ERMDPOP2.WPD 15 June 2000

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO John Munro

Topic No. 19: Population and Demographic Changes in the European Economy, 1450 - 1640: from the end of the late-medieval 'Depression' to the Eve of the 'General Crisis'

READINGS:

The most and more important readings are indicated by asterisks: ** and *

Within each section, all readings are listed in chronological order of original publication.

A.  Important Readings:  General and Particular

* 1. E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, 'Wage Rates and Prices: Evidence of Population Pressure in the Sixteenth Century,' Economica, 24 (Nov. 1957), 289-305, reprinted in E. H. Phelps Brown and S. V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), pp. 60-77.

* 2. E.A. Wrigley, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 82-109; reprinted in Michael Drake, ed., Population in Industrialization (London, 1969), pp. 157-92.

** 3. Karl F. Helleiner, 'The Population of Europe from the Black Death to the Eve of the Vital Revolution,' in E. E. Rich and C. H. Wilson, ed., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV:  The 16th and 17th Centuries (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 58-95.

* 4. J.D. Chambers, Population, Economy, and Society in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1972), Chapter 1, 'The General Course of Population Change, 1086-1801,' pp. 9-32.  But see also Chapters 2 ('Marriage and Mobility'), 3 ('Marriage and Fertility'), 4 ('The Chances of Life and the Autonomous Death Rates'), and 6 ('Population and the Economy in Pre-Industrial England:  A Summary').

** 5. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973), Chapter 6: 'Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Population, Prices, and Incomes,' pp. 88-107.

* 6. Donald Woodward, 'Wage Rates and Living Standards in Pre-Industrial England,' Past and Present, No. 91 (May 1981), 28-46.

** 7. D.M. Palliser, 'Tawney's Century: Brave New World or Malthusian Trap?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (Aug. 1982), 339-53.

* 8. Michael Flinn, 'The Population History of England, 1541-1871:  A Review,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (Aug. 1982), 443-57.  A review of E. A. Wrigley and Roger Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871 (London, 1981), cited below.

* 9. Peter Lindert, 'English Living Standards, Population Growth, and Wrigley-Schofield,' Explorations in Economic History, 20 (April 1983), 131-55.

* 10. Peter Lindert, 'English Population, Wages, and Prices:  1541-1913,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), 609-34.

** 11. R. A. Houston, The Population History of Britain and Ireland, 1500 - 1750, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan Press, 1991).

12. Alain Blum, Noël Blum, and Didier Blanchet, eds., Modèles de la démographie historique, Institut National d'Études Démographiques (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1992).

** 13. Jan de Vries, 'Population,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 1 - 50.

14. Michael Anderson, ed., British Population History from the Black Death to the Present Day, Studies in Social and Economic History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Combines three previously published Studies in this series on English/British population: by John Hatcher, R.A. Houston, and Michael Anderson.

* 15. E. A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 32 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

* 16. David Levine, 'Sampling History: The English Population,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28:4 (Spring 1998), 605-32. A review article, very critical in tone, based on: E.A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R.S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstruction, 1580 - 1837 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

B. Methodological Studies and Demographic Surveys for Western Europe (excluding specialized studies on England)

1. Thomas R. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1st edn. (London, 1798); 6th edn., 2 vols. (London, 1826).

2. A.M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford, 1922).

3. A. M. Carr-Saunders, World Population:  Past Growth and Present Trends (Oxford, 1936), Chapters 5-8.

4. Roger Mols, Introduction à la démographie historique des villes d'Europe du XIVe au XVIIIe siècles, 3 vols. (Louvain-Gembloux, 1954-56). See Vol. I on methodology.

5. Karl Helleiner, 'New Light on the History of Urban Populations,' Journal of Economic History, 18 (1958), 56-61. A review-article concerning the Mols volumes (1954-56).

6. E.A. Wrigley, Industrial Growth and Population Change (London, 1961).

7. Carlo Cipolla, The Economic History of World Population (London, 1962), pp. 24-31, 62-72, 73-117.

* 8. B. H. Slicher-Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850 (London, 1963), pp. 18-28, 144-45, 192-205, 205-39; but especially Part III, Section A, 'Population,' pp. 77-97.

* 9. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (London, 1965; 2nd edn. 1971):

(a) Chapter 4, 'Births, Marriages, and Deaths,' pp. 84-112.

(b) Chapter 5, 'Did the Peasants Really Starve?  Famine and Pestilence in Pre-Industrial Society,' pp. 113-34.

** 10. D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., Population in History (London, 1965). See the following essays:

Part I: General

(a) D.V. Glass, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-22. [Original essay].

(b) D.E.C. Eversley, 'Population, Economy, and Society,' pp. 23-69. [Original essay.]

(c) Louis Chevalier, 'Towards a History of Population,' pp. 70-78. [Reprinted from Population, 1 (1948), 245-56.]

(d) Karl F. Helleiner, 'The Vital Revolution Reconsidered,' pp. 79-86. [Reprinted from The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 23 (1957), with minor revisions.]

(e) J. Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' pp. 101-43. [Original essay.]

Part II: Great Britain

(a) H.J. Habakkuk, 'The Economic History of Modern Britain,' pp. 147 - 58. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 18 (1958), 486-501

(b) D.V. Glass, 'Two Papers on Gregory King,' pp. 159 - 220.

i) 'Introductory Note,' pp. 159 - 67.

ii) 'Gregory King and the Population of England and Wales at the End of the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 167 - 83. [Reprinted from Eugenics Review (Jan. 1946), 170 - 83.

iii) 'Gregory King's Estimate of the Population of England and Wales, 1695,' pp. 183 - 220. [Reprinted from Population Studies, 2 (1950), 338 - 74.]

* (c) D.V. Glass, 'Population and Population Movements in England and Wales, 1700 to 1850,' pp. 221-46. [Unpublished paper, written in 1945.]

(d) T.H. Hollingsworth, 'A Demographic Study of the British Ducal Families,' pp. 354 - 78. [Reprinted from Population Studies, 11 (1957), 4 - 26. See also the revised and extended article, 'The Demogaphy of the British Peerage,' Population Studies, 18 (1964).

(e) J.T. Krause, 'The Changing Adequacy of English Registration, 1690-1837,' pp. 379-83. [Original publication.]

(f) D.E.C. Eversley, 'A Survey of Population in an Area of Worcestershire from 1660 to 1850, on the Basis of Parish Registers,' pp. 394 - 419. [Reprinted from Population Studies, 10 (1957), 253-79.]

Part III: Continental Europe

(a) Pierre Goubert, 'Recent Theories and Research in French Population between 1500 and 1700,' pp. 457-473.

(b) J. Meuvret, 'Demographic Crisis in France from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 507-22.

(c) Carlo Cipolla, 'Four Centuries of Italian Demographic Development,' pp. 570-87.

11. J.A. Faber, 'Population Change and Economic Development in the Netherlands: Historical Survey,' Afdeling Agrarische Geschiedenis Bijdragen, 12 (1965), 47-110. [Catalogued under:  Wageningen, Landbouwhogeschool.]

* 12. Fernand Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800 (trans. Miriam Koch, London, 1967), Chapter 1, 'Weight of Numbers,' pp. 1-64.  See also Chapters 2-3, pp. 66-190.

** 13. Karl Helleiner, 'Population of Europe from the Black Death to the Eve of the Vital Revolution,' in E.E. Rich and Charles Wilson, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: 16th and 17th Centuries (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 58-95.

14. M.R. Reinhard, André Armengaud, Jacques Dupâquier, Histoire générale de la population mondiale (Paris, 1968).

* 15. E.A. Wrigley, Population and History (London, 1969), Chapters 3-4.

16. A.C. Kelley, 'Demographic Cycles and Economic Growth:  The Long Swing Reconsidered,' Journal of Economic History, 19 (1969).

