 14th Century,' in Rondo Cameron, ed.,
Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Ill. 1970), pp. 91-105. * 3. Edouard Perroy, 'Wage Labour in France in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History
Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1955); republished in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval
Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500 (1964), pp. 314-24. 4. Harry Miskimin, Money, Prices, and Foreign Exchange in Fourteenth-Century France (New
Haven, 1963). 5. Harry Miskimin, 'The Last Act of Charles V: the Background of the Revolts of 1382,'
Speculum, 38 (1968), 433-42. 6. Bronislaw Geremek, Le salariat dans l'artisanat parisien aux XIIIe-XVe siècles (Paris, 1968). 7. P.S. Lewis, Late Medieval France: the Polity (New York, 1968). 8. P.S. Lewis, ed., The Recovery of France in the Fifteenth Century (New York, 1971). 9. Georges Duby, ed., Histoire de la France, Vol. II: Dynasties et révolutions de 1348-1852
(Paris, 1971). (a) N. Coulet, 'Le maleurdes temps, 1348-1440,' (b) Michel Mollat, 'La reconstruction, 1440-1515,' 10. Philippe Contamine, Guerre, état et société à la fin du moyen âge: études sur les armées des
rois de France, 1337-1494 (Paris, 1972). See also his War in the Middle Ages
(London, 1984), chapters 4 and 7. 11. Michel Mollat and Philippe Wolff, Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages (1973),
chapters 1, 3, and 6. Chiefly on France. 12. Françoise Piponnier, 'La consommation des draps de laine dans quelques milieux français à
la fin du moyen âge,' in Marco Spallanzani, ed., Produzione, commercio e consumo
dei panni di lana (nei secoli XII - XVIII), Atti della Seconda Settimana de Studio, 10-16 april 1970 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1976), pp. 423 - 34. ** 13. Guy Bois, Crise du féodalisme (Paris, 1976): in English translation as The Crisis of
Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy, ca. 1300 - 1550 (Past and
Present Publications, Cambridge, 1984). 14. A. Leguai, 'Les révoltes rurales dans la royaume de France du milieu du XIVe siècle jusqu'à
la fin du XVe,' Le moyen âge, 88 (1982), 49-76. 15. Harry Miskimin, Money and Power in Fifteenth-Century France (New Haven and London,
1984). 16. Harry Miskimin, 'L'or, l'argent, la guerre dans la France médiévale,' Annales: E.S.C., 40
(1985), 171-84. 17. Bronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, trns. by Jean Birrell
(Cambridge, 1987). 18. Simonne Abraham-Thisse, 'Achats et consommation de draps de laine par l'hôtel de
Bourgogne, 1370-1380,' in Philippe Contamine, Thierry Dutour, and Bertrand
Scherb, eds., Commerce, finances et société (XIe-XVIIe siècles): Recueil de travaux
d'histoire médiévale offer à M. le Professeur Henri Dubois, Cultures et Civilisations
Médiévales, no. 9 (Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1993), pp. 27-70. 19. Nathan Sussman, 'Debasements, Royal Revenues, and Inflation in France during the Hundred
Years' War, 1415 - 1422,' The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 44 -
70. 20. Marci Sortor, 'Saint-Omer and Its Textile Trades in the Late Middle Ages: A Contribution
to the Proto-industrialization Debate,' The American Historical Review, 98:4
(October 1993), 1475-99. 21. Daniel Lord Smail, 'Common Violence: Vengeance and Inquisition in Fourteenth-Century
Marseille,' Past & Present, no. 151 (May 1996), pp. 28-59. H. Germany and Central Europe 1. Phillipe Dollinger, La Hanse, XIIe-XVIIe siècles (Paris, 1964), reissued in English trans. as
The Hanse, 12th to 17th Centuries (1970). 2. Marian Malowist, Croissance et régression en Europe, XIVe-XVIIe siècles (Cahiers des
Annales no. 34, Paris, 1972): (a) 'L'inégalité du développement économique en Europe au bas moyen âge,' pp.
39-52. (b) 'Les changements dans la structure de la production et du commerce du drap
au cours du XIVe et XVe siecle,' pp. 53-62. (c) 'L'expansion économique des Hollandais dans le bassin de la Baltique aux
XIVe et XVe siècles,' pp. 91-138. (d) 'L'évolution industrielle en Pologne du XIVe au XVIIe siècle,' pp. 191-216. 3. Franz Irsigler, Die wirtschaftliche Stellung der Stadt Köln im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert:
Strukturanalyse einer spätmittelalterlichen Exportgewerbe- und Fernhandelstadt
(Bonn, 1974). 4. Franz Irsigler, 'Kölner Wirtschaft im Spätmittelalter,' in Hermann Kellenbenz,, ed., Zwei
Jahrtausende Kölner Wirtschaft, I (Cologne, 1975), 217-319. * 5. Franz Irsigler, 'Industrial Production, International Trade, and Public Finances in Cologne,
XIVth and XVth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 6 (1977), 269-306. 6. Franz Irsigler and A. Lassotta, Bettler und Gaukler, Dirnen und Henkler: Randgruppen und
Aussenseiter in Köln, 1300-1600 (Cologne, 1984). * 7. Terence H. Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, 1157 - 1611: A Study of Their Trade and
Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). 8. Stuart Jenks, England, die Hanse und Preussen: Handel und Diplomatie, 1377 - 1474, Quellen
und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte, Hansischen Geschichtsverein, neue
Folge, no. XXXVIII, 3 vols. (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1992). Vol. I:
Handel; Vol. II: Diplomatie; Vol. III: Anhänge. 9. Stuart Jenks, 'Werkzeug des spätmittelalterlichen Kaufmanns: Hansen und Engländer im
Wandel von memoria zur Akte (mit einer Edition von The Noumbre of Weyghtys),'
Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung, 52 (1992), 283 -319. 10. Stuart Jenks, 'A Capital Without a State: Lübeck caput tocius hanze (to 1474),' Historical
