ERMDBAN2.WPD 15 June 2000
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Prof. John H. Munro
Topic No. 21: Money, Credit, and Banking in Italy, the Netherlands and England, 16th to 18th Centuries
Readings are listed in chronological order of original publication, when that can be ascertained, except for collections of re-published essays.
A. General
1. Richard Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger: Geldkapital und Kreditvekehr im 16. Jahrhundert, 2 vols. (Jena, 1922): trans. and condensed by H. M. Lucas as: Capital and Finance in the Age of the Renaissance: A Study of the Fuggers and their Connections (New York, 1928). Especially Book II: chapters 1, 3, and conclusion.
2. Charles Conant, A History of Modern Banks of Issue, 6th ed. (1927).
3. Henri Hauser, "Reflexions sur l'histoire des banques à l'époque moderne de la fin du XVe siècle à la fin du XVIIIe siècle," Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 1 (1929).
4. Jacob Strieder, Jacob Fugger the Rich: Merchant and Banker of Augsburg, 1459 - 1525, trans. by Mildred Hartsough and edited by N.S.B. Gras (New York, 1931).
5. J.G. Van Dillen, ed., History of the Principal Public Banks (London, 1934; reprinted 1964)
6. A.P. Usher, The Early History of Deposit Banking in the Mediterranean, Vol. I: Structure and Functions of the Early Credit System: and Banking in Catalonia, 1240-1723 (Cambridge, Mass. 1943). A classic study. Note: there is no volume II.
7. Raymond De Roover, Money, Banking, and Credit in Medieval Bruges (Cambridge, Mass. 1948).
8. Raymond De Roover, Gresham on Foreign Exchange: An Essay on Early English Mercantilism (Cambridge, Mass. 1949).
9. Raymond De Roover, L'evolution de la lettre de change, XIVe-XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1953).
10. Raymond De Roover, "New Interpretations of the History of Banking", Journal of World History, 2 (1954), 38-76.
11. Henri Lapeyre, "La banque, les changes, et le crédit au XVIe siècle," Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 3 (1956).
12. Jacques Le Goff, Marchands et banquiers du moyen âge (Paris, 1956).
13. J. Sperling, "The International Payments Mechanism in the 17th and 18th Centuries," Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 14 (1962).
14. Raymond De Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397-1494 (Cambridge, Mass., 1963).
15. Fernand Braudel, Civilisation matérielle et capitalisme (Paris, 1967), trans by Miriam Kochan as Capitalism and Material Life, 1400- 1800 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1973), chapter 7, "Money," pp. 325-72.
16. Raymond De Roover, The Bruges Money Market Around 1400 (Brussels, 1968).
17. Harry Miskimin, The Economy of Later Renaissance Europe, 1460-1600 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969; reissued by Cambridge University Press, 1977), chapter 6, pp. 155-79.
18. Raymond De Roover, "Le marché monétaire au moyen âge et au début des temps modernes: problèmes et méthodes," Revue historique, 254 (1970), 5-40.
19. Paul Einzig, The History of Foreign Exchange, 2nd edn. (London, 1970), Part III: "The Early Modern Period," pp. 113-170.
* 20 Ralph Davis, Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London: 1971), chapter 14: "Capital, Credit, and Financial Institutions."
* 21. Raymond De Roover, Business, Banking, and Economic Though in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Selected Studies, ed. by Julius Kirshner (Chicago, 1974). Eleven Important essays.
22. Geoffrey Parker, "The Emergence of Modern Finance in Europe, 1500-1750," in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1974), pp. 527-94.
23. Jan De Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 (Cambridge, 1976), chapter 7, pp. 210-35.
** 24. Herman Van der Wee, "Monetary, Credit, and Banking Systems," in E.E. Rich and Charles Wilson, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. V: The Economic Organization of Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1977), chapter V, pp. 290-393 (especially pp. 306-57).
25. John H. McCusker, Money and Exchange in Europe and America, 1600-1775: A Handbook (London, 1978).
26. Fredi Chiappelli, ed., The Dawn of Modern Banking (New Haven, 1979). See especially:
a) Jean-Françcois Bergier, "From the Fifteenth Century in Italy to the Sixteenth Century in Germany: A New Banking Concept?", pp. 105-30
b) Manuel Riu, "Banking and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Aragon," pp. 131-68.
c) John Munro, "Bullionism and the Bill of Exchange in England, 1272 - 1663: A Study in Monetary Management and Popular Prejudice," pp. 169-239.
d) Barisa Krekic, "Italian Creditors in Dubrovnki (Ragusa) and the Balkan Trade: Thirteenth through Fifteenth Centuries," pp. 241-54.
e) Harry Miskimin, "The Impact of Credit on Sixteenth Century English Industry," pp. 275-89.
27. Fernand Braudel, Les structures du quotidien: le possible et l'impossible (Paris, 1979), trans by Sian Reynolds as: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Century, Vol. I: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible (New York, 1981), chapter 7, "Money," pp. 436-78, esp. pp. 470-78 on credit.
28. Fernand Braudel, Les jeux de l'exchange (Paris, 1979), trans by Sian Reynolds as: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Century, Vol. II: The Wheels of Commerce (New York, 1982), chapters 1, 2, 4, and 5.
29. Charles Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984), chapters 2, 3, 5, 9.
30. Raymond W. Goldsmith, Premodern Financial Systems: A Historical Comparative Study (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), chapters 9-11.