17. Michael Drake, ed., Population in Industrialization (London, 1969). Read especially Drake's introduction, pp. 1-10.

18. Harry Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460 (1969: reissued Cambridge, 1975), Chapter 2, 'Recovery:  Population and the Money Supply,' and Chapter 3, 'Agriculture: the Rising Demand for Food,' pp. 20-82 (but especially pp. 20-28).

19. Frederic Mauro, Le XVIe siècle européen: aspectes économiques (Paris, 1970), chapter II:1, 'La population,' pp. 156-75.

20. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Vol. I (London, 1972), Part Two:  I.2, 'How Many People?' pp. 394-417.

* 21. Roger Mols, 'Population in Europe, 1500-1700,' in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. II:  The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1974), pp. 15-82.

22. David Loschky, 'Economic Change, Mortality, and Malthusian Theory,' Population Studies, 30 (1975), 439-52.

23. Thomas McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (London, 1976).

24. Jan De Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 (Cambridge, 1976), Chapter 1, 'The Age of Crisis,' and Chapter 2, 'The Agrarian Economies on Divergent Paths,' pp. 1-83, but especially pp. 4-l6.

* 25. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, eds., Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History, 1500-1800 (London, 1977). See the population tables commencing each section:  for Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, British Isles, France, Germany.

** 26. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur, 3rd edn. (Berlin, 1978). Translated by Olive Ordish and reissued as Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1980). Part II, Chapters 4-6: 'Changes in the Agrarian Economy of Western and Central Europe from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century,' pp. 99-196.

27. W.R. Lee, ed., European Demography and Economic Growth (London, 1979).

28. David B. Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1980). Part One, 'Methodology' (chapters 2-5), pp. 9 - 48; Part Two: 'Malthus Justified,' chapters 6-9, pp. 49-114; especially chapter 8, 'England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 102 -14.

29. Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. I: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible, translated by Sian Reynolds (New York, 1981), chapter 1: 'Weight of Numbers,' pp. 31 - 103.

* 30. Michael Flinn, The European Demographic System, 1500-1820 (Baltimore, 1981).

31. Esther Boserup, Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends (Chicago, 1981), part III: 'The Role of Demographic Factors in European Development,' pp. 93-125.

32. Roderick C. Floud, 'Economics and Population Growth: A Comment,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (Autumn 1983), 439-44.

33. Ronald D. Lee, 'Inverse Projection and Back Projection: A Critical Appraisal and Comparative Results for England, 1539 to 1871,' Population Studies, 39 (1985), 233-62.

34. Jacques Dupâquier and A. Fauve-Chamoux, eds., Malthus Past and Present (London, 1983).

35. David Coleman and Roger Schofield, The State of Population Theory: Forward from Malthus (Oxford, 1986). See especially:

(a) Roger Schofield and David Coleman, 'Introduction: the State of Population Theory,' pp. 1-13.

(b) David Coleman, 'Population Regulation: A Long Range View,' pp. 14-41.

(c) Richard Stone, 'Robert Malthus: An Appreciation, ' pp. 42-46.

(d) E.A. Wrigley, 'Elegance and Experience: Malthus at the Bar of History,' pp. 46-64.

(e) G.N. von Tunzelmann, 'Malthus's `Total Population System': A Dynamic Reinterpretation,' pp 65 - 95.

(f) Ronald D. Lee, 'Malthus and Boserup: A Dynamic Synthesis,' pp. 96 - 130.

(g) Philip Kreager, 'Demographic Regimes as Cultural Systems,' pp. 131 - 55.

(h) R. M. Smith, 'Transfer Incomes, Risk and Security: The Roles of the Family and the Collectivity in Recent Theories of Fertility Changes,' pp. 188 - 211.

(i) Stephen J. Kunitz, 'Mortality Since Malthus,' pp. 279 - 302.

36. George Alter and James C. Riley, 'How to Bet on Lives: A Guide to Life Contingent Contracts in Early Modern Europe,' in Paul Uselding, ed., Research in Economic History, 10 (1986).

37. David Loschky and Maw Lin Lee, 'Malthusian Population Oscillations,' Economic Journal, 97 (1987), 727-39.

38. John Komlos, 'On the Role of Crises in Historical Perspective,' Population and Development Review, 14 (March 1988), 159 - 64.

39. Edward Crenshaw, 'The Demographic Regime of Western Europe in the Early Modern Period: A Review of the Literature,' Journal of Family History, 14 (1989), 177-89.

40. E. D. Jones, 'Going Round in Circles: Some New Evidence for Population in the Later Middle Ages,' Journal of Medieval History, 15 (1989), 329-45.

41. L. R. Poos, 'The Historical Demography of Renaissance Europe: Recent Research and Current Issues,' Renaissance Quarterly, 42 (1989), 749-811.

* 42. Richard M. Smith, 'Demographic Developments in Rural England, 1300-48: A Survey,' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the `Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 25 - 77.

Although this essay may appear to be too early in the period for this tutorial topic, it is in fact very relevant. It is the best analytical survey of the previous demographic crisis, arguably more deserving of the description 'Malthusian'; and Smith makes several useful comparisons between the two. He also provides a very clear analysis of Malthus and the so-called Malthusian model.

43. Ronald Lee, 'Accidental and Systematic Change in Population History: Homeostasis in a Stochastic Setting,' Explorations in Economic History, 30:1 (January 1993), 1 - 30. See in particular 'The Origin of Long Swings in Historical Populations,' pp. 21-28.

44. Christian Pfister, 'The Population of Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany,' Robert Scribner, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450 - 1630 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).

45. E. A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 32 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

46. Michel Morineau, 'Malthus: There and Back, From the Period Preceding the Black Death to the Industrial Revolution,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:1 (Spring 1998), 137-202.

C. Fertility and The 'European Marriage Pattern':

Marriage Patterns, Family Structures, and Fertility in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. In chronological order of publication

1. Philip Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, trans. Robert Baldick (London, 1962).

** 2. J. Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' in D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversely, eds., Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography (London, 1965), pp. 101-46.

** 3. E.A. Wrigley, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 82-109: reprinted in Michael Drake, ed., Population in Industrialization (London, 1969), pp. 157-94.

4. Peter Laslett, 'Mean Household Size in England Since the Sixteenth Century,' in Peter Laslett and R. Wall, eds., Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

* 5. R.B. Outhwaite, 'Age at Marriage in England from the Late Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 23 (1973).

6. N.F.R. Crafts and N.J. Ireland, 'Family Limitation and the English Demographic Revolution: A Simulation Approach,' Journal of Economic History, 36 (1976), 598-623.  Very technical and econometric.

7. Richard T. Vann, 'Women in Preindustrial Capitalism,' in R. Bridenthal, ed., Becoming Visible: Women in European History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), pp. 194-215.

8. E. A. Wrigley, 'Reflections on the History of the Family,' Daedalus, 106 (1977), 71 - 85.

9. R.B. Morrow, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England:  A Re-Appraisal,' and: E.A. Wrigley, 'Marital Fertility in Seventeenth-Century Colyton: A Note,' both in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 26 (1978), 419-28, 429-36.

10. Richard M. Smith, 'Some Reflections on the Evidence for the Origins of the `European Marriage Pattern' in England,' in C. Harris, ed., The Sociology of the Family: New Directions for Britain (Keele, 1979), pp. 74-112.

11. Peter Laslett, 'Comparing Illegitmacy over Time and Between Cultures,' in Peter Laslett, Karla Osterveen, and Richard M. Smith, eds., Bastardy and its Comparative History (London, 1980).

12. Michael Anderson, Approaches to the History of the Western Family, 1500 - 1914, New Studies in Economic and Social History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980).

13. Richard M. Smith, 'Fertility, Economy, and Household Formation in England Over Three Centuries,' Population and Development Review, 7 (1981), 595 - 622.

14. E.A. Wrigley, 'Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England,' in R.B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (London, 1981), pp. 155-67.