Research, 65 (1992), 134 - 49. 11. Michael Toch, 'Hauling Away in Late Medieval Bavaria: The Economics of Inland Transport
in an Agarian Market,' Agricultural History Review, 41:2 (1993), 111 - 23. 12. Stuart Jenks and Michael North, eds., Der Hansische Sonderweg? Beitrage zur Sozial- und
Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Hanse, Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen
Geschichte, hansischen Geschichtsverein, new series no. 39 (Cologne-Vienna, Böhlau
Verlag, 1993). 13. Henryk Samsonowicz, 'New Financial Institutions in Gdansk in the Fifteenth Century,' in
Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the
Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman
Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 229-34. 14. Gunther Hierschfelder, Die Kölner Handelsbeziehungen im Spätmittelater (Cologne:
Kölnisches Stadtmuseum, 1994). 15. Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000 - 1500, A History of East
Central Europe, vol. 3 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1994). * 16. John D. Fudge, Cargoes, Embargoes, and Emissaries: The Commercial and Political
Interaction of England and the German Hanse, 1450 - 1510 (Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1995. 17. Walter Bauernfeind and Ulrich Woitek, 'Agrarian Cycles in Germany, 1339 - 1670: A
Spectral Analysis of Grain Prices and Output in Nuremberg,' Explorations in
Economic History, 33:4 (Oct. 1996), 459-78. I. England 1. George Unwin, ed., Finance and Trade Under Edward III (London, 1918). 2. L.F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1923). 3. H.L. Gray, 'The Production and Exportation of English Woollens in the Fourteenth Century,'
English Historical Review, 39 (1924), 13-35. Still an important study (unjustly
treated by E.M. Carus-Wilson, below). 4. Charles Pendrill, London Life in the 14th Century (London and New York, 1925). Not a
book that accords with the modern canons of scientific historical research, but useful
nonetheless. 5. Sir George Warner, ed., The Libelle of Englyshe Polycye: A Poem on The Use of Sea-Power,
1436 (Oxford, 1926). The poem itself is very revealing about 15th-century English
trade. 6. L.F. Salzman, English Trade in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1931). Still useful. 7. Alice Beardwood, Alien Merchants in England, 1350-1377: Their Legal and Economic
Position (Cambridge, Mass. 1931). ** 8. Eileen Power and Michael Postan, eds., Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century
(London, 1933). Still indispensable for any study of the late-medieval European
economy, let alone the English. (a) H.L. Gray, 'English Foreign Trade from 1446 to 1482,' pp. 1-38. (b) Eileen Power, 'The Wool Trade in the Fifteenth Century,' pp. 39-90. * (c) Michael Postan, 'The Economic and Political Relations of England with the Hanse
from 1400 to 1475,' pp. 91-154. (d) E.M. Carus-Wilson, 'The Iceland Trade,' pp. 155-82. (e) E.M. Carus-Wilson, 'The Overseas Trade of Bristol,' pp. 183-246. (f) Sylvia Thrupp, 'The Grocers of London: A Study of Distributive Trade,' pp. 247-93. (g) W.I. Haward, 'The Financial Transactions between the Lancastrian Government and
the Merchants of the Staple from 1449 to 1461,' pp. 293-321. (h) H.L. Gray, 'Tables of Enrolled Customs and Subsidy Accounts, 1399 to 1482,' pp.
321-60. 9. E.M. Carus-Wilson, The Overseas Trade of Bristol in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1937). * 10. Eileen Power, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History (Oxford, 1941). An unsurpassed
classic, both highly enjoyable and exceptionally useful: a publication of her final
Oxford lectures, in 1939.. 11. Michael Postan, 'Some Social Consequences of the Hundred Years' War,' Economic History
Review, 1st. ser. 12 (1942), reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture and
General Problems of the Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 49 - 80. 12. Sylvia Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300-1500 (Chicago and Toronto,
1948). Still exceptionally important. * 13. Eleanora M. Carus-Wilson, Medieval Merchant Venturers: Collected Studies (1954). See
in particular: (a) 'The Overseas Trade of Bristol in the Fifteenth Century,' pp. 1-97 [Reprinted from
Eileen Power and Michael Postan, eds., Studies in English Trade in the
Fifteenth Century (London, 1933), pp. 183-246.] (b) 'The Iceland Venture,' pp. 98-142. [Reprinted from Eileen Power and Michael
Postan, eds., Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933), pp.
155-82.] (c) 'The Origins and Early Development of the Merchant Adventurers' Organization in
London,' pp. 143-82. [Reprinted from The Economic History Review, 1st
ser. 4:2 (1933).] (d) 'An Industrial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century,' pp. 183 - 210. [Reprinted from
The Economic History Review, 1st ser. 11:1 (1941).] (e) 'Trends in the Export of English Woollens in the Fourteenth Century,' pp. 239-64.
[Reprinted from The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 3:2 (1950).] (f) 'The Effects of the Acquisition and of the Loss of Gascony on the English Wine
Trade,' pp. 265-78. [Reprinted from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical
Research, 21:63 (1947).] 14. J.N. Bartlett, 'The Expansion and Decline of York in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser., 12 (1959-60), 17-33. * 15. A.R. Bridbury, Economic Growth: England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1962). An
iconoclastic study, typically Bridbury. * 16. E.M. Carus-Wilson and Olive Coleman, England's Export Trade, 1275-1547 (Oxford, 1963).