31. Larry Neal, The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
32. Michael North, Geldumlauf und Wirtschaftskonjunktur im südlichen Ostseeraum an der Wende zur Neuzeit (1440 - 1570) (Sigmaringen, 1990).
33. John J. McCusker and Cora Gravesteijn, The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe, NEHA-Series III, Vol. 11 (Amsterdam, 1991).
34. Michael North, ed., Kredit im spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Europa, Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte, Hansische Geschichstverein, new series, vol. 37 (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1991).
(a) Giuseppe Felloni, "Kredit und Banken in Italien, 15. - 17. Jahrhundert," pp. 9 - 24.
(b) Natalie Fryde, "Die Kaufleute aus Cahors im England des 13. Jahrhunderts," pp. 25 - 38.
(c) John H. Munro, "Die Anfänge der Übertragbarkeit: einige Kreditinnovationen im englisch-flämischen Handel des Spätmittelalters (1360 - 1540)," pp. 39 - 70.
(d) Stuart Jenks, "Kredit im Londoner Aussenhandel um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts," pp. 71 - 102.
(e) Peter Spufford, "Spätmittelalterliche Kaufmannsnotizbücher als Quelle zur Bankengeschichte. Ein Projektbericht," pp. 103 - 20.
(f) Klaus-Joachim Lorenzen-Schmidt, "Kaufmannskredite in nordwestdeutschen Städten im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert," pp. 121 - 32.
(g) Rudolf Holbach, "`Im auff arbait gelihen': zur Rolle des Kredits in der gewerblichen Produktion, 13. - 16. Jahrhundert," pp. 133 - 58.
(h) Henryk Samsonowicz, "Die Rolle des Kredits im Wirtschaftsleben des mittelalterlichen Polen," pp. 159 - 70.
(i) Troels Dahlerup, "Kirche und Kredit. Ein Beitrag zur Geldwirtschaft im spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Dänemark," pp. 170 - 80.
(j) Erling Ladewig Petersen, "Die Entstehung des Bodenkredits in Dänemark, 1630 - 1730," pp. 181 - 92.
(k) Willi A. Boelcke, "Der Agrarkedit in deutschen Territorialstaaten vom Mittelalter bis Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts," pp. 193 - 216.
(l) Herman Van der Wee, "Forschungen zur Geschichte des privaten Kredits. Ein methodologischer Überblick," pp. 217 - 22.
35. Dino Puncuh and Giuseppe Felloni, eds., Banchi pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale: Amministrazione, tecniche operative e ruoli economici, Atti della società Ligure di storia patria, new series, vol. 31, 2 vols. (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 1991).
(a) Rondo Cameron, "International Private Banking from the Late Middle Ages to the Mid-Nineteenth Century," pp. 17 - 34.
(b) Charles P. Kindleberger, "Currency Debasement in the Early Seventeenth Century and the Establishment of Deposit Banks in Central Europe," pp. 35 - 46.
(c) John H. Munro, "The International Law Merchant and the Evolution of Negotiable Credit in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries," pp. 47 - 80.
(d) Umberto Santarelli, "«Maxima fuit Florentiae altercatio»: l'usura e i «montes»," pp. 81 - 94.
(e) Pierre Jeannin, "De l'arithmétique commerciale à la pratique bancaire: l'escompte aux XVIe - XVIIe siècles," pp. 95 - 116.
(f) Geoffrey T. Mills, "Early Accounting in Northern Italy: the Role of Commercial Development and the Printing Press in the Expansion of Double-Entry in Genoa, Venice, and Florence," pp. 117 - 32.
(g) Jürgen Schneider, "Messen, Banken und Börsen (15. - 18. Jahrhundert)," pp. 133 - 70.
(h) Marcello De Cecco, "Nascita e sviluppi del sistema monetario internazionale," pp. 171 - 80.
(i) Mark Steele, "Bankruptcy and Insolvency: Bank Failure and its Control in Preindustrial Europe," pp. 181 - 204.
(j) Vito Piergiovanni, "I banchieri nel diritto genovese e nella scienza giuridica tra medioevo ed età moderna," pp. 205 - 24.
(k) Giuseppe Felloni, "I primi banchi pubblici della Casa di San Giorgio (1408-45)," pp. 225 - 46.
(l) Peter Marzahl y Enrique Otte, "El imperio genovés, 1522 - 1556," pp. 247 - 64.
(m) Felipe Ruiz Martín, "La banca genovesa en España durante el siglo XVII," pp. 265 - 74.
(n) Reinhold C. Mueller, "«Quando i banchi no' ha' fede, la terra no' ha credito». Bank Loans to the Venetian State in the Fifteenth Century," pp. 275 - 308.
(o) Ugo Tucci, "Il banco pubblico a Venezia," pp. 309 - 26.
(p) Alberto Cova, "Banchi e monti pubblici a Milano nei secoli XVI e XVII," pp. 327 - 40.
(q) Michele Cassandro, "Caratteri dell'attività bancaria fiorentina nei secoli XV e XVI," pp. 341 - 66.
(r) Julius Kirshner and Jacob Klerman, "The Seven Percent Fund of Renaissance Florence," pp. 367 - 98.
(s) Giuseppe Conti, "Il ruolo delle banche nell'economia del Granducato di Toscana nella prima metà dell'800. Strategi e teniche tra tradizione e innovazione," pp. 399 - 432.
(t) Luciano Palermo, "Banchi privati e finanze pubbliche nella Roma del primo Rinascimento," pp. 433 - 60.