* 15. P.P.A. Biller, 'Birth Control in the West in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries,' Past and Present, no. 94 (Feb. 1982), 3-26.

** 16. John Hajnal, 'Two Kinds of Pre-Industrial Household Formation Systems', in Richard Wall, ed., Family Forms in Historic Europe, SSRC Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 65-104.

* 17. Richard Wall, 'The Household: Demographic and Economic Change in England, 1650 - 1970', in Richard Wall, ed., Family Forms in Historic Europe, SSRC Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 493-512.

18. E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, 'English Population History from Family Reconstitution: Summary Results, 1600 - 1799,' Population Studies, 37 (1983), 157-84.

* 19. Richard M. Smith, 'Hypothèses sur la nuptialité en Angleterre aux XIIIe - XIVe siècles,' Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 38 (1983), 107-36.

20. Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1983).

21. David Herlihy, 'The Making of the Medieval Family: Symmetry, Structure, and Sentiment,' Journal of Family History, 2 (1983), 116-30.

22. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: Further Explored (London: Methuen, 1983).

23. Chris Wilson, 'Natural Fertility in Pre-Industrial England, 1600 - 1799,' Population Studies, 38 (1984), 225-40.

24. David R. Weir, 'Rather Never than Late: Celibacy and Age at Marriage in English Cohort Fertility, 1541-1971,' Journal of Family History, 9 (1984), 340-54.

25. Roger Schofield, 'English Marriage Patterns Revisited,' Journal of Family History, 10:1 (Spring 1985), 2-20.

26. Antonia Fraser, The Weaker Vessel: Woman's Lot in Seventeenth-Century England (London: Methuen, 1984).

27. David Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge, Mass. 1985), chapters 4, 5, and 6 (pp. 79 - 156), for later medieval marriage patterns, parenthood, childhood, etc..

28. Mary Prior, 'Women and the Urban Economy,' in Mary Prior, ed., Women in English Society, 1500 - 1800 (London: Methuen, 1985).

29. L. Bonfield, Keith Wrightson, and Richard M. Smith, eds., The World We have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986):

(a) Richard M. Smith, 'Marrige Processes in the English Past: Some Continuities,' pp. 43-99.

(b) Roger Schofield, 'Did Mothers Really Die?' pp. 231-60.

(c) P.P. Viazzo, 'Illegitimacy and the European Marriage Pattern: Comparative Evidence from the Alpine Area,' pp. 100-21.

30. David Levine, Reproducing Families: The Political Economy of English Population History (Cambridge, 1987).

31. P. Galloway, 'Basic patterns in Annual Variations in Fertility, Nuptiality, Mortality, and Prices in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Population Studies, 42 (1988), 275-304.

32. Walter Prevenier, ed., Marriage and Social Mobility in the Late Middle Ages/ Mariage et mobilité sociale au bas moyen-âge, Studia Historica Gandensia no. 274 (Ghent, 1989).

33. David Potter, 'Marriage and Cruelty Amongst the Protestant Nobility in 16th Century France,' European History Quarterly, 20 (Jan. 1990), 19-35.

34. Pamela Sharpe, 'Literally Spinsters: A New Interpretation of Local Economy and Demography in Colyton in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (February 1991), 46 - 65.

35. Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, 'Women's Work, Gender Conflict, and Labour Markets in Europe, 1500 - 1900,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 44 (November 1991), 608-28.

36. Jean-Louis Flandrin, Sex in the Western World: The Development of Attitudes and Behavior (Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991).

37. C. Wilson and R. Woods, 'Fertility in England: A Long-Term Perspective,' Population Studies, 45 (1991), 399 - 415.

38. E. A. Wrigley, 'Mortality and the European Marriage Pattern System,' in Catherine Geissler and Derek Oddy, eds., Food, Diet, and Economic Change, Past and Present (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), pp. 35-49.

39. Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, New Approaches to European History 1 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

40. Daniel C. Quinlan and Jean A. Shackelford, 'Economy and English Families, 1500 - 1850,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24:3 (Winter 1994), 431-63.

41. David Weir, 'Family Income, Mortality, and Fertility on the Eve of the Demographic Transition: A Case Study of Rosny-sous-Bois,' The Journal of Economic History, 55:1 (March 1995), 1-26.

42. Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England, 1500 - 1800 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995).

43. David Kertzer and Peter Laslett, Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).

44. Richard Adair, Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996).

* 45. E. A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 32 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

46. Laura Gowing, 'Secret Births and Infanticide in Seventeenth-Century England,' Past & Present, no. 156 (August 1997), 87-115.

47. Rebecca Jean Emigh, 'Land Tenure, Household Structure, and Age at Marriage in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 27:4 (Spring 1997), 613-36.

48. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion and Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

* 49. Maw Lin Lee and David Loschky, 'Interdependency between Fertility and Real Wages in England, 1541 - 1871,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:1 (Spring 1998), 107-31.

50. Mavis E. Mate, Daughters, Wives, and Widows after the Black Death: Women in Sussex, 1350-1535 (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1998).

51. Jane Fair Bestor, 'Marriage Transactions in Renaissance Italy and Mauss's Essay on the Gift', Past & Present, no. 164 (August 1999), 6-46.

D. Mortrality: Climate, Harvests, Famine, and Disease

Some Particular Physical Factors and Their Consequences for Demographic Change in Early-Modern Europe:

1. W. G. Hoskins, 'Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic History, 1480-1619,' Agricultural History Review, 2 (1953-54), 28-46; reprinted in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History (1968), Vol. I, pp. 93-116.

2. L. Fabian Hirst, The Conquest of the Plague (Oxford, 1953).

3. R. Pollitzer, Plague (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1954).

4. Gustav Utterstrom, 'Climatic Fluctuations and Population Problems in Early Modern History,' Scandinavian Economic History Review, 3 (1955), 30-47. The article that sparked the debate, and attacked by Le Roy Ladurie (1971, 1972). Use with care, since Utterstrom is largely anecdotal.

5. E. L. Jones, Seasons and Prices:  The Role of Weather in English Agricultural History (London, 1964).

6. F.J. Fisher, 'Inflation and Influenza in Tudor England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 18 (1965), 120-29.

7. G. B. Masefield, 'Crops and Livestock,' in E.E. Rich and Charles Wilson, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV:  16th and 17th Centuries (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 276-87, 299-307.

8. J.F.D. Shrewsbury, A History of the Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970).

9. R. B. Outhwaite, 'Dearth and Government Intervention in English Grain Markets, 1590-1700,' Economic History Review, 34 (1971), 389-406.

10. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Times of Feast, Times of Famine:  A History of Climate since the Year 1000 (New York, 1971). Impressive, but less useful than it sounds.

* 11. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'History and Climate,' in Peter Burke, ed., The Economy and Society in Early Modern Europe:  Essays from Annales (London, 1972), pp. 134-69.

* 12. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II, Vol. I (1972), Part I. iv, 'Climate and History,' pp. 231-75.

13. Frederick Cartwright, Disease and History (New York, 1972).

14. Andrew Appleby, 'Disease or Famine?  Mortality in Cumberland and Westmorland, 1580-1640,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 403-32.

15. Carlo Cipolla, 'The Plague and Pre-Malthus Malthusians,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 277-84.

16. Michael Flinn, 'The Stabilisation of Mortality in Pre-Industrial Western Europe,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 285-318.

17. Andrew Appleby, 'Nutrition and Disease: The Case of London, 1550 - 1750,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 6 (Summer 1975), 1-22.

18. David Loschky, 'Economic Change, Mortality, and Malthusian Theory,' Population Studies, 30 (1975), 439-52.

19. J. N. Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranées, 2 vols. (Paris and The Hague, 1975-76).

20. William MacNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York, 1976), Chapters 4-6.

21. J. D. Post, 'Famine, Mortality, and Epidemic Disease in the Process of Modernization,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 29 (1976), 14-37.