Statistics on wool and cloth exports from the enrolled customs accounts. 17. Michael Postan, 'The Costs of the Hundred Years' War,' Past and Present, no. 27 (1964),
reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the
Medieval Economy (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 49 - 80. 18. Christopher Dyer, 'A Redistribution of Incomes in Fifteenth-Century England?' Past and
Present, no. 39 (1968), 11-33. 19. J.R. Lander, Conflict and Stability in Fifteenth-century England (London, 1969), chapters
1,2, and 7. * 20. Michael Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain, 1100-1500 (Cambridge, 1972). ** 21. Michael Postan, Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval
Economy (Cambridge, 1973). Part I: General (a) 'The Economic Foundations of Medieval Economy,' pp. 3-27 [Republished , with
some changes, from Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie, 161 (1951).] (b) 'The Rise of a Money Economy,' pp. 28-40. [Republished from The Economic
History Review, 1st ser., 14 (1944).] (c) 'The Fifteenth Century,' pp. 41-48. [Republished from The Economic History
Review, 1st ser., 9 (1939).] (d) 'Some Social Consequences of the Hundred Years War,' pp. 49 - 62. [Republished
from The Economic History Review, 1st ser., 12 (1942).] (e) 'The Costs of the Hundred Years War,' pp. 63-80. [Republished from Past &
Present, no. 27 (1964).] (f) 'Why Was Science Backward in the Middle Ages?' pp. 81-88. [Republished from
J. Lindsay, ed., The History of Science: A Symposium (London, 1951). 22. Michael M. Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge, 1973). Collected essays, as follows: (a) 'Credit in Medieval Trade,' pp. 1-27 [Republished from Economic History Review,
1st ser. I (1928) ] (b) 'Private Financial Instruments in Medieval England,' pp. 28-64. [Republished from
Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 22 (1930)] (c) 'Partnership in English Medieval Commerce,' pp. 65-91. [Republished in translation
from Rivista della società, 11:3 (1957) and Studi in onore de A. Sapori] (d) 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North,' pp. 92-231. [Republished from M.
Postan and E. Rich, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol.
II (1st edn. 1952). Note that a revised version appeared in 1987.] (e) 'The Economic and Political Relations of England and the Hanse from 1400 to
1475,' pp. 232-304. [Republished from Eileen Power and Michael Postan,
eds., Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933).] (f) 'Economic Relations between Eastern and Western Europe,' pp. 305-34.
[Republished from Geoffrey Barraclough, ed., Eastern and Western Europe
in the Middle Ages (London, 1970).] (g) 'Italians and the Economic Development of England in the Middle Ages,' pp. 335-41. [Republished from Journal of Economic History, 11 (1951). ] (h) 'The Medieval Wool Trade,' pp. 342 - 52. [Previously unpublished lecture given to
the 'Wool Education Society', on 29 February 1952.] (i) 'English Studies of the Customs Accounts,' pp. 353-60. [Republished from Actes
du Quatrième Colloque Internationale d'histoire maritime (Paris, 1952).] 23. T.H. Lloyd, The Movement of Wool Prices in Medieval England (1973). ** 24. A.R. Bridbury, 'The Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 557-92. 25. J. R. Maddicott, The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294 - 1341 (Past
and Present Supplement no. 1, Oxford, 1975). With an importance ranging well
beyond agrarian history. 26. Edward Miller, 'War, Taxation, and the English Economy in the Late Thirteenth and Early
Fourteenth Centuries,' in J. M. Winter, ed., War and Economic Development: Essays
in Memory of David Joslin (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 11 - 32. 27. A. R. Bridbury, 'The Hundred Years' War: Costs and Profits,' in D. C. Coleman and A. H.
John, eds., Trade, Government, and Economy in Pre-Industrial England: Essays
Presented to F. J. Fisher (London, 1976), pp. 80 - 95. * 28. A.R. Bridbury, 'Before the Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977),
393-410. ** 29. John Hatcher, Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348-1500 (London, 1977). * 30. T.H. Lloyd, The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1977). 31. T.H. Lloyd, 'Overseas Trade and the English Money Supply in the Fourteenth Century,' in
Nicholas Mayhew, ed., Edwardian Monetary Affairs, 1279-1344, British
Archeological Reports no. 36, Oxford, 1977), pp. 96-134. 32. R. B. Dobson, 'Urban Decline in Late-Medieval England,' Transactions of the Royal
Historical Society, 5th ser., 27 (1977), 1- 22. 33. Charles Phythian-Adams, 'Urban Decay in Late Medieval England,' in Philip Abrams and
E.A. Wrigley, eds., Towns in Societies: Essays in Economic History and Historical
Sociology London, 1978), pp. 159-86. 34. Wendy R. Childs, Anglo-Castilian Trade in the Later Middle Ages (1978). 35. Zvi Razi, Life, Marriage and Death in a Medieval Parish: Economy, Society, and
Demography in Halesowen, 1270 - 1400 (Cambridge, 1980). * 36. Michael Prestwich, The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1271-1377 (London,
1980), especially chapter 9, 'Plague, Famine and War: the Fourteenth Century
Economy,' pp. 245-75. 37. J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980), chapters 6-10. 38. A.R. Bridbury, Medieval English Clothmaking: An Economic Survey (London, 1982). 39. T.H. Lloyd, Alien Merchants in England in the High Middle Ages (Brighton and New York,
1982). 40. Jennifer Kermode, 'Urban Decline? The Flight from Office in Late Medieval York,'
Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (May 1982), 179-98. 41. Wendy Childs, 'Ireland's Trade with England in the Late Middle Ages,' Irish Economic and
Social History, 9 (1982), 5-33. 42. Volker Henn, ' 'The Libelle of Englyshe Polycye': Politik und Wirtschaft in England in den
30er Jahren des 15. Jahrhunderts,' Hansische Geschichtsblatter, 101 (1983), 44 - 65. 43. E.B. Fryde, Studies in Medieval Trade and Finance (London, 1983). (a) 'The Financial Policies of the Royal Governments and Popular Resistance to Them
in France and England, 1270-1420,' [no. I, reprinted from Revue belge de
philologie et d'histoire/Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis, 57
(1979), 824-60.] (b) 'Edward III's Wool Monopoly: a Fourteenth-Century Royal Trading Venture,' [ no.