(u) Fausto Piola Caselli, "Banchi privati e debito pubblico pontificio a Roma tra Cinquecento e Seicento," pp. 461 - 96.
(v) Luigi De Rosa, "Banchi pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà a Napoli nei secoli XVI - XVIII," pp. 497 - 512.
(w) Ennio De Simone, "I banchi pubblici napoletani al tempo di Carlo di Borbone: qualche aspetto della loro attività," pp. 513 - 40.
(x) Rodolfo Savelli, "Aspetti del dibattio quattrocentesco sui monti di pietà: consilia e tractatus," pp. 541 - 64.
(y) Viviana Bonazzoli, "Monti di pietà e politica economica delle città nelle Marche alla fine del '400," pp. 565 -90.
(z) Paola Massa Piergiovanni, "Assistenza e credito alle origini dell'esperienza ligure dei monti di pietà," pp. 591 - 616.
(aa) Carlo M. Travaglini, "Il ruolo del Banco di Santo Spirito e del monte di pietà nel mercato finanziario romano del Settecento," pp. 617 - 40.
(bb) Amleto Spicciani, "I prestiti su pegno fondiario durante il secolo XII dell'ospitale lucchese di Altopascio," pp. 641 - 72.
(cc) Giovanni Zalin, "Nella Verona tardo - moderna. L'attività di prestito del monastero di Santa Teresa: prime ricerche," pp. 673 - 702.
(dd) Fiorenzo Landi, "Clero regolare ed economia creditizia: il caso dei monaci della congregazione cassinese," pp. 703 - 32.
(ee) Michele Luzzati, "Ruolo e funzione dei banchi ebraici dell'Italia centro-settentrionale nei secoli XV e XVI," pp. 733 - 50.
(ff) Henri Dubois, "Crédit et banque en France aux deux derniers siècles du moyen âge," pp. 751 - 80.
(gg) Wim Blockmans, "Banques et crédit en Flandre au bas moyen âge," pp. 781 - 88.
(hh) Paul Soetaert, "Gestion, technique de prêt et signification économico-sociale des monts-de-piété aux Pays-Bas méridionaux (XVIIe - XVIIIe siècles)," pp. 789 - 798.
(ii) Helma Houtman - De Smedt, "Les banques et le système bancaire aux Pays-Bas autrichiens au XVIIIe siècle," pp. 797 - 808.
(jj) Michael North, "Banking and Credit in Northern Germany in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries," pp. 809 - 26.
(kk) Reinhard Hildebrandt, "Banking System and Capital Market in South Germany (1450 - 1650). Organisation and Economic Importance," pp. 827 - 42.
(ll) Hermann Kellenbenz, "Private und öffentliche Banken in Deutschland um die wende zum 17. Jahrhundert," pp. 843 - 78.
(mm) Martin Koerner, "Banques publiques et banquiers privés dans la Suissse preindustrielle: administration, fonctionnement et rôle économique," pp. 879 - 92.
(nn) Peter Spufford, "Credit in Rural England before the Advent of Country Banks," pp. 893 - 912.
(oo) Frank T. Melton, "An Overview of Banking in London, 1750 - 1870," pp. 893 - 912.
(pp) Paola Pierucci, "La zecca ragusea come banca pubblica nella seconda metà del XVIII secolo: il ruolo economico," pp. 925 - 40.
(rr) Juan Carrasco Perez, "Cambistas y «banqueros» en el reino de Navarra (siglos XIII-XV). Dinero, banca y crédito en la Navarra bajomedieval," pp. 941 - 62.
(ss) Esteban Hernandez Esteve, "Aspectos organizativos, operativos, administrativos y contables del proyecto de erarios publicos. Contribución al estudio de la banca pública en España durante la baja Edad Media y comienzos de la Moderna," pp. 963 - 1032.
(tt) Emiliano Fernandez De Pinedo, "Credit et banque dans la Castille aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles," pp. 1035 - 50.
(uu) Santiago Tinoco Rubiales, "Banca privada y poder municipal en la ciudad de Sevilla (siglo XVI)," pp. 1051 - 34.
(vv) Valentin Vazquez De Prada, "Cambistas, mercaderes y teologos en Castilla, a mediados del siglo XVI," pp. 1135 - 56.
** (ww) Herman Van der Wee, "The Medieval and Early-Modern Origins of European Banking," pp. 1157 - 73.
* 36. John Munro, "Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit," in Thomas Brady, Heiko Oberman, and James Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400 - 1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden and New York: E.J.Brill, 1994), pp. 147-95.
* 37. James Tracy, "Taxation and State Debt," in Thomas Brady, Heiko Oberman, and James Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400 - 1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden and New York: E.J.Brill, 1994), pp. 563-88.
38. Philip T. Hoffman and Kathryn Norberg, eds., Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Governments, 1450 - 1789 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
39. Rondo Cameron, "Bankers as Entrepreneurs," in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 411-18.
40. Michael North, ed., Von Aktie bis Zoll: Ein historische Lexikon des Geldes (Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1995). An encyclopedia-dictionary of monetary and financial terms and institutions.
41. Reinhold C. Mueller, "The Spufford Thesis on Foreign Exchange: the Evidence of Exchange Rates," The Journal of European Economic History, 24:1 (Spring 1995), 121-29.
42. Martin Körner, "Expenditure" and "Public Credit," in Richard Bonney, ed., Economic Systems and State Finance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), chapters 12 and 14, pp. 393-422, and 507-38.