* 22. John A. Eddy, 'The 'Maunder Minimum':  Sunspots and Climate in the Reign of Louis XIV,' Science, 92 (1976), 1189 - 1202. Republished in Geoffrey Parker and Lesley Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978), pp. 226-68.  See also Parker's introduction, pp. 6-l2.

23. Carlo Cipolla, Faith, Reason, and the Plague in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany, trans. Muriel Kittel (1977; English edn. New York, 1979).

24. Andrew Appleby, 'Famine, Mortality, and Epidemic Disease:  A Comment,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 508-12.

25. Allan Sharlin, 'Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities: A Reconsideration,' Past and Present, No. 79 (May 1978), 126-38.

26. Victor H. Skipp, Crisis and Development: An Ecological Case Study of the Forest of Arden, 1570 - 1674 (Cambridge, 1978).

27. Andrew Appleby, 'Disease, Diet, and History,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 8 (Spring 1978), 725-35.

28. Andrew Appleby, Famine in Tudor and Stuart England (Stanford, 1978).

** 29. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 29 (1979), 865-87.

30. Andrew Appleby, 'Crises of Mortality: Periodicity, Intensity, Chronology and Geographical Extent,' in H. Charbonneau and A. Larose, eds., The Great Mortalities: Methodological Studies of Demographic Crises in the Past (Liège, 1979), pp. 283-94.

31. Andrew Appleby, 'Diet in Sixteenth-Century England: Sources, Problems, Possibilities,' in C. Webster, ed., Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 97-116.

* 32. Michael Flinn, 'Plague in Europe and the Mediterranean Countries,' Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 131-48.  A review article of Biraben (1975-76).

33. Andrew Appleby, 'Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 10 (1980), 643-63.

* 34. Andrew Appleby, 'The Disappearance of the Plague:  A Continuing Puzzle,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 161-73.

* 35. Wilhelm Abel, Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (trans. Olive Ordish, London, 1980), Chapter 4:  'Farming and the Standard of Living in the Sixteenth Century,' pp. 99-146.

* 36. Robert Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., Climate and History: Studies in Interdisciplinary History: special issue of Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 10 (Spring 1980), No. 4. Reissued in book form (Princeton, 1981):

(a) Jan De Vries, 'Measuring the Impact of Climate on History,' pp. 19-50.

(b) Andrew Appleby, 'Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age,' pp. 63-84.

(c) Christian Pfister, 'The Little Ice Age:  Thermal and Wetness Indices for Central Europe,' pp. 85-116.

(d) John Eddy, 'Climate and the Role of the Sun,' pp. 145-68.

37. R.B. Outhwaite, 'Dearth and Government Intervention in English Grain Markets, 1590 - 1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 33 (1981).

38. Paul Slack, 'The Disappearance of the Plague:  An Alternative View,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (1981), 469-76.

39. Roger Finlay, 'Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities,' and:

Allan Sharlin, 'Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities: A Rejoinder,' both in:

Past and Present, No. 92 (Aug. 1981), 169-74, and 175-80.

* 40. J.L. Anderson, 'Climate Change in European Economic History,' Research in Economic History, 6 (1981), 1-34.

41. Robert S. Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (New York and London, 1983). To be used with care.

42. T. S. McKeown, 'Food, Infection, and Population,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (1983), 227-47.

43. Stephen J. Kunitz, 'Speculations on the European Mortality Decline,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 36 (Aug. 1983), 349-64.

44. John D. Post, 'Climatic Change and Historical Discontinuity,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (Summer 1983), 153-60. [A review article].

45. John D. Post, 'Climatic Variability and the European Mortality Wave of the Early 1740s,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Summer 1984), 1-30.

46. John D. Post, Food Shortage, Climatic Variability, and Epidemic Disease in Preindustrial Europe: The Mortality Peak in the 1740s (Ithaca, 1985).

47. Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1985).

48. Stephen R. Ell, 'Iron in Two Seventeenth-Century Plague Epidemics,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Winter 1985), 445-57.

49. John Komlos, 'Stature and Nutrition in the Habsburg Monarchy: The Standard of Living and Economic Development in the Eighteenth Century,' American Historical Review, 90 (1985), 1149 - 61.

50. Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society (Cambridge University Press, 1985).

51. P. R. Galloway, 'Annual Variations in Deaths by Age, Deaths by Cause, Prices, and Weather in London, 1670 to 1830,' Population Studies, 39 (1985), 487-505.

52. James Riley and George Alter, 'Mortality and Morbidity: Measuring Ill Health Across Time,' in Robert Fogel, ed., Long-Term Changes in Nutrition and the Standard of Living, Ninth International Economic History Congress (Bern, 1986), pp. 97 - 106.

53. David E. Davis, 'The Scarcity of Rats and the Black Death: An Ecological History,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 16 (Winter 1986), 455-70.

54. O. J. Benedictow, 'Morbidity in Historical Plague Epidemics,' Population Studies, 41 (1987), 401-31. Concerns chiefly post-1600 plagues.

55. David Loschky and Maw Lin Lee, 'Malthusian Population Oscillations,' Economic Journal, 97 (1987), 727-39.

56. James Riley, 'Disease Without Death: New Sources for a History of Sickness,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 17 (Winter 1987), 537-63.

57. H. H. Lamb, Weather, Climate, and Human Affairs (London, 1988).

58. J. M. Grove, The Little Ice Age (London, Methuen, 1988).

59. John Walter and Roger Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease, and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).

(a) John Walter and Roger Schofield, 'Famine, Disease and Crisis Mortality in Early Modern Society,' pp. 1 - 73.

(b) John Walter, 'The Social Economy of Dearth in Early Modern England,' pp. 75 - 128.

(c) Keith Wrightson and David Levine, 'Death in Whickham,' pp. 129 - 65.

(d) Paul Slack, 'The Response to Plague in Early Modern England: Public Policies and their Consequences,' pp. 167 - 87.

(e) Jacques Dupâquier, 'Demographic Crises and Subsistence Crises in France, 1650 - 1725,' pp. 189 - 199.

(f) David R. Weir, 'Markets and Mortality in France, 1600 - 1789,' pp. 201 - 34.

(g) E. A. Wrigley, 'Some Reflections on Corn Yields and Prices in Pre-Industrial Economies,' pp. 235 - 78.

(h) Roger Schofield, 'Family Structure, Demographic Behaviour, and Economic Growth,' pp. 279 - 304.

60. Mary Kilbourne Matossian, Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).

61. Mark Overton, 'Weather and Agricultural Change in England, 1660-1739,' Agricultural History, 63 (1989), 77-88.

62. J. A. Dills, 'Epidemics, Mortality, and the Civil War in Berkshire, 1642-6,' Southern History, 11 (1989), 40 - 52.

63. James C. Riley, Sickness, Recovery and Death: A History and Forecast of Ill Health (London: Macmillan, 1989).

64. John Komlos, Nutrition and Economic Development in the Eighteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History (Princeton, 1989).

65. John Komlos, 'Height and Social Status in Eighteenth-Century Germany,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (Spring 1990), 607 - 22. For methodology and comparative analysis.

66. James C. Riley, 'Working Health Time: A Comparison of Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Experience in Life and Health,' Explorations in Economic History, 28 (April 1991), 169 - 91.

67. Massimo Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition: An Essay on European Demographic History, trans. by Tania Croft-Murray, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

68. R. B. Outhwaite, Dearth, Public Policy and Social Disturbance in England, 1550 - 1800, New Studies in Economic and Social History 14 (London: Macmillan, 1991; reissued Cambridge University Press, 1995).

69. C. Geissler, and David Oddy, eds., Food, Diet and Economic Change Past and Present (Leicester University Press, 1992).

70. Carlo Cipolla, Miasmas and Disease: Public Health and the Environment in the Pre-Industrial Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).

71. John S. Moore, ' 'Jack Fisher's 'Flu': a Visitation Revisited,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:2 (May 1993), 280-307.

72. David Loschky and Ben D. Childers, 'Early English Mortality,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24:1 (Summer 1993), 85 - 97.