VI, reprinted from History, new series, 37 (1952), 8-24.] (c) 'Parliament and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381' [no. XIII, reprinted from Liber
memorialis Georges de Lagarde (Louvain, 1970), pp. 75-88.] (d) 'Italian Maritime Trade with Medieval England, c. 1270 - c. 1530,' [no. XIV,
reprinted from Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin, 32 (1974), 291-337.] (e) 'The English Cloth Industry and Trade with the Mediterranean, c. 1370 - c. 1530,'
[no. XV, reprinted from Marco Spallanzani, Produzione, commercio e
consumo dei panni di lana (Florence, 1976), pp. 343-63.] (f) 'Anglo-Italian Commerce in the Fifteenth Century: Some Evidence About Profits
and the Balance of Trade,' [no. XVI, reprinted from Revue belge de
philologie et d'histoire/Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis, 50
(1972), 345-55.] 44. G. G. Astill, 'Economic Change in Later Medieval England: An Archaeological Review,' in
T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds., Social Relations and Ideas:
Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 217 - 47. * 45. Robert Tittler, 'Late Medieval Urban Prosperity,' and A.R. Bridbury, 'Late Medieval Urban
Prosperity: A Rejoinder,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Nov. 1984), 551-56. 46. R.H. Hilton and T.H. Aston, eds., The English Rising of 1381, Past and Present Publications,
Cambridge University Press, 1984. 47. Alison Hanham, The Celys and Their World: An English Merchant Family of the Fifteenth
Century (Cambridge, 1985). 48. Alison Hanham, The Celys and their World: An English Merchant Family of the Fifteenth
Century (Cambridge University Press, 1985). 49. Stuart Jenks, 'Die Effizienz des englischen Exchequers zur Zeit des Hundertjährigen Krieges,'
Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte Siegel- und Wappenkunde, 33 (1987), 337-427. 50. Patrick Chorley, 'English Cloth Exports During the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth
Centuries: the Continental Evidence,' Historical Research: The Bulletin of the
Institute of Historical Research, 61:144 (February 1988), 1-10. 51. Richard H. Britnell, Growth and Decline in Colchester, 1300 - 1515 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988). In three parts: 1300-49, 1350-1414, 1415-1525. 52. Nils Hybel, Crisis or Change: The Concept of Crisis in the Light of Agrarian Structural
Reorganization in Late Medieval England, trans. James Manley (Aarhus University
Press, 1989). 53. Mark Bailey, 'The Concept of the Margin in the Medieval English Economy,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (Feb. 1989), 1 - 17. 54. Mark Bailey, A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages,
Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th ser. 12, (Cambridge University
Press, 1990). 55. Maryanne Kowaleski, 'Town and Country in Late-Medieval England: The Hide and Leather
Trade,' in Penelope J. Corfield and Derek Keene, eds., Work in Towns, 850 - 1850
(Leicester University Press, 1990), pp. 57-73. * 56. Pamela Nightingale, 'Monetary Contraction and Mercantile Credit in Later Medieval
England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (November 1990), 560 - 75. * 57. Elizabeth Ewan, Townlife in Fourteenth-Century Scotland (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University
Press, 1990). One of the few available studies of medieval Scottish economic history
and a good one. * 58. Scott L. Waugh, England in the Reign of Edward III, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks,
Cambridge University Press, 1991, Part II: Economic Challenges, pp. 21 - 113. * 59. Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth
Century (Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press, 1991). (a) Barbara Harvey, 'Introduction: the `crisis' of the early fourteenth century,' pp. 1 - 24. (b) Richard M. Smith, 'Demographic developments in rural England, 1300-48: a
survey,' pp. 25 - 78. (c) Mavis Mate, 'The agrarian economy of south-east England before the Black Death:
depressed or buoyant?', pp. 79 - 109. (d) John H. Munro, 'Industrial transformations in the north-west European textile trades,
c.1290 - c.1340: economic progress or economic crisis?', pp. 110 - 48. (e) W. M. Ormrod, 'The crown and the English economy, 1290 - 1348,' pp. 149 - 83. (f) Mark Bailey, 'Per impetum maris: natural disaster and economic decline in eastern
England, 1275 - 1350,' pp. 184 - 208. 60. Alan Dyer, Decline and Growth in British Towns, 1400 - 1600, Studies in Economic and
Social History, London: Macmillian Press, 1991. 61. Wendy Childs, ' 'To oure losse and hindraunce': English Credit to Alien Merchants in the
Mid-Fifteenth Century,' in Jennifer Kermode, ed., Enterprise and Individuals in
Fifteenth-Century England (London: Alan Sutton, 1991), pp. 68-98. 62. Terence H. Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, 1157 - 1611: A Study of Their Trade and
Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). 63. John Munro, 'The International Law Merchant and the Evolution of Negotiable Credit in
Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries,' in Dino Puncuh, ed., Banchi
pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale:
amministrazione, tecniche operative e ruoli economici, in Atti della Società Ligure
di Storia Patria, Nouva Serie, Vol. XXXI (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria,
1991), pp. 49 - 80. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays
in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London,
1994), no. X. 64. Stuart Jenks, England, die Hanse und Preussen: Handel und Diplomatie, 1377 - 1474, Quellen
und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte, Hansischen Geschichtsverein, neue
Folge, no. XXXVIII, 3 vols. (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1992). Vol. I:
Handel; Vol. II: Diplomatie; Vol. III: Anhänge. 65. Mavis Mate, 'The Economic and Social Roots of Medieval Popular Rebellion: Sussex in
1450-1451,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45:4 (November 1992), 661-76. 66. Richard H. Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society, 1000 - 1500 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1992). Especially Part 3: 1330-1500, pp. 155-231. 67. A. R. Bridbury, The English Economy from Bede to the Reformation (Woodbridge: Boydell
and Brewer, 1992). Collected essays. 68. John H. Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries,
1350 - 1500, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 355 (London, 1992). 69. Christopher Dyer, 'The Hidden Trade of the Middle Ages: Evidence from the West Midlands
of England,' Journal of Historical Geography, 18:2 (1992), 141-57. 70. P. Jeremy and P. Goldberg, Women, Work, and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy: Women
in York and Yorkshire, c.1300 - 1520 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992). 71. Philippa C. Maddern, Violence and Social Order: East Anglia, 1422 - 1442 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1992). 72. Karl Gunnar Persson, 'Was There a Productivity Gap between Fourteenth-Century Italy and
England?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:1 (February 1993), 105-114. 73. James Masschaele, 'Transport Costs in Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd
ser., 46:2 (May 1993), 266-279. 74. Robert C. Palmer, English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348 - 1381 (Chapel Hill,
N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1993). 75. S. H. Rigby, Medieval Grimsby: Growth and Decline (Hull: University of Hull Press, 1993). 76. Nancy W. Clegg and Clyde G. Reed, 'The Economic Decline of the Church in Medieval
England,' Explorations in Economic History, 31:2 (April 1994), 261-80. 77. Margaret Aston, 'Corpus Christi and Corpus Regni: Heresy and the Peasants' Revolt,' Past
& Present, no. 143 (May 1994), pp. 3 - 47. ** 78. John Hatcher, 'England in the Aftermath of the Black Death,' Past & Present, no. 144
(August 1994), pp. 3 - 35. 79. John H. Munro, 'Urban Wage Structures in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries:
Work-Time and Seasonal Wages,' in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in
Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Vierteljahrschrift für
Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beheifte series no. 116 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner
Verlag, 1994), pp. 65-78. * 80. John H. Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 442
(London, 1994). 81. Christine Carpenter, 'Gentry and Community in Medieval England,' in Maryanne Kowaleski,
ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England,
special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp. 340-80. 82. Elaine Clark, 'Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside,' in Maryanne
Kowaleski, ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval
England, special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp. 381-406. 83. Christopher Dyer, 'The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline,' in Maryanne
Kowaleski, ed., Vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval
England, special issue of Journal of British Studies, 33:4 (October 1994), pp.407-29. 84. Lois Roney, 'Winner and Waster's 'Wyse Wordes': Teaching Economics and Nationalism
in Fourteenth-Century England,' Speculum, 69:4 (October 1994), 1070-1100. * 85. Christopher Dyer, Everyday Life in Medieval England (London: Hambledon Press, 1994).