B. Money, Banking, and Finance in Renaissance Italy
1. Gerolamo Biscaro, "Il banco Filippo Borromei e compagni di Londra (1436 - 1439)," Archivio storico Lombardo, 40 (1913), 302-.
* 2. Raymond De Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397-1494 (Cambridge, Mass. 1963), especially chapters II (pp. 9-34) and VI (pp. 108-41).
3. Frederic C. Lane, Venice and History: Collected Papers (Baltimore, 1966). In particular the following:
(a) "Family Partnerships and Joint Ventures in the Venetian Republic," pp. 36-55.
(b) "Investment and Usury," pp. 56-68.
(c) "Venetian Bankers, 1496-1533," pp. 69-86.
(d) "The Funded Debt of the Venetian Republic, 1262-1482," pp. 87-88.
(e) "Venture Accounting in Medieval Business Management," pp. 99-108.
4. Richard Goldthwaite, Private Wealth in Renaissance Florence: A Study in Four Families (Princeton, 1968).
5. George Holmes, "How the Medici Became the Pope's Bankers," in Nicolai Rubinstein, ed., Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London, 1968), pp. 357 - 80.
6. Julius Kirshner, ed., Business, Banking, and Economic Thought in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Selected Studies of Raymond de Roover (Chicago, 1974). Read also the introductions by Julius Kirshner and Richard Goldthwaite. The following are De Roover's principal essays, with the original place of publication.
(a) "What is Dry Exchange? A Contribution to the Study of English Mercantilism," Journal of Political Economy, 52 (1944), 250-66. [Here: no. 4, pp. 183 - 99.]
(b) "New Interpretations of the History of Banking," Journal of World History, 2 (1954), 38-76. [Here, no. 5, pp. 200 - 38.]
(c) "Cambium ad Venetias: Contributions to the History of Foreign Exchange," in Studi in onore di Armando Sapori (Milan, 1957), pp. 631-48. [Here, no. 6, pp. 239 - 59.]
7. Armando Sapori, "Il bilancio della filiale di Roma del Banco Medici del 1495," Archivio storico italiano, 131 (1975), 163 - 224.
* 8. Marco Spallanzani, "A Note on Florentine Banking in the Renaissance: Orders of Payment and Cheques," Journal of European Economic History, 7 (Spring 1978), 145 - 68.
9. Jean-Francois Bergier, "From the Fifteenth Century in Italy to the Sixteenth Century in Germany: A New Banking Concept?" in [Fredi Chiappelli, ed.], The Dawn of Modern Banking (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA; New Haven and London; Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 105-30.
** 10. Reinhold C. Mueller, "The Role of Bank Money in Venice, 1300-1500," Studi Veneziani, new series, 3 (1979), 47-96.
11. Reinhold Mueller, "L'imperialismo monetario Veneziano nel quattrocento," Societa e storia, 8 (1980), 277-97.
12. Richard Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History (Baltimore, 1980).
13. Nicolai Rubinstein, "The Letters of Lorenzo de' Medici and of the Medici Bank: Problems of Authorship," Rinascimento, 22 (1982), 277-79.
14. Reinhold Mueller, " 'Chome l'ucciello di passegio': La demande saisonnière des espèces et le marché des changes à Venise au moyen âge," in John Day, ed., Etudes d'histoire monétaire médiévale (Lille, 1984), pp. 195 - 220.
** 15. Frederic C. Lane and Reinhold Mueller, Money and Banking in Medieval and Renaissance Venice, Vol. I: Coins and Moneys of Account (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1985).
* 16. Richard Goldthwaite, "Local Banking in Renaissance Florence," Journal of European Economic History, 14 (Spring 1985), 5 -55.
* 17. Richard Goldthwaite, "The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism," Past and Present, no. 114 (Feb. 1987), 3 - 31.
18. Reinhold Mueller, "I banchi locali a Venezia nel tardo medioevo," Studi Storici: Banca, attività finanziara e società a Firenze dal Rinascimento ad ogii, no. 1 (Rome, 1987), pp. 145-55.
19. John Day, The Medieval Market Economy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987):
(a) "Money and Credit in Medieval and Renaissance Italy," pp. 141-61.
(b) "Medieval Merchants and Financiers," pp. 162-84.
20. Raymond Goldsmith, Premodern Financial Systems: A Historical Comparative Study (Cambridge, 1987), chapter 9, "The Financial System of Medici Florence," pp. 145 - 70.
21. Reinhold Mueller, "La Camera del Frumento: Un 'banco pubblico' veneziano e i gruzzoli dei signori di terraferma," Studi Storici: Istituzioni, società, e potere nella marca trevigiana e veronese (secoli XIII-XIV) sulle tracee di G.B. Verci (Rome, 1988), pp. 321-60.
22. Carlo M.. Cipolla, Money in Sixteenth-Century Florence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
23. Julius Kirshner, "Encumbering Private Claims to Public Debt in Renaissance Florence," in Vito Piergiovanni, ed., The Growth of the Bank as Institution and the Development of Money-Business Law, Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History, vol. 12 (Duncker & Humblot: Berlin, 1993), pp. 19 - 75.
24. John Day, Monnaies et marchés au moyen âge, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France (Paris, 1994):
(a) "Monnaie et crédit dans l'Italie de la Renaissance," pp. 117-36 [republished in translation from "Moneta metallica e moneta creditizia," in Ruggiero Romano and Ugo Tucci, eds., Economia naturale, economia monetaria, Storia d'Italia Annali 6 (Turin: Einaudi, 1983), pp. 337-60.]