73. John Landers, Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London, 1670 - 1830, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy, and Society in Past Time no. 20 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

74. Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 1100 - 1540: The Monastic Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).

75. Hugo Kupferschmidt, Die Epidemiologie der Pest: Der Konzeptwandel in der Erforschung der Infektionsketten seit der Entdeckung des Pesterregers im Jahre 1894 (Aaruu, Verlag Sauerländer, 1993).

76. E. A. Wrigley, 'Mortality and the European Marriage Pattern System,' in Catherine Geissler and Derek Oddy, eds., Food, Diet, and Economic Change, Past and Present (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), pp. 35-49.

77. James C. Riley, 'Height, Nutrition, and Mortality Risk Reconsidered,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24:3 (Winter 1994), 465-92.

78. Michael Zell, 'Fisher's 'Flu and Moore's Probates: Quantifying the Mortality Crisis of 1556-1560,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:2 (May 1994), 354-58.

79. John S. Moore, 'Jack Fisher's 'Flu: A Virus Still Virulent,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:2 (May 1994), 359-61.

80. Kenneth J. Carpenter, Protein and Energy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

81. Patrick R. Galloway, 'Secular Changes in the Short-Term Preventive, Positive, and Temperature Checks to Population Growth in Europe, 1460 to 1909,' Climatic Change, 26:1 (Jan. 1994), 3-63.

82. John Komlos, ed., The Biological Standard of Living on Three Continents: Further Explorations in Anthropometric History (Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford: Westview Press, 1995).

83. H.H. Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World, 2^nd edn. (London: Routledge, 1995).

84. Roy Porter, Disease, Medicine and Society in England, 1550 - 1860, 2nd edn., New Studies in Economic and Social History no. 3 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

85. Mary Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 29 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

86. A. Lynne Martin, Plague? Jesuit Accounts of Epidemic Disease in the Sixteenth Century (Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth-Century Journal Publishers, 1996).

87. E. A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 32 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

88. Jon Arzibalaga, The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997).

89. Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998).

90. Richard Easterlin, 'How Beneficent is the Market? A Look at the Modern History of Mortality', European Review of Economic History, 3:3 (December 1999), 257-94. Covers the period from the 16^th to 20^th centuries.

E.  English Demography:  Some Particular Studies

1. F.J. Fisher, 'The Development of the London Food Market, 1540-1640,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 5 (1935), reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, 3 vols., Vol. I (London, 1954), 135-51.

2. J.C. Russell, British Medieval Population (Albequerque, 1948).

3. E.E. Rich, 'Elizabethan Population,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 2 (1949-50), 247-65.

* 4. Joan Thirsk, 'Industries in the Countryside,' in F.J. Fisher, ed., Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England, (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 70-88.  A very important essay relating the dynamics of partible inheritance, population growth, and rural industrialization; but her views on the demographics of enclosure are quite opposite from those of Blanchard (no. 14 below).

5. B.R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, ed., Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), Section I, 'Population and Vital Statistics,' pp. 1-54.  Use with care, since many of these statistics have been superseded by those of Wrigley and Schofield.

6. Y. S. Brenner, 'The Inflation of Prices in Early Sixteenth-Century England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 14 (1961-62), reprinted in Peter Ramsey, ed., The Price Revolution in Sixteenth-Century England (1971), pp. 69-90.

7. Y.S. Brenner, 'The Inflation of Prices in England, 1551-1650,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (19623), 266-84. 

8. G.S.L. Tucker, 'English Pre-Industrial Population Trends,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 16 (1963), 205-30.

9. E.A. Wrigley, ed., Introduction to English Historical Demography from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1964).

10. F.J. Fisher, 'Inflation and Influenza in Tudor England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 18 (1965), 120-29.

* 11. E.A. Wrigley, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 82-109: reprinted in Michael Drake, ed., Population in Industrialization (London, 1969), pp. 157-94 (with some omissions).

12. E.A. Wrigley, 'A Simple Model of London's Importance in Changing English Society and Economy, 1650-1750,' Past and Present, No. 37 (1967), 44-70.

13. J.T. Krause, 'Some Aspects of Population Change, 1690-1790,' in E. L. Jones and G. E. Mingay, eds., Land, Labour, and Population in the Industrial Revolution: Essays Presented to J.D. Chambers (London, 1967), pp. 187-205.

* 14. R.B. Outhwaite, Inflation in Tudor and Early Stuart England (Studies in Economic History series, London, 1969; 2nd edn. 1982 -- with very few changes). Gives very considerable weight to population growth as a key factor in generating this inflation, though grudgingly admitting the necessary role of monetary factors.

* 15. Julian Cornwall, 'English Population in the Early Sixteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23:1 (1970), 32-44.

* 16. Ian Blanchard, 'Population Change, Enclosure, and the Early Tudor Economy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23:3 (1970), 427-45. A very important article, equally relevant for the following topic on Tudor Enclosures.

17. Michael Flinn, British Population Growth, 1700-1850 (London, 1970).

18. Peter H. Ramsey, ed., The Price Revolution in Sixteenth-Century England (London, 1971).  Several of the authors in this collection also give strong weight to the demographic factor in this inflation:  Phelps Brown and Hopkins, Hammarstrom, and Brenner. In contrast to Outhwaite, however, they often ignore the necessary role of monetary factors.

* 19. F.J. Fisher, 'London as an 'Engine of Economic Growth',' in J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossmann, eds., Britain and the Netherlands, Vol. IV:  Metropolis, Dominion, and Province (The Hague, 1971), pp. 3-16.  An important aspect of English population growth.

* 20. J.D. Chambers, Population, Economy, and Society in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1972), especially chapters 1, 5, 6.

21. R.D. Lee, 'Population in Pre-Industrial England: An Econometric Analysis,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 86 (1973), 581-607.

* 22. Harry Miskimin, 'Population Growth and the Price Revolution in England,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 179-85. Reprinted in his Cash, Credit and Crisis in Europe, 1300 - 1600 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1989), no. xiv.

23. N.F.R. Crafts and N.J. Ireland, 'Family Limitation and the English Demographic Revolution: A Simulation Approach,' Journal of Economic History, 36 (1976), 598-623.  Very technical and econometric.

24. Peter Clark and Paul Slack, English Towns in Transition, 1500-1700 (1976), Chapter 6: 'Demographic Background'.

25. Michael Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977).

* 26. John Hatcher, Plague, Population, and the English Economy, 1348-1530 (Studies in Economic History series, London, 1977), pp. 11-73. The best introduction to demographic changes and population decline in late-medieval England, the era preceding this demographic topic on early-modern England.

27. R.B. Morrow, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England:  A Re-Appraisal,' and:

E.A. Wrigley, 'Marital Fertility in Seventeenth-Century Colyton: A Note,'

both in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1978), 419-28, 429-36.

* 28. Richard M. Smith, 'Population and its Geography in England, 1500 - 1730,' in R. A. Dodgshon and R. A. Butlin, eds., An Historical Geography of England and Wales (London, 1978).

29. S. H. Rigby, 'Urban Decline in the Later Middle Ages: Some Problems in Interpreting the Statistical Data,' Urban History Yearbook 1979 (Leicester University Press, 1979), pp. 46 - 59.

30. Alan Dyer, 'Growth and Decay in English Towns, 1500 - 1700,' Urban History Yearbook 1979 (Leicester University Press, 1979), pp. 60 - 72.

31. C. V. Phythian-Adams, 'Dr Dyer's Urban Undulations,' Urban History Yearbook 1979 (Leicester University Press, 1979), pp. 73 - 76.

** 32. E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871:  A Reconstruction (London and Cambridge Mass., 1981; 2nd edn. with new introduction, Cambridge and New York, 1989). 

See also the review article on this book by Michael Flinn, in The Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (1982), 443-57. 

33. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'The Population of Early Tudor England: A Re-evaluation of the 1522 Muster Returns and the 1524 and 1525 Lay Subsidies,' Journal of Historical Geography, 7 (1981), 145-54.

* 34. R.D. Lee and R.S. Schofield, 'British Population in the Eighteenth Century,' in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700 (Cambridge, 1981), Vol. I, pp. 17-35.

* 35. D.M. Palliser, 'Tawney's Century:  Brave New World or Malthusian Trap?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (1982), 339-53.

** 36. E.A. Wrigley, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-Century England: A Conundrum Resolved,' Past and Present, No. 98 (February 1983), 121-50. Very important article that clearly summarizes conclusions of nos. 25 and 27 with considerable relevance for the pre-1750 period.

37. E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, 'English Population History from Family Reconstitution:  Summary Results, 1600-1799,' Population Studies, 37 (1983).

38. Roger S. Schofield, 'The Impact of Scarcity and Plenty on Population Change in England, 1541 - 1871,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (1983).

* 39. C. G. A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 1500-l700, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1984), Vol. I: People, Land, and Towns, Chapter l, 'Population,' pp. 1-28.

40. David R. Weir, 'Rather Never than Late: Celibacy and Age at Marriage in English Cohort Fertility, 1541-1971,' Journal of Family History, 9 (1984), 340-54.

41. S.H. Rigby, 'Urban Decline in the Later Middle Ages: The Reliability of the Non-Statistical Evidence,' Urban History Yearbook 1984 (Leicester University Press, 1984), pp. 45 - 60.

42. Derek Keene, 'A New Study of London Before the Great Fire,' Urban History Yearbook 1984 (Leicester University Press, 1984), pp. 11 - 21.

43. Roger S. Schofield, 'English Marriage Patterns Revisited,' Journal of Family History, 10 (1985), 2-20.

44. Ronald D. Lee, 'Inverse Projection and Back Projection: A Critical Appraisal and Comparative Results for England, 1539 to 1871,' Population Studies, 39 (1985), 233-62.

* 45. E. A. Wrigley, 'Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), 683-728.

* 46. R. I. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb, eds., Population and Economy: Population and History from the Traditional to the Modern World (Cambridge, 1986). This is a reprint in book form of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), containing the following articles (with the pagination as in the journal version):

(a) R.S. Schofield and E.A. Wrigley, 'Introduction,' pp. 561-69.

(b) R.S. Schofield, 'Through a Glass Darkly: The Population History of England as an Experiment in History,' pp. 571-93.

(c) Michael Anderson, 'Historical Demography after The Population History of England,' pp. 595-607.

* (d) Peter H. Lindert, 'English Population, Wages, and Prices: 1541-1913,' pp. 609-34.

(e) Ronald Lee, 'Population Homeostasis and English Demographic History,' pp. 635-60.

* (f) E.A. Wrigley, 'Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period,' pp. 683-728.

(g) Brinley Thomas, 'Escaping from Constraints: The Industrial Revolution in a Malthusian Context,' pp. 729-54.

(h) Ann Kussmaul, 'Time and Space, Hoofs and Grain: The Seasonality of Marriage in England,' pp. 755-79.

47. David Cressy, 'The Seasonality of Marriage in Old and New England,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 16 (Summer 1985), 1-21.

48. John Hatcher, 'Mortality in the Fifteenth Century: Some New Evidence,' Economic History Review, 39 (Feb. 1986), 19-38.

49. David Levine, Reproducing Families: The Political Economy of English Population History (Cambridge, 1987).

* 50. Robert Stavins, 'A Model of English Demographic Change, 1573 - 1873,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (Jan. 1988), 98 - 116. Important article; but only for those with advanced mathematics and econometrics.

51. John Komlos, 'The Birth-Baptism Interval and the Estimate of English Population in the Eighteenth Century,' in Paul Uselding, ed., Research in Economic History, 11 (1988).

52. Mark Bailey, 'Blowing up Bubbles: Some New Demographic Evidence for the Fifteenth Century?' Journal of Medieval History, 15 (1989), 347-58.

53. Mary J. Dobson, 'The Last Hiccup of the Old Demographic Regime: Population Stagnation and Decline in Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century South-East England,' Continuity and Change, 4 (1989), 395-428.

54. Ann Kussmaul, A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538 - 1840, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy, and Society in Past Time (Cambridge University Press, 1990). With considerable emphasis on demographic factors, especially in chapter two.

55. Peter A. Gunn, 'Productive Cycles and the Season of Marriage: A Critical Test,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 21 (1990), 217 - 243.

56. Pamela Sharpe, 'Literally Spinsters: A New Interpretation of Local Economy and Demography in Colyton in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (February 1991), 46 - 65.

57. Larry Poos, A Rural Society after the Black Death: Essex, 1350 - 1525, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 18 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

** 58. R. A. Houston, The Population History of Britain and Ireland, 1500 - 1750, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan Press, 1991).

59. E. D. Jones, 'A Few Bubbles More: the Myntling Register Revisited,' Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 263-9.

* 60. Richard M. Smith, 'Demographic Developments in Rural England, 1300-48: A Survey,' in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: Studies in the `Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 25 - 77.

Although this essay may appear to be too early in the period for this topic, it is in fact very relevant. It is the best analytical survey of the previous demographic crisis, arguably more deserving of the description 'Malthusian'; and Smith makes several useful comparisons between the two. He also provides a very clear analysis of Malthus and the so-called Malthusian model.

61. S.J. Payling, 'Social Mobility, Demographic Change, and Landed Society in Late Medieval England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (February 1992), 51-73.

62. Theofanis C. Tsoulouhas, 'A New Look at Demographic and Technological Changes: England, 1550 to 1839,' Explorations in Economic History, 29 (April 1992), 169 - 203.

63. Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in England, 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).

64. Nicholas J. Mayhew, 'Population, Money Supply, and the Velocity of Circulation in England, 1300 - 1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:2 (May 1995), 238-57.

65. Mark Bailey, 'Demographic Decline in Late-Medieval England: Some Thoughts on Recent Research,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:1 (February 1996), 1-19.

* 66. Michael Anderson, ed., British Population History from the Black Death to the Present Day, Studies in Social and Economic History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Combines three previously published Studies in this series on English/British population: by John Hatcher, R.A. Houston, and Michael Anderson.

* 67. E. A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 32 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

** 68. Pamela Nightingale, 'The Growth of London in the Medieval English Economy,' in Richard Britnell and John Hatcher, eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 89-106.

69. E. A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time no. 32 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

70. Chris Galley, The Demography of Early Modern Towns: York in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999).

F. Population, Prices, and Purchasing-Power: The Standard of Living Controversy of the 16th and 17th Centuries

1. J. E. Thorold Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Vol. IV: 1401-1583 (1882).  The original and still classic study on English prices and wages; but to be used with some care, because of his sampling methods.

2. Earl Hamilton, 'American Treasure and Andalusian Prices, 1503-1660: A Study in the Spanish Price Revolution,' Journal of Economic and Business History, 1 (1928), reprinted in P.H. Ramsey, ed., The Price Revolution in Sixteenth-Century England (London, 1971), pp. 147-81.

3. Earl Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501-1650 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934; reissued 1965). Chapter XII: 'Wages: Money and Real,' pp. 262-82. See also the Appendices (pp. 309-403), with statistical tables on prices and wages.

4. John Nef, 'Prices and Industrial Capitalism in France and England, 1540-1640,' Economic History Review, 1st Ser. 7 (1937), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 108-34. Inspired by and written in opposition to the publications of Hamilton, above.

5. William H. Beveridge, ed., Prices and Wages in England, Vol. I: The Mercantile Era (London, 1939; reissued 1965). Note:  no other volumes in this proposed series have ever been issued.  Many of the price series in Vol. I commence after the 16th century. The prices and wages given here are much more reliable than those in Thorold Rogers.