Collected essays (in republished form). 86. Caroline Barron and Nigel Saul, eds., England and the Low Countries in the Late Middle
Ages (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994). 87. Rosemary Horrox, ed., Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval
England (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 88. James Masschaele, 'The Renaissance Depression in Debate: The View from England,' The
History Teacher, 27:4 (August 1994), 405-15. 89. James Masschaele, 'Urban Trade in Medieval England: The Evidence of Foreign
Membership Lists,' in P.R. Coss and S.D. Lloyd, eds., Thirteenth Century England,
vol. V (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995), pp. 115-28. 87. Nicholas J. Mayhew, 'Population, Money Supply, and the Velocity of Circulation in England,
1300 - 1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:2 (May 1995), 238-57. 88. John D. Fudge, Cargoes, Embargoes, and Emissaries: The Commercial and Political
Interaction of England and the German Hanse, 1450 - 1510 (Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1995. 89. Maryanne Kowaleski, Local Markets and Regional Trade in Medieval Exeter (Cambridge and
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 90. John Munro, 'Anglo-Flemish Competition in the International Cloth Trade, 1340 - 1520,' in
Jean- Marie Cauchies, ed., L'Angleterre et les pays bas bourguignonnes: relations
et comparaisons, XVe - XVIe siècle (Brussels, 1995), pp. 37-60. [Rencontres
d'Oxford (septembre 1994), annual issue of Centre Européen d'Études
Bourguignonnes, 35 (1995)]. 91. Edward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: Towns, Commerce and Crafts, 1086 -
1348 (London: Longman, 1995). 92. John Fudge, 'Tudor-Hapsburg Trade Wars and Northern Commercial Networks, 1486 -
1506,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 573 - 86. 93. Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays
in Honour of Edward Miller (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1996). In particular see: a) Pamela Nightingale, 'The Growth of London in the Medieval Economy,' pp. 89-106. b) Edmund Fryde, 'The Bankruptcy of the Scali of Florence in England, 1326-1328,'
pp. 107-20. c) Wendy Childs, 'The English Export Trade in Cloth in the Fourteenth Century,' pp.
121-47. d) Anthony Tuck, 'A Medieval Tax Haven: Berwick Upon Tweed and the English
Crown: 1333-1461,' pp. 148-67. e) Christopher Dyer, 'Taxation and Communities in Late Medieval England,' pp. 168-90. f) Ambrose Raftis, 'Peasants and the Collapse of the Manorial Economy on Some
Ramsey Abbey Estates,' pp. 191-206. g) David Farmer, 'The famuli in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 207-36. h) John Hatcher, 'The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century, ' pp. 237-72. i) George Holmes, 'Lorenzo de' Medici's London Branch,' pp. 273-85. j) Jenny Kermode, 'The Trade of Medieval Chester, 1500-1550,' pp. 286-307. J. The Standard of Living Controversy: Before and After the Black Death, 1300-1500 i] On the Continent (and General) * 1. Edouard Perroy, 'Wage Labour in France in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History
Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1955); republished in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in Medieval
Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500 (1964), pp. 314-24. * 2. Robert Lopez, 'Hard Times and Investment in Culture,' in: (a) K.H. Dannenfeldt, ed., The Renaissance: Medieval or Modern? (Heath Series, New
York, 1959), pp. 50-63. (b) Wallace Ferguson et al., eds., The Renaissance (New York, 1962), pp. 29-52. 3. F. Graus, 'The Late Medieval Poor in Town and Countryside,' [original French version in
Annales: E.S.C., 16 (1961)], republished in Sylvia Thrupp, ed., Change in
Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500 (1964), pp. 237-48, 314-24. 4. Raymond Van Uytven, 'La Flandre et le Brabant: Terres de promission' sous les ducs de
Bourgogne?' Revue du Nord, 43 (1961), 281-318. 5. Herman Van der Wee, 'Typologie des crises et changements de structures aux Pays-Bas,
XVe-XVIe siècles,' Annales: E.S.C., 18 (1963), 209-25. 6. David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia: the Social History of an Italian Town,
1200 - 1430 (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), chapters 6- 8,
pp. 121 - 212. 7. Bronislaw Geremek, Le salariat dans l'artisanat parisien aux XIII-XVe siècles (Paris, 1968). * 8. Harry A. Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300 - 1460 (1969;
republished Cambridge, 1975), especially pp. 77-111; 116-58. 9. Bronislaw Geremek, 'La lutte contre le vagabondage à Paris aux XIVe et XVe siècles,'
Ricerche storiche ed economische in memoria di Corrado Bargallo, vol. II (Naples,
1970), 213-36. 10. Brian Pullan, Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic
State to 1620 (Cambridge, Mass. 1971). * 11. Michael Mollat and Philippe Wolff, The Population Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages
(London, 1973), especially chapter 3: 'Revolts Against Poverty,' pp. 91-137. 12. Michel Mollat, ed., Etudes sur l'histoire de la pauvreté, 2 vols. Paris, 1974. 13. Charles-M. de la Roncière, 'Pauvres et pauvreté à Florence au XIVe siècle,' in Michel
Mollat, ed., Etudes sur l'histoire de la pauvreté, Vol. II (Paris, 1974). * 14. Guy Bois, Crise du féodalisme (Paris, 1976): republished in English translation as The
Crisis of Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy, ca. 1300 - 1550
(Past and Present Publications, Cambridge, 1984). Part I, chapters 3-5 ('Prices,'
'Wages,' and 'The Gross Product,' pp. 78- 133; Part II, chapter 7, 'Peasant
Holdings,' pp. 175 - 214; Part III, 'The Stages of the Crisis (esp. chapter 13, 'The
Disasters, ca. 1410 - c. 1450, pp. 316 - 45). 15. Wim Blockmans and Walter Prevenier, 'Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth
to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae,
10 (1977), 20-57. 16. Michel Mollat, Études sur l'économie et la société de l'Occident médiéval, XIIe - XVe siècles,
Variorium Collected Studies CS63 (London, 1977): a) "La notion de pauvreté au Moyen Age,' [reprinted from Revue d'histoire de l'Église
de France, 52 (1966), 5-23): no. XIV. b) "Les pauvres et la société médiévale,' [reprinted from Raport au XIIIe congrès
international des Sciences Historiques (Moscow, 1970), pp. 72-84]: no. XV c) "Pauvres et pauvreté dans le monde médiéval,' [reprinted from Atti del II Convegno
internazionale Assise 1974, pp. 81-97]: no. XIX 17. David Herlihy, 'Family and Property in Renaissance Florence,' in Harry Miskimin, David
Herlihy, and Avrom Udovitch, eds., The Medieval City, (1977), pp. 3-24. 18. David Herlihy, 'The Distribution of Wealth in a Renaissance Community: Florence, 1427,'
in Philip Abrams and E.A. Wrigley, eds., Towns and Societies, (London, 1978), pp.
131-58. 18. Michel Mollat, Les pauvres au moyen âge: étude sociale (Paris, 1978). Republished in
English translation as The Poor in the Middle Ages (Yale University Press, New
Haven, 1986). 19. Charles-M. de la Roncière, Prix et salaires à Florence au XIVe siècle (Rome, 1982). 20. John H. Munro, 'Economic Depression and the Arts in the Fifteenth-Century Low Countries,'
Renaissance and Reformation, 19 (1983), 235-50. Reprinted in John Munro,
Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval
England and the Low Countries (London, 1994), no. XI. 21. David Herlihy and Christianne Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families: A Study of the
Florentine Catasto of 1427 (New Haven and London, 1985), chapter 4, 'Wealth and
Enterprise,' pp. 93 - 130. 22. Ann G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence, Cambridge History of
Medicine (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986). 22. David Nicholas, The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes
(1987), chapter 3, 'The Poor You Will Always Have With You,' pp. 41 - 66. 23. Jean-Pierre Sosson, 'Les XIVe et XVe siècles: un 'âge d'or de la main-d'oeuvre'? Quelques
réflexions à propos des anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux,' in Jean-Marie Cauchies, ed.,
Aspects de la vie économique des pays bourguignons, 1384 - 1559: dépression ou
prospérité (Basel, 1987), pp. 17 - 38. 23. Bronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, trns. by Jean Birrell
(Cambridge, 1987). 25. Bronislaw Geremek, La pietà e la forca: storia della miseria e della carità in Europa (Bari,
1988). 26. John Munro, 'Deflation and the Petty Coinage Problem in the Late-Medieval Economy: The
Case of Flanders, 1334 - 1484,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (October
1988), 387 - 423. Reprinted in John Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in
England and the Low Countries, 1350 - 1500 (London, 1992), no. VIII. 27. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Splendour or Wealth: Art and Economy in the Burgundian
Netherlands,' Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 10:2 (1992),
101 - 24. 28. David Nicholas, Medieval Flanders (London, 1992). 28. Jean-Marie Cauchies, 'Règlements de métiers et rapports de pouvoirs en Hainaut à la fin du
moyen âge,' in Les métiers au moyen âge: aspects économiques et sociaux, Université
Catholique de Louvain, Publications de l'Institut d'Études Médiévales (Lousvain-la-Neuve, 1994), pp. 35-54. 29. Alessandro Stella, La révolte des Ciompi: les hommes, les lieux, le travail (Paris: Éditions de
l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1993). 30. John H. Munro, 'Urban Wage Structures in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries:
Work-Time and Seasonal Wages,' in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in
Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Vierteljahrschrift für
Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beheifte series no. 116 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner
Verlag, 1994), pp. 65-78. 31. Bronislaw Geremek, Poverty: A History, trans. Agnieszka Kolakowska (Oxford: Blackwell,
1994). 32. William Chester Jordan, The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). ii] On England: 1. Nora Ritchie (née Kenyon), 'Late Conditions in Essex in the Reign of Richard II,' Economic
History Review, 1st ser. 4 (1934), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in
Economic History, vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 91 - 111. 2. Brian Tierney, Medieval Poor Law: A Sketch of Canonical Theory and its Application in
England (Berkeley, 1959). * 3. A. R. Bridbury, Economic Growth: England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1962),
chapters IV - VI, pp. 52 - 109. 4. D.G. Watts, 'A Model for the Early Fourteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser.
20 (1967), 543-47. * 5. Christopher Dyer, 'A Redistribution of Incomes in Fifteenth-Century England,' Past and
Present, no. 39 (1968), 11-33. 6. R. R. Davies, 'Baronial Accounts, Incomes, and Arrears in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser. 21 (1968), 211-29. * 7. J.Z. Titow, English Rural Society, 1200-1350 (1969), chapter 3: 'The Standard of Living
Controversy,' pp. 64-96. * 8. A. R. Bridbury, 'The Black Death,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 557-92. 9. A.N. May, 'An Index of Thirteenth-Century Peasant Impoverishment? Manor Court Fines,'
Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 389-402. 10. R. H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1975), chapters 3 and
4. 11. R. B. Dobson, 'Urban Decline in Late-Medieval England,' Transactions of the Royal
Historical Society, 5th ser., 27 (1977), 1- 22. 12. Charles Pythian-Adams, 'Urban Decay in Late-Medieval England,' in P. Abrams and E. A.