(b) "Marchands et banquiers au Moyen Age," pp. 191-212 [republished in translation from "Mercanti et banchieri dal XII al XV secolo," in Nicola Tranfagli and Massimo Firpo, eds., La Storia: I grandi problemi dal Medioevo all'Età Contemporanea, Vol. II: Medioevo (Turin: UTET, 1988), pp. 207-25.]
25. Luca Pacioli, Trattato di partita doppia (Venice, 1494), ed. by Annalisa Conterio, with an introduction by Basil Yamey, and philogical notes by Gino Belloni (Venice: Albrizzi, 1994). English edition: Luca Pacioli, Exposition of Double Entry Bookkeeping (Venice, 1494), trans. by Antonio von Gebsattel, with introduction by Basil Yamey (Venice: Abrizzi, 1994).
C. The Netherlands and Spain, 16th to 18th Centuries
* 1. J.G. Van Dillen, "The Bank of Amsterdam," in J.G. Van Dillen, ed. History of the Principal Public Banks (Hague, 1934), pp. 79-124.
** 2. Charles Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce and Finance in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1941; reprinted 1966), chapters 3-7, especially pp. 79-87, 103-08, 137-66.
3. A.P. Usher, The Early History of Deposit Banking in Mediterranean Europe (Cambridge, Mass. 1943: reissued New York, 1967). (Chiefly on Catalonia, 1240-1723).
* 4. Violet Barbour, Capitalism in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century (Johns Hopkins, 1950), chapter 2: "The Exchange Bank of Amsterdam;" and chapter 6, "Loans and Investments Abroad."
* 5. Herman Van der Wee, Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy, 14th to 16th Centuries, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1963), II, 33-367 (Part II, chapter 3: "Trends in financial development").
** 6. Herman Van der Wee, "Anvers et les innovations de la technique financière aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles," Annales: E.S.C., 22 (1967), 1067-89; republished as "Antwerp and the New Financial Methods of the 16th and 17th Centuries," in Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World, Variorum Collected Studies (Aldershot, 1993), pp. 145-66
7. Alice Clare Carter, Getting, Spending, and Investing in Early Modern Times: Essays on Dutch, English, and Huguenot Economic History (Assen, 1975).
(a) "The Dutch and the English Public Debt in 1777," and "Dutch Foreign Investment, 1738-1800," pp. 20-41.
(b) "Dutch Investment in Eighteenth-Century England," with Charles Wilson, pp. 53-65 [reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 12 (1960).]
8. Jean-Francois Bergier, "From the Fifteenth Century in Italy to the Sixteenth Century in Germany: A New Banking Concept," in F. Chiappeli, ed. Dawn of Modern Banking (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 105-30.
* 9. James D. Tracy, A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515 - 1565 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).
10. Daniel Coenen, "Une vaine tentative de stabilisation monétaire dans les Pays Bas (1541 - 1555)," Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 68:4 (1990), 817-49.
11. John H. Munro, "Die Anfänge der Übertragbarkeit: einige Kreditinnovationen im englisch-flämischen Handel des Spätmittelalters (1360-1540)," in Michael North, ed., Kredit im spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Europa, Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte, neue folge, vol. XXXVII (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1991), pp. 39-69, 71-103.
12. John Munro, "The International Law Merchant and the Evolution of Negotiable Credit in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries," in Dino Puncuh and Giuseppe Felloni, eds., Banchi pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale: amministrazione, tecniche operative e ruoli economici (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 1991), pp. 29 - 62. Republished in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London: Variorum, 1994).
13. Erik Aerts, "Money and Credit: Bruges as a Financial Centre," in Valentin Vermeersch, ed., Bruges and Europe (Antwerp: Fonds Mercator, 1992), pp. 57-71.
14. Herman Van der Wee and Ian Blanchard, "The Habsburgs and the Antwerp Money market: the Exchange Crises of 1521 and 1522-23," in Ian Blanchard, Anthony Goodman, and Jennifer Newman, eds., Industry and Finance in Early Modern History: Essays Presented to George Hammersley on the Occasion of his 74th Birthday, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Beheift series no. 98 (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1992).
15. Marjolein C. Hart, The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1993).
16. James C. Riley, "Interest Rates in Antwerp, 1664-1787," in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 497-506.
17. P. T. Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal, 1580-1640," Journal of European Economic History, 23:3 (Winter 1994), 545-562.
D. England, 15th to 18th Centuries
1. W.R. Scott, Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish, and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720, 2 vols. (London, 1910-12).
2. E.T. Powell, Evolution of the Money Market, 1385-1915 (1916).
* 3. R. H. Tawney, "Introduction," to Thomas Wilson, A Discourse Upon Usury [1572] (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1925), pp. 16-104, and pp. 134-72. See especially (v) "The Antecedents of Banking," pp. 86-104.
4. Charles Conant, A History of the Modern Banks of Issue, 6th edn. (New York, 1927), chapter IV: "The First Century of the Bank of England," pp. 100-41.
5. R.D. Richards, "Early English Banking Schemes," Journal of Economic and Business History, 1 (1928-29).
* 6. Michael Postan, "Private Financial Instruments in Medieval England," Vierteljahrschrift fur sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 23 (1930), reprinted in his Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 28-65. See also in the same volume, his "Credit in Medieval Trade," reprinted from Economic History Review, 1st ser. 1 (1928).