** 6. E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of Building Wages,' Economica, 22 (August 1955), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 168-78. Reprinted also in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

7. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables Compared with Builders' Wage-Rates,' Economica, 23 (Nov. 1956), reprinted in the following:

a) E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 179-96;

b) Peter Ramsey, ed., The Price Revolution (London, 1971), pp. 18-41.

c) E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), containing additional statistical appendices not provided in the original publication, or in earlier reprints.

** 8. David Felix, 'Profit Inflation and Industrial Growth:  The Historic Record and Contemporary Analogies,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1956), 441-63, reprinted in Roderick Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 133-51.  An attack on Hamilton, while also modifying Nef.

** 9. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Wage-Rates and Prices: Evidence of Population Pressure in the Sixteenth Century,' Economica, 24 (Nov. 1957), 289-305. Reprinted in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

10. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Builders' Wage Rates, Prices, and Population:  Some Further Evidence,' Economica, 26 (Feb. 1959), 18-38. Reprinted in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

11. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of Wages and Prices: Some Earlier Estimates,' Economica, 28 (Feb. 1961). Reprinted in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

* 12. Herman Van der Wee, Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy, 14th to 16th Centuries, 3 Vols. (The Hague, 1963). Vol. I:  Statistics; Vol. II:  Interpretation, 374-427; and Vol. III: Graphs.

13. Peter Bowden, 'Agricultural Prices, Farm Profits, and Rents,' in Joan Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, IV: 1500-1640 (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 593-695. This has now been reprinted (and extended up to 1750) in:

Peter Bowden, ed., Economic Change: Wages, Profits, and Rents, 1500 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1990).

* 14. Charles Verlinden, et al., 'Price and Wage Movements in Belgium in the Sixteenth Century,' in Peter Burke, ed., Economy and Society in Early Modern Europe (London, 1972), pp. 55-84.

15. R.D. Lee, 'Population in Pre-Industrial England: An Econometric Analysis,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 86 (1973), 581-607.

16. Robert Doughty, 'Industrial Prices and Inflation in Southern England, 1401-1640,' Explorations in Economic History, 12 (1975), 177-92.

17. John Munro, 'The Purchasing Power of Coins and of Wages in England and the Low Countries from 1500 to 1514,' in R.A.B. Mynors, et al, eds., The Correspondence of Erasmus, Vol. II A.D. 1501-1514 (Toronto, 1975), pp. 307-45.

** 18. Herman Van der Wee, 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 58-78.

19. Jan De Vries, 'An Inquiry into the Behaviour of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands, 1580-1800,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 79-97.

** 20. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur, 3rd edn. (Berlin, 1978). Translated by Olive Ordish and reissued as Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1980). Chapter 4: 'Farming and the Standard of Living in the Sixteenth Century,' pp. 99-146.

* 21. David Loschky, 'Seven Centuries of Real Income per Worker Reconsidered,' Economica, 47 (1980), 459 - 65.

* 22. Donald Woodward, 'Wage Rates and Living Standards in Pre-Industrial England,' Past and Present, No. 91 (May 1981), 28-46.

** 23. Peter Lindert, 'English Living Standards, Population Growth, and Wrigley-Schofield,' Explorations in Economic History, 20 (April 1983), 131-55.

24. Martha Olney, 'Fertility and the Standard of Living in Early-Modern England: In Consideration of Wrigley and Schofield,' Journal of Economic History, 43 (Mar. 1983), 71-88.

25. Carole Shammas, 'Food Expenditures and Economic Well Being in Early Modern England,' The Journal of Economic History, 43 (Mar. 1983), 89-100.

* 26. Roger Schofield, 'The Impact of Scarcity and Plenty on Population Change in England, 1541-1871,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (Autumn 1983), 165-91.

* 27. Peter Lindert, 'English Population, Wages, and Prices:  1541-1913,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), 609-34.

* 28. E. Schokkaert and Herman Van der Wee, 'A Quantitative Study of Food Consumption in the Low Countries During the Sixteenth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Spring 1988), 131 - 58.

29. P. Galloway, 'Basic patterns in Annual Variations in Fertility, Nuptiality, Mortality, and Prices in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Population Studies, 42 (1988), 275-304.

30. Steve Rappaport, Worlds Within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth-Century London (Cambridge University Press, 1989).

31. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

32. Henry Phelps Brown, 'Gregory King's Notebook and the Phelps Brown-Hopkins Price Index,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (Feb. 1990), 94 - 103.

33. David Loschky, 'New Perspectives on Seven Centuries of Real Wages,' Journal of European Economic History, 21:1 (Spring 1992), 169 - 82.

34. A.J.S. Gibson and T.C. Smout, ed., Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550-1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

35. Jan De Vries, 'An Employer's Guide to Wages and Working Conditions in the Netherlands, 1450 - 1850,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: the Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe/Horaires de travail et modes de paiement: l'évolution des conventions dans l'Europe pré-industrielle, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B.3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 47-64.

36. Donald Woodward, 'The Means of Payments and Hours of Work in Early Modern England,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: the Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe/Horaires de travail et modes de paiement: l'évolution des conventions dans l'Europe pré-industrielle, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B.3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 11-22.

37. Donald Woodward, Men at Work: Labourers and Building Craftsmen in the Towns of Northern England, 1450 - 1750, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time vol. 26 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

* 38. Maw Lin Lee and David Loschky, 'Interdependency between Fertility and Real Wages in England, 1541 - 1871,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:1 (Spring 1998), 107-31.

39. Gerhard Andermann, Heinrich Hockmann, and Günther Schmitt, 'Historical Changes in Land-Labour Relationships in Western Europe,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:2 (Fall 1998), 245-83.

* 40. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, 'Wages and the Standard of Living in Europe, 1500-1800', European Review of Economic History, 3:2 (August 1999), 175-97.

G. Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor - Stuart England

1. Donald C. Coleman, 'Labour in the English Economy of the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 8 (1956), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 291-308.

* 2. John Pound, Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England (1971), Chapters 1 and 2.

3. Peter Clark and Paul Slack, eds., Crisis and Order in English Towns, 1500-1700 (London, 1972), especially P. Clark, 'The Migrant in Kentish Towns, 1580-1640.'

4. W.E. Minchinton, ed., Wage Regulation in Pre-Industrial England (New York, 1972).  Essays by Tawney, Minchinton, and Kelsall, especially.

5. Paul Slack, 'Vagrants and Vagrancy in England, 1598-1664,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27 (1974), 360-79.

6. A.L. Beier, 'Vagrants and the Social Order in Elizabethan England,' Past and Present, No. 64 (1974), 3-29.

7. Andrew Appleby, 'Agrarian Capitalism or Seigneurial Reaction? The North West of England, 1500 - 1700,' American Historical Review, 80 (June 1975), 574-94.

8. Andrew Appleby, 'Common Land and Peasant Unrest in Sixteenth-Century England,' Peasant Studies Newsletter, 4 (July 1975), 20-23.

9. John Pound, 'Vagrants and the Social Order in Elizabethan England,' with 'Rejoinder' by A. L. Beier, Past and Present, No. 71 (1976), 126-30.

10. Peter Clark, 'Popular Protest and Disturbances in Kent, 1558-1640,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 29 (1976), 365-82.

11. Peter Clark and Paul Slack, English Towns in Transition, 1500-1700 (Oxford, 1976), Chapters 6-8, pp. 54-96.

12. Willem P. Blockmans and Walter Prevenier, 'Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1977), 20-57.

13. Catherina Lis and Hugo Soly, Poverty and Capitalism in Pre-Industrial Europe (1979), Chapter 3 (1450-1630).  A neo-Marxian analysis, devoted principally to England and the Low Countries. 

14. Buchanan Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority:  Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586-1600 (Berkeley, 1980).

15. C.G.A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England 1500-1700, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1984), Vol. I: People, Land and Towns, Chapter 7, 'Society and the Poor,' pp. 214-36.

16. A. L. Beier, Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560 - 1640 (New York, 1985).

* 17. Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1988).