Wrigley, eds., Towns in Societies (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 159 - 85. 13. Ian Blanchard, 'Labour Productivity and Work Psychology in the English Mining Industry,
1400 - 1600,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 31 (1978), 1-24. 14. Charles Pythian-Adams, Desolation of a City: Coventry and the Urban Crisis of the Late
Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1979). 14. T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in
Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983). a) M. M. Postan, 'Feudalism and its Decline: A Semantic Exercise,' pp. 73 - 87. b) Zvi Razi, 'The Struggles between the Abbots of Halesowen and their Tenants in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,' pp. 151 - 67. c) Geoffrey Shepherd, 'Poverty in Piers Plowman,' pp. 169 - 89. d) Christopher Dyer, 'English Diet in the Later Middle Ages,' pp. 191 - 216. e) G. G. Astill, 'Economic Change in Later Medieval England: An Archaeological
Review,' pp. 217 - 47. 16. Christopher Dyer, 'Social and Economic Background to the Rural Revolt of 1381,' in R. H.
Hilton and T. H. Aston, eds., The English Rising of 1381 (Cambridge, 1984). * 17. Robert Tittler, 'Late Medieval Urban Prosperity,' and A. R. Bridbury, 'Late Medieval Urban
Prosperity: A Rejoinder,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 37 (Nov. 1984), 551-56. 18. Mavis Mate, 'Labour and Labour Services on the Estates of Canterbury Cathedral Priory in
the Fourteenth Century,' Southern History, 7 (1985), 55 - 67. 19. R. H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History
(London, 1985). Various essays. 20. M. Rubin, Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge (Cambridge, 1987). 21. Simon A. C. Penn, 'Female Wage-Earners in Late Fourteenth-Century England,' The
Agricultural History Review, 35 (1987), 1 - 14. 22. Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in Diet in the Late Middle Ages: The Case of Harvest Workers,'
The Agricultural History Review, 36 (1988), 21 - 38. 23. Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in the Size of Peasant Holdings in Some West Midland Villages,
1400 - 1540,' and, Christopher Dyer, 'Changes in the Link between Families and Land in the West Midlands in
the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,' and also: Bruce Campbell, 'Population Pressure, Inheritance, and the Land Market in a Fourteenth-Century Peasant Community,' in Richard Smith, ed., Land, Kinship and Life Cycle (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 277 - 94, 305 -
12, and 87 - 134, respectively. 24. Hallam, H. E., 'The Life of the People,' in H. E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of
England and Wales, Vol. II: 1042 - 1350 (Cambridge, 1988), 818-53. ** 25. Christopher Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England
c. 1200 - 1520 (Cambridge, 1989). Especially chapters 5-8. 26. Mark Bailey, 'The concept of the margin in the medieval English economy,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser., 42 (Feb. 1989), 1-17. 27. Christopher Dyer, 'The Consumer and the Market in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser. 42 (August 1989), 305-27. 28. Kathleen Biddick, The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1989). Contains some information on peasant
consumption (chiefly before 1348), in chapters 3-6. 29. Simon A. C. Penn, and Christopher Dyer, 'Wages and Earnings in Late Medieval England:
Evidence from the Enforcement of the Labour Laws,' Economic History Review, 2nd
ser., 43 (August 1990), 356-76. 30. Elizabeth Ewan, Townlife in Fourteenth-Century Scotland (Edinburgh: University of
Edinburgh Press, 1990). 31. David Loschky, 'New Perspectives on Seven Centuries of Real Wages,' Journal of European
Economic History, 21:1 (Spring 1992), 169 - 82. 31. Lois Roney, 'Winner and Waster's 'Wyse Wordes': Teaching Economics and Nationalism
in Fourteenth-Century England,' Speculum, 69:4 (October 1994), 1070-1100. 32. John Hatcher, 'England in the Aftermath of the Black Death,' Past & Present, no. 144
(August 1994), pp. 3 - 35. iii] On Wages, Prices, and Income Distributions: Statistical Sources 1. James E. Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Vol. I: 1259 -
1400 (Oxford, 1867); and Vol. IV: 1401 - 1582 (Oxford, 1882). 2. Douglas Knoop and G. P. Jones, 'Mason's Wages in Mediaeval England,' Economic History,
2 (Jan. 1933), 473 - 99. 3. William Beveridge, 'Wages in the Winchester Manors,' Economic History Review, 1st ser.
VII (1936-37), 22-43. 4. Johan Schreiner, 'Wages and Prices in the Later Middle Ages,' Scandinavian Economic
History Review, II (1954), 61-73. * 5. E. H. Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of Building Wages,' Economica,
22 (1955); and E. H. Phelps Brown and Sheila Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables,
Compared with Builders' Wage Rates,' Economica, 23 (1956): Both are reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic
History, vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 168 - 178; and 179 - 207; and in Henry Phelps
Brown and Sheila Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), pp.
13-59. 6. William Beveridge, 'Westminster Wages in the Manorial Era,' Economic History Review,
2nd ser. 8 (1955-56), 18 - 35. 7. D. L. Farmer, 'Some Grain Price Movements in Thirteenth-Century England,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser. 10 (1957), 207-20. 8. Charles Verlinden, E. Scholliers, et al, eds., Documents pour l'histoire des prix et des salaires
en Flandre et en Brabant, 4 vols. (Bruges, 1959 - 65), Vols. I and II. 9. Herman Van der Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy,
fourteenth - sixteenth centuries, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1963), Vol. I: Statistics. 10. R.S. Schofield, 'The Geographical Distribution of Wealth in England, 1334-1649,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1965), reprinted in Roderick Floud, ed., Essays in
Quantitative Economic History (1974), pp. 79-106. 11. J.P. Cooper, 'The Social Distribution of Land and Men in England, 1436-1700,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), reprinted in Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative
Economic History (1974) pp. 107-32. 12. D. L. Farmer, 'Some Livestock Price Movements in Thirteenth-Century England,' Economic
History Review, 2nd ser. 22 (1969), 1 - 16. 13. John Munro, 'The Purchasing Power of Coins and of Wages in England and the Low
Countries from 1500 to 1514,' in R.A.B. Mynors and W.K. Ferguson, ed., The
Correspondence of Erasmus, A.D. 1501-1514, (Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol.