* 7. R.D. Richards, "The First Fifty Years of the Bank of England, 1694-1744," in J.G. Van Dillen, ed., The History of the Principal Banks (London, 1934), pp. 201-72.
8. W.T.C. King, History of the London Discount Market (London, 1936).
* 9. Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England, A History: 1694-1914, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1944).
10. F.G. James, "Charity Endowments as Sources of Local Credit in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England," The Journal of Economic History, 8 (1948).
* 11. Sir John Clapham, "The Bank of England in the Eighteenth Century," in F.C. Lane and J.C. Riemersma, ed., Enterprise and Secular Change: Readings in Economic History (London, 1953), pp. 350-9.
12. J.K. Horsefield, "The Duties of a Banker: The Eighteenth-Century View," in T.S. Ashton and R.S. Sayers, eds., Papers in English Monetary History (Oxford, 1953), pp. 1-15.
* 13. David M. Joslin, "London Private Bankers, 1720-1785," Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1954), republished in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 340-59.
14. James Holden, The History of Negotiable Instruments in English Law (London, 1955).
15. M.C. Lovell, "The Role of the Bank of England as Lender of Last Resort in the Crises of the 18th Century," Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 9 (1957).
* 16. R.D. Richards, The Early History of Banking in England (London, 1958), chapters 1, 2, 5, and 6.
17. R. Ashton, The Crown and the Money Market, 1603-1640 (Oxford, 1960).
18. J.K. Horsefield, British Monetary Experiments, 1650-1710 (London, 1960).
19. Maurice Ashley, Financial and Commercial Policy under the Cromwellian Protectorate (London, 1962).
20. K.G. Davies, "Joint-Stock Investment in the Later Seventeenth Century," Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 4 (1952), republished in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 273-90.
21. D.C. Coleman, "Sir John Banks, Financier: An Essay on Government Borrowing Under the Later Stuarts," in F.J. Fisher, ed., Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 204-30.
** 22. Sir Albert Feavearyear, The Pound Sterling: A History of English Money (rev. ed. by E.V. Morgan, Oxford, 1963), esp. chapters 5-7, pp. 99-172.
23. F.C. Dietz, English Public Finance, 1485-1641, 2 vols. (London, 1964).
* 24. Charles Wilson, England's Apprenticeship, 1603-1763 (London, 1965), chapter 5, "Public Finance"; and Chapter 10: "The Pyramid of Debt and Credit."
25. J.A. Giuseppe, The Bank of England: A History (London, 1965).
26. A.M. Andreades, A History of the Bank of England, 4th edn. (London, 1966).
27 R.B. Outhwaite, "The Trials of Foreign Borrowing: The English Crown and the Antwerp Money Market in the mid-16th Century," Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 289-305.
28. L.S. Presnell, Country Banking in the Industrial Revolution (London, 1966).
* 29. P.G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688-1756 (London, 1967), chapters 1-3, 11-14, 20.
* 30. Rondo Cameron, ed., Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization (London, 1967), Introduction and chapter 2: "England, 1750-1844" (by Rondo Cameron). Though most of this lies beyond the scope of this topic, it will provide a very clear insight into 18th-century English banking.
31. W.R. Bisschop, The Rise of the London Money Market, 1640-1826, 3rd edn. (London, 1968).
32. Henry Roseveare, The Treasury: The Evolution of a British Institution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), chapters 2 -4, pp. 41-117.
33. B. L. Anderson, "The Attorney and the Early Capital Market in Lancashire," in François Crouzet, ed., Capital Formation in the Industrial Revolution (London: Methuen, 1972).
34. Alice Carter, Getting, Spending, and Investing in Early Modern Times (Assen, 1975), essays nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, and esp. no. 10: "The English Public Debt in the Eighteenth Century," pp. 123-41.
* 35. J.K. Horsefield, "The Beginnings of Paper Money in England," Journal of European Economic History, 6 (1977), 117-32.
36. John H. Munro, "Bullionism and the Bill of Exchange in England, 1272-1663: A Study in Monetary Management and Popular Prejudice," in Fredi Chiappelli, ed., The Dawn of Modern Banking (New Haven, Yale Press, 1979), pp. 169-240.
37 Harry Miskimin, "The Impact of Credit Upon Sixteenth-Century English Industry," in Fredi Chiappelli, ed., The Dawn of Modern Banking (New Haven, Yale Press, 1979), pp. 275-90.
* 38. Eric Kerridge, Trade and Banking in Early Modern England (Manchester University Press, 1988).
39. Michael Collins, Money and Banking in the U.K.: A History (London, 1988).
40. Norman L. Jones, God and the Moneylenders: Usury and Law in Early Modern England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989).
41. John H. Munro, "Die Anfänge der Übertragbarkeit: einige Kreditinnovationen im englisch-flämischen Handel des Spätmittelalters (1360-1540)," and:
Stuart Jenks, "Kredit im Londoner Aussenhandel um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts," both in:
Michael North, ed., Kredit im spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Europa, Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte, neue folge, vol. XXXVII (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1991), pp. 39-69, 71-103.
42. Wendy Childs, " 'To oure losse and hindraunce': English Credit to Alien Merchants in the Mid-Fifteenth Century," in Jennifer Kermode, ed., Enterprise and Individuals in Fifteenth-Century England (London: Alan Sutton, 1991), pp. 68-98.
43. John Munro, "The International Law Merchant and the Evolution of Negotiable Credit in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries," in Dino Puncuh and Giuseppe Felloni, eds., Banchi pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale: amministrazione, tecniche operative e ruoli economici (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 1991), pp. 29 - 62. Reprinted in John Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries (London: Variorum, 1994).