18. Paul Slack, The English Poor Law, 1531 - 1782, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan Press, 1990).

19. Alan Dyer, Decline and Growth in British Towns, 1400 - 1600, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan Press, 1991; reissued Cambridge University Press, 1995).

20. Judith M. Bennett, 'Conviviality and Charity in Medieval and Early Modern England,' Past & Present, no. 134 (February 1992), 19-35.

21. Peter M. Solar, 'Poor Relief and English Economic Development before the Industrial Revolution,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:1 (February 1995), 122.

QUESTIONS

1. When, where, and how did Europe's population begin to recover from the last medieval contractions: in the mid-15th century, late-15th century, or early 16th century?  To what extent did Europe's population grow in the course of the later 16th and early 17th centuries?  Did it surpass the late-medieval peak (of ca. 1300?)

2. If Europe's population did grow larger than ever before, how was Europe able to feed, clothe, and house such a larger population?  In particular how was Europe able to sustain a larger urban population than ever before:  in more and larger cities?  What were the sources and mechanisms for additional food supplies?  How important were overseas discoveries and the New World in feeding the Old?

3. What sources and what kind of evidence have been utilized to estimate the extent of Europe's population growth in the 16th and 17th centuries?  How reliable are the data for England and the continent?  In particular, how reliable are wage and price data for estimating population growth?

* 4. Did Europe's population grow to such an extent that Europe began to experience 'Malthusian pressures' (i.e. of overpopulation) by the 17th century?  If so, were the population pressures more or less severe than those experienced in the early 14th century?  Again, how reliable are wage and price data as evidence for such 'Malthusian pressures':  were standards of living for wage-earners depressed in the later 16th century?  What happened to real incomes and standards of living of the peasantry, of landowners, of merchants and artisans? To the extent that poverty was a social problem, what factors other than over-population may have been responsible?  [See also the readings on Vagrancy].

5. What were the other economic and social consequences of Europe's population growth in the 16th and 17th centuries?  How and why did experiences vary in different parts of Europe? 

6. In particular what industries seem to have been stimulated by population growth, and which ones were hindered by it?  In general, did demographic expansion mean economic expansion and growth?

7. How did population growth encourage producers to economize on scarce resources (those with inelastic supply curves especially): in agriculture and in industry? Why did responses to demographic pressures vary by region and country?

8. How, when, where, and why did Europe's population cease to grow in the 17th century?  What roles did famine, disease -- the plague especially -- warfare, limitations on fecundity/fertility play in slowing down or curbing population growth?  Why did Germany, Italy, and Spain in particular appear to have suffered severe population losses in the 17th century?  What effect did the cessation of demographic expansion have upon general European economic growth?

9. How, when, where, and why did the plague era come to an end in western Europe? In eastern Europe?

10. Why did population begin to grow once more in the 18th century, to constitute the modern 'demographic revolution'?

11. Is there any connection between climatic and demographic changes?  What relationships, if any, are to be found between/among climate, the harvest, famine and malnutrition, disease and mortality, average age of first marriage, fecundity and live birth rates?

* 12. What is Hajnal's 'European Marriage Pattern' and what influence did it have on European demographic change from the 14th to 18th centuries? How does it relate demography to the economy? See section C of the bibliography.

Source: E.A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R.S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580- 1837 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), Appendix 9, pp. 613-6. See also E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541 - 1871: A Reconstruction (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 528-29.

For the 19^th and 20^th centuries, ever since the first official census of 1801, British statistics usually present the population for England and Wales combined together. I have myself estimated the probable combined population of England and Wales by dividing their data for England alone (which omits the county of Monmouthshire, now part of Wales) by the constant: 0.93383. This ratio is indicated in the latter Wrigley-Schofield, on p. 557, as a note to their Table A5.3. All of the other data necessarily pertain to England alone; and you may prefer therefore to use just the English population data, omitting Wales.

Table 2.

Source: Jan De Vries, 'Population', in T.A. Brady, H.A. Oberman, and J.D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden, 1994), p. 13

Table 3.

YEAR 50,000- 100,000 Over 400,000

100,000 400,000

1300 4 3 (or 4?) 0

1500 5 5 0

1650 14 12 3

1750 512 43 4

N.B. The arithmetic means that compose the real wage index in this table are the means of the five years in each quinquenniums, which are calculated individually by dividing each year's nominal wage index by the composite price index for that year; they are not calculated by dividing the quinquennials mean of the nominal wage index by the quinquennials means of the price index. The latter method will produce slight differences (as the difference between arithmetic and geometric means).

Table 5:

Year England and England France England as %

Wales only of France

1681 5.28 4.93 22.4 22%

1821 12.31 11.49 30.2 38%

Table 6:

Country % per annum Overall % growth

England 0.95% 133%

France 0.28% 39%

Netherlands 0.06% 8%

Table 7.

Period Average Age of Completed Period Life Expec-

First Marriage for: Family tancy of

Size of Both Sexes

Males Females Women who at Birth

married

under 30

1560-1646 27 27 6.4 1538-1624 43 years

1647-1719 28 30 4.2 1625-1699 37

1720-1769 26 27 4.4 1700-1774 42

1770-1837 27 25 5.9

Sources: E.A. Wrigley, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 82-109; E.A. Wrigley, Population and History (1969), p. 87.

Table 8.

Period Men Women

1560 - 99 28.1 years 27.0 years

1600 - 29 27.4 27.3

1630 - 46 25.8 26.5

1647 - 59 26.9 30.0

1660 - 99 27.6 28.8

1700 - 19 28.1 30.7

1720 - 49 26.2 27.2

1750 - 69 25.0 26.3

1770 - 99 27.6 26.4

1800 - 24 25.6 24.9

1825 - 37 25.9 23.3

Table 9. Mean Age of First Marriage, i.e. in Bachelor-Spinster Marriages

in England (various counties, over time), in ten-year intervals

Source: E.A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R.S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580- 1837 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 130- 34.

Table 10.

Population Totals (millions)

1550 1680 1820 1900

England 3.0 4.9 11.5 30.5

France 17.0 21.9 30.5 38.5

Netherlands 1.2 1.9 2.0 5.1

Spain 9.0 8.5 14.0 18.6

Italy 11.0 12.0 18.4 32.5

Germany 12.0 12.0 18.1 43.6

Western Europe 61.1 71.9 116.5 201.4

.................................................................................

Percentage Growth Rates (Overall: for periods designated)

1550-1680 1680-1820 1820-1900

England 64 133 166

France 29 39 26

Netherlands 58 8 149

Spain -6 64 33

Italy 9 53 77

Germany 0 51 142

Western Europe 18 62 73

*Notes and sources:  The totals shown become progressively more accurate. Some of those for 1550 and 1680 are subject to very wide margins of error.  In many cases the figures used are based on estimates for dates close to the year heading each column rather than for the year itself.    The estimates refer to the present territories of the countries shown.  The English data exclude Wales and Monmouth.  For 1820 and 1900 all totals are taken from or estimated from B.R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1981), table BI, except for England in 1820.  Otherwise the most important sources used were the following: E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction (London, 1981), table 7.8; B.R. Mitchell and P. Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), ch. I, tables 2, 7; M. Reinhard, A. Armengaud and J. Dupaquier, Histoire générale de la population mondiale, 3rd edn. (Paris, 1968); J. Dupaquier, La population française aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1979); C. McEvedy and R. Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London, 1978); M. Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the 17th Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977); C.M. Cipolla, 'Four Centuries of Italian Demographic Development', and K.H. Connell, 'Land and Population in Ireland, 1780-1845', both in D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley (eds.), Population in History (London, 1965); J.A. Faber, H.K. Roessingh, B.H. Slicher van Bath, A.M. Van der Woude and H.J. Van Xanten, 'Population Changes and Economic Developments in the Netherlands: A Historical Survey', A.A.G. Bijdragen, 12 (1965).