2, Toronto, 1975), pp. 307-45. 14. R.A. Doughty, 'Industrial Prices and Inflation in Southern England, 1401-1640,'
Explorations in Economic History, 12 (1975), 177-92. * 15. Herman Van der Wee, 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between
England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10
(1978), 58-78. A republication in translation (with graphs, but without the long statistical appendices of the
original): 'Prijzen en lonen als ontwikkelingensvariabelen: Een vergelijkend
onderzoek ptisan England en de zuidelijke Nederlanden, 1400 - 1700,' in Album
aangeboden aan Charles Verlinden ter gelegenheid van dertig jaar professoraat
(Ghent, 1975), pp. 413 - 47. 16. D. L. Farmer, 'Crop Yields, Prices and Wages in Medieval England,' Studies in Medieval and
Renaissance History, new series, 6 (1983), 115 - 55. 17. Dyer, Christopher, 'English diet in the later middle ages,' in T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C.
Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton
(Cambridge, 1983), pp. 191 - 216. 17. John Munro, 'Mint Outputs, Money, and Prices in late-Medieval England and the Low
Countries,' in Eddy Van Cauwenberghe and Franz Irsigler, ed., Münzprägung,
Geldumlauf und Wechselkurse / Minting, Monetary Circulation and Exchange Rates,
(Trierer Historische Forschungen, Vol. VIII, Trier, 1984), pp. 31-122. 18. D. L. Farmer, 'Prices and Wages,' in H. E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of England
and Wales, Vol. II: 1042 - 1350 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 715 - 817. 19. D. L. Farmer, 'Prices and Wages, 1350 - 1500' in Edward Miller, ed., The Agrarian History
of England and Wales, vol. III: 1348 - 1500 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 431 - 525. 20. C. M. Woolgar, ed., Household Accounts from Medieval England, Part 1: Introduction,
Glossary, Diet Accounts (i); Part 2: Diet Accounts (ii), Cash, Corn and Stock
Accounts, Wardrobe Accounts, Catalogue, Records of Social and Economic History,
new series XVII, British Academy (Oxford University Press, 1993). 21. Richard A. Goldthwaite, Enzo Settesoldi, and Marco Spallanzani, eds., Due libri mastri
deglis Alberti: Una grande compagnia di Calimala, 1348 - 1358, 2 vols. (Florence:
Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze, 1995). SEE ALSO bibliographies of related Topics: (1) The Black Death and the Late-Medieval Demographic Crises [topic no. 1] (2) Monetary Problems and 'Economic Conjuncture' in Late-Medieval Europe, ca. 1290 -
ca. 1520: the nature of price changes; and the interrelationships among demographic,
agrarian, and monetary changes in the European economy. [topic no. 2] (3) Feudal Governments, Warfare, and Taxation in Late-Medieval Europe, ca. 1250 - 1500.
[topic no. 3] (4) The Problem of Serfdom in European Economic Development, I: The Decline of Serfdom
in Western Europe, ca. 1300 - ca. 1500 [topic no. 5] (5) The Church, the Usury Question, and Late-Medieval Banking [topic no. 7] (6) The Dynamics of Change in Late-Medieval Industry, ca. 1250 - ca. 1460: Textile
Manufacturing in Western Europe (Italy, the Low Countries, France, and England) (7) Guilds and Urban Governments in the Late-Medieval European Economy, 1200 - 1500:
Merchant and industrial-craft guilds and other corporations. QUESTIONS: 1. What evidence is there for a contraction of the European economy during the 14th and 15th centuries?
If such a contraction can be proved, may it be considered a 'depression'--or 'secular downswing'?
What, in your view, constitutes a true 'depression'? Do economists in fact have an accepted definition
of the term 'depression' (as opposed to a mere 'recession'.) 2. If you agree that there was at least an economic contraction, what were its basic causes: essentially
exogenous or endogenous to the medieval European economy? Discuss the Postan thesis. 3. What caused the rapid fall in Europe's population in this period? (a) exogenous or endogenous: was the basic cause the Black Death of 1348-51, or did the decline
begin before that catastrophe? (b) Defend or criticize the 'Malthusian crisis' theories of Postan and his school (Titow in
particular). (c) Why did the population decline continue into the 15th century; why did the European
population take so long to recover? 4. What were the economic and social consequences of that population decline, in the short run and in
the long run: in agriculture, industry, and commerce; upon the structure of demand, the distribution
of wealth, the accumulation of capital? 5. Did the European economy experience a 'monetary crisis' in this period? Did it act as a primary or
a secondary contributing cause to the 'Great Depression' (if it existed)? Or was a monetary crisis a
consequence? In particular, examine the views of Miskimin. 6. What other factors might explain a contraction or 'depression' in the European economy of this period:
warfare, social revolts, dislocation, economic nationalism, state policies, taxation, etc. Would you
view these aspects more as causes or symptoms of crisis? 7. In terms of the European economy as a whole, was the 'depression' or contraction primarily agrarian
in nature; or did it also affect equally the industrial, commercial, and financial sectors of the economy?
In general, which fared better: town or countryside? 8. Did the 'standard of living' (real incomes) rise or fall in this period? More specifically, in what parts
of Europe, and for what social classes, urban and rural, did such changes in real income occur? Can
an overall balance be drawn? 9. What happened to the commercial economies of the three leaders of the Medieval 'Commercial
Revolution': the Italians, the Hanseatic Germans, and the Flemish towns? To what extent did their
trade routes, markets, and industries suffer dislocation and contraction? 10. In general, what transformations in the structure of the European economy occurred over this period:
what centres decayed or declined, and what regions developed or expanded at their expense? Did the
rise of the 'new' fully and quickly compensate for the decline of the 'old'?
On this, see also P.D.A. Harvey, 'The English Inflation of 1180-1220', Past and Present, no. 61
(1973), 3-30