44. François Crouzet, "The Huguenots and the English Financial Revolution," in Patrice Higonnet, David Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 221-66.
45. Henry Roseveare, The Financial Revolution, 1660 - 1760 (London and New York: Longman, 1991).
46. Moshe Buchinsky and Ben Polak, "The Emergence of a National Capital Market in England, 1710 - 1880," The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 1 - 24.
47. Seten E. Oppers, "The Interest Rate Effect of Dutch Money in Eighteenth-Century Britain," The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 25 - 43.
48. Ron Harris, "The Bubble Act: Its Passage and Its Effects on Business Organization," The Journal of Economic History, 54:3 (September 1994), 610-27.
49. Peter Ramsey, "Thomas Gresham: A Sixteenth-Century English Entrepreneur?" in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 487-96.
50. Larry Neal, "George Middleton: John Law's Goldsmith-Banker, 1727-1729," in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 507-28
51. Richard Roberts and David Kynaston, eds., The Bank of England, 1694 - 1994: Money, Power, and Influence (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
52. James Steven Rogers, The Early History of the Law of Bills and Notes: A Study of the Origins of Anglo-American Commercial Law, Cambridge Studies in English Legal History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
E. State Finance and Public Banks
* 1. J.G. Van Dillen, "The Bank of Amsterdam," in J.G. Van Dillen, ed. History of the Principal Public Banks (Hague, 1934), pp. 79-124.
* 2. R.D. Richards, "The First Fifty Years of the Bank of England, 1694-1744," in J.G. Van Dillen, ed., The History of the Principal Banks (London, 1934), pp. 201-72.
* 3. Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England, A History: 1694-1914, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1944).
* 4. Violet Barbour, Capitalism in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century (Johns Hopkins, 1950), chapter 2: "The Exchange Bank of Amsterdam;" and chapter 6, "Loans and Investments Abroad."
* 5. Sir John Clapham, "The Bank of England in the Eighteenth Century," in F.C. Lane and J.C. Riemersma, ed., Enterprise and Secular Change: Readings in Economic History (London, 1953), pp. 350-9.
6. M.C. Lovell, "The Role of the Bank of England as Lender of Last Resort in the Crises of the 18th Century," Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 9 (1957).
* 7. R.D. Richards, The Early History of Banking in England (London, 1958), chapters 1, 2, 5, and 6.
8. R. Ashton, The Crown and the Money Market, 1603-1640 (Oxford, 1960).
9. Maurice Ashley, Financial and Commercial Policy under the Cromwellian Protectorate (London, 1962).
** 10. Sir Albert Feavearyear, The Pound Sterling: A History of English Money (rev. ed. by E.V. Morgan, Oxford, 1963), esp. chapters 5-7, pp. 99-172.
11. F.C. Dietz, English Public Finance, 1485-1641, 2 vols. (London, 1964).
* 12. Charles Wilson, England's Apprenticeship, 1603-1763 (London, 1965), chapter 5, "Public Finance"; and Chapter 10: "The Pyramid of Debt and Credit."
13. J.A. Giuseppe, The Bank of England: A History (London, 1965).
14. A.M. Andreades, A History of the Bank of England, 4th edn. (London, 1966).
15. R.B. Outhwaite, "The Trials of Foreign Borrowing: The English Crown and the Antwerp Money Market in the mid-16th Century," Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 289-305.
* 16. P.G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688-1756 (London, 1967), chapters 1-3, 11-14, 20.
17. Henry Roseveare, The Treasury: The Evolution of a British Institution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), chapters 2 -4, pp. 41-117.
18. Geoffrey Parker, "The Emergence of Modern Finance in Europe, 1500-1750," in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1974), pp. 527-94.
19. Alice Clare Carter, Getting, Spending, and Investing in Early Modern Times: Essays on Dutch, English, and Huguenot Economic History (Assen, 1975).
(a) "The Dutch and the English Public Debt in 1777," and "Dutch Foreign Investment, 1738-1800," pp. 20-41.
(b) "Dutch Investment in Eighteenth-Century England," with Charles Wilson, pp. 53-65 [reprinted from Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 12 (1960).]
(c) "The English Public Debt in the Eighteenth Century," pp. 123-41.
* 20. James D. Tracy, A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515 - 1565 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).
21. Herman Van der Wee and Ian Blanchard, "The Habsburgs and the Antwerp Money market: the Exchange Crises of 1521 and 1522-23," in Ian Blanchard, Anthony Goodman, and Jennifer Newman, eds., Industry and Finance in Early Modern History: Essays Presented to George Hammersley on the Occasion of his 74th Birthday, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Beheift series no. 98 (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1992).
22. François Crouzet, "The Huguenots and the English Financial Revolution," in Patrice Higonnet, David Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 221-66.
23. Henry Roseveare, The Financial Revolution, 1660 - 1760 (London and New York: Longman, 1991).
24. Moshe Buchinsky and Ben Polak, "The Emergence of a National Capital Market in England, 1710 - 1880," The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 1 - 24.
25. Seten E. Oppers, "The Interest Rate Effect of Dutch Money in Eighteenth-Century Britain," The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 25 - 43.
26. Ron Harris, "The Bubble Act: Its Passage and Its Effects on Business Organization," The Journal of Economic History, 54:3 (September 1994), 610-27.
27. Peter Ramsey, "Thomas Gresham: A Sixteenth-Century English Entrepreneur?" in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 487-96.
28. Larry Neal, "George Middleton: John Law's Goldsmith-Banker, 1727-1729," in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 507-28
29. Richard Roberts and David Kynaston, eds., The Bank of England, 1694 - 1994: Money, Power, and Influence (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
30. Julius Kirshner, "Encumbering Private Claims to Public Debt in Renaissance Florence," in Vito Piergiovanni, ed., The Growth of the Bank as Institution and the Development of Money-Business Law, Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History, vol. 12 (Duncker & Humblot: Berlin, 1993), pp. 19 - 75.
31. Marjolein C. Hart, The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1993).
* 32. James Tracy, "Taxation and State Debt," in Thomas Brady, Heiko Oberman, and James Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400 - 1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden and New York: E.J.Brill, 1994), pp. 563-88.
33. Philip T. Hoffman and Kathryn Norberg, eds., Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Governments, 1450 - 1789 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
34. P. T. Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal, 1580-1640," Journal of European Economic History, 23:3 (Winter 1994), 545-562.
35. Martin Körner, "Expenditure" and "Public Credit," in Richard Bonney, ed., Economic Systems and State Finance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), chapters 12 and 14, pp. 393-422, and 507-38.
F. Documents and Statistics
1. R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power, eds. Tudor Economic Documents, 3 vols. (London, 1924), II: section 3, "Credit and Money Lending," pp. 133-76; III, section 3, "High Prices, Usury, and the Exchanges," pp. 305-404.
2. W.A. Shaw, ed., Select Tracts and Documents Illustrative of English Monetary History, 1626-1730 (London, 1930)..
3. B.R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), section XV: "Banking and Insurance."
4 Joan Thirsk and J.P. Cooper, eds. Seventeenth-Century Economic Documents (Oxford, 1972), section VI: "Finance and Coinage," nos. 21-22, 35-37, 40-42, 56-57, 66, 70.
5 P.L. Cottrell and B.L. Anderson, eds. Money and Banking in England: The Development of the Banking System, 1694-1914 (London, 1974), Part I, pp. 13-87; Part III: no. 17, pp. 159-64.
6 John J. McCusker, Money and Exchange in Europe and America, 1600-1775: A Handbook (London, 1978).
QUESTIONS
1. How did negotiability of private credit instruments evolve in early-modern Europe? How did negotiability lead to discounting? What is the economic function and significance of discounting?
2. What role did the bill of exchange play in international banking and finance from the 15th to 17th centuries? What changes did it undergo; and how did it evolve into acceptance banking?
3. How did Antwerp become the first international money market and banking centre of early-modern Europe? What role did the South German merchant-banking houses play in the rise of the Antwerp money market?
4. How did the South Germans gain and then lose dominance in European international banking during the later 15th and 16th centuries? How and why did the South German banking houses lose their pre-eminence to Genoese banking houses in the 16th century?
5. What role did the Italian city states play in European banking and finance, public and private, during the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries?
6. Explain the evolution of the institutions and credit instruments of public finance in western Europe from the 15th to 17th centuries? What were rentes and annuities; and why did they come to play the major role in west European public finance (outside of England) in this period? How did rentes become negotiable instruments on European money markets in the 16th century?
7. What role did Habsburg Spain in the evolution of European public finance during the 16th century? Why Spain?
8. How and why did the Dutch become the world leaders in banking and finance during the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? What was the connection between and among commerce, shipping, and banking?
9. How did bills-of-exchange banking and "accept-krediet" banking operate in the Netherlands?
10. What was the Wisselbank van Amsterdam (Exchange Bank of Amsterdam)? What did it do; what was its significance? What was the Bank van Leening (Lending Bank) and the Beurs (Bourse)?
11. What forms of banking existed in Elizabethan England? Why was English banking so far behind continental banking?
12. In what respects may it be said that true banking in England begins only with the London Goldsmiths, from the 1640s? In what respects was that banking an outcome of the English Civil War?
13. What functions did the Goldsmiths come to perform as bankers? How did the Goldsmiths banks differ from the continental banks?
14. How did the post-Restoration Stuart government finance itself? What was the significance of the "Stop of the Exchequer" in 1672?
15. How were late 17th-century banking schemes linked to the problem of the English national debt?
16. What circumstances led to the formation of the Bank of England in 1694-97? What were the functions of the new bank to be? In what respects was the Bank of England: (a) a state bank, (b) a private bank, and (c) a bankers' bank. Why was it not then a "central bank"? How did it differ from the Wisselbank van Amsterdam?
17. What are the origins of paper currency? Explain the evolution of paper bank notes, from the late 17th to early 18th centuries.
18. Explain the functions and significance of: deposit and transfer (by cheques), note issue (as above), discounting, lending.
19. What was joint-stock financing, and what was its significance? Why was the Bank of England a joint-stock company; and why were the other English banks not?
20. How did banking come to develop outside of London: "country banking"? What functions did the London banks serve in relation to (a) the "country banks" and (b) the Bank of England?
21. What contributions did English banks--Goldsmiths banks, Bank of England, and then "country banks"--make to the economic development of later 17th and 18th century England? In what ways were they a hindrance to economic development?
22. What was the "South Sea" Bubble of 1720; what was its significance for the Bank of England, English public finance, joint-stock companies, and business organization in 18th century England?
23. How did European supremacy in banking and finance pass from Amsterdam to London in the later 18th century? (To be considered in the topic on the "Decline of the Netherlands").