Baltcm2.WPD 15 June 2000

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Prof. John Munro

TOPICS IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF LATE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE, 1260 - 1600

Topic No. 31: Northern Commerce, in the Baltic and North Seas: The Hanseatic League and the Rise of the Dutch Commercial Empire, 1350 - 1600:

Within each section, readings are listed in chronological order of original publication, when that can be ascertained, except for some collections of essays.

READINGS

A. The Baltic Markets: The German Hanse, England, the Dutch, and the Rest of the Low Countries, 14th to 16th Centuries

1. E.R. Daenell, Die Blütezeit der deutschen Hanse, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1905).

2. Aksel Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Baltic About 1600: Studies in the Sound Toll Registers and Dutch Shipping Records (Copenhagen, 1941), pp. 17-24, 34-48, 401-21.

3. F. Ketner, Handel en scheepvaart van Amsterdam in de vijftiende eeuw (Brill, 1946).

** 4. Michael Postan, 'Economic and Political Relations of England and the Hanse from 1400 to 1475,' in Eileen Power and Michael Postan, eds., Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933), pp. 91-153, especially pp. 91-104, 136-53. Republished in Michael Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 232 - 304.

** 5. Michael Postan, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North: III. The Age of Contraction, [especially no. 5: 'The Rise of Holland],' in M.M. Postan, ed., Cambridge Economic History, Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages (1952), pp. 251-56. Republished in:

a) Michael Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 92 - 231.

b) M.M. Postan and Edward Miller, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, 2nd rev edn. (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 240-305, with some minor revisions.

6. Nicolaas Posthumus, De oosterse handel te Amsterdam (Leiden, 1953).

7. N.J.M. Kerling, Commercial Relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the late 13th Century to the Close of the Middle Ages (London, 1954), pp. 1-57, 72-88, 173-210.

8. Marian Malowist, 'L'expansion économique des Hollandais dans le bassin de la Baltique aux XIVe et XVe siècles,' from his Studia z dziejow rzemiosla w okresie kryzysu feudalizmu w Europie Zachodniej w XIV i XV wieku (Warsaw, 1954); republished in his Croissance et regression en Europe, XIVe - XVIIe siècles, in the series Cahiers des Annales, No. 34 (Paris: 1972), pp. 91-138.

9. T.S. Jansma, 'Philippe la Bon et la guerre hollando-wende, 1438-1441,' Revue du Nord, 42 (1960), 5-18.

10. Philippe Dollinger, La Hanse, XIIe - XVIIe siècles (Paris, 1964): Part II, Chapters 5, 6; Part III, Chapters 1 - 2. Republished in translation as The German Hanse, trans. and ed. by D.S. Ault and S.H. Steinberg (London: Macmillan, 1970): chapters 4, 9, 10, 12-13.

11. Michael M. Postan, 'Economic Relations between Eastern and Western Europe,' in Geoffrey Barraclough, Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London: Thames and Hudson, 1970), pp. 125-74, republished in Michael Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 305-34.

12. John Munro, Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian Trade, c. 1340-1478 (Brussels and Toronto, 1973), pp. 1-9, 67-70, 114-23, 181-85.

* 13. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973).

(a) Chapter 2, 'Western Europe, 1460-1560,' pp. 15-36.

(b) Chapter 11, 'Rise of the Dutch Commercial Empire,' pp. 176-93.

14. Artur Attman, The Russian and Polish Markets in International Trade, 1500-1650 (Göteborg, 1973), pp. 119-88.

15. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974), Chapter 4, 'From Seville to Amsterdam,' pp. 164-223 (esp. pp. 199-223).

* 16. H.P.H. Jansen, 'Holland's Advance,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 1-19.

17. Dick E.H. De Boer, Graaf en Grafiek: sociale en economische ontwikkelingen in het middeleeuwse 'Noordholland' tussen 1345 en 1415 (Leiden, 1978).

18. Artur Attman, The Struggle for Baltic Markets: Powers in Conflict (Goteborg, 1979).

19. J.K. Fedorowicz, England's Baltic Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century: A Study in Anglo-Polish Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980).

20. J.K. Fedorowicz, Maria Bogucka, and Henryk Samsonowics, ed., A Republic of Nobles: Studies in Polish History to 1864 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

** 21. Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606 - 1661 (Oxford, 1982).

* 22. Johanna Maria Van Winter, ed., The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic Region, 1400 - 1800 (De Nederlanden en het Oostzeegebied, 1400 - 1800), Het Nederlandsch Economisch-Historisch Archief no. 16, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1983. See especially the following essays:

(a) Richard W. Unger, 'Integration of Baltic and Low Countries Grain Markets,' pp. 1-10.

(b) Herman Van der Wee, 'Money and Economic Interdependence between the Northern and Southern Netherlands and the Baltic, 15th - 17th Centuries,' pp. 11-18.

(c) Artur Attman, 'The Bullion Flow from the Netherlands to the Baltic and the Arctic, 1500 - 1800,' pp. 19 - 22.

(d) Michel Morineau, 'Le commerce de la Baltique dans ses rapports avec le commerce hors de la Baltique, du milieu du XVIe siècle à la fin du XVIIIe,' pp. 31 - 42.

(e) Maria Bogucka, 'The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century,' pp. 51 - 57.

** 23. Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585 - 1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). Chiefly after this period; but read the introductory chapters.

24. Richard Unger and Robert Allen, 'The Depth and Breadth of the Market for Polish Grain, 1500 - 1800,' in J.P.S. Lemmink and HJ.S.A. Van Koningsbrugge, eds., Baltic Affairs: Relations between the Netherlands and North-Eastern Europe, 1500-1800 (Nijmegen, 1990), pp. 1-18.

25. Terence H. Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, 1157 - 1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

26. John J. McCusker and Cora Gravestijn, The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe (Amsterdam: Nedelandsch Economisch-Historisch Archief, 1991).

27. Hanno Brand, 'Urban Policy or Personal Government: The Involvment of the Urban Elite in the Economy of Leiden at the End of the Middle Ages,' in Herman Diederiks, Paul Hohenberg, and Michael Wagenaar, eds.,Economic Policy in Europe Since the Late Middle Ages: The Visible Hand and the Fortune of Cities (Leicester and New York, 1992), pp. 17-34.

28. Stuart Jenks, 'A Capital Without a State: Lübeck caput tocius hanze (to 1474),' Historical Research, 65 (1992), 134 - 49.

29. Jan L. Van Zanden, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labour Market (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993).

30. Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World, translated by Lisabeth Fackelman (London, Variorium, 1993). Collected essays.

(1) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 3-28. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Vol. II, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 11-37]

(2) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From Commercial Capitalism to the Industrial Revolution,' pp. 29-43. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (as Vol II of Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 425-38.]

(3) 'Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by Tithe and Rent Statistics, 1250 - 1800,' pp. 47-68. [From Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries, 1250 - 1800 (Leuven, 1978), pp. 1-23.]

(4) (with Eddy Van Cauwenberghe) 'Agrarian History and Public Finances in Flanders, 14th to 17th Century,' pp. 69-83. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 28 (1973), 1051-64.]

(5) 'Trade in the Southern Netherlands, 1493-1587,' pp. 87 - 114. [From Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, VI (Haarlem, 1979), pp. 75097.]

(6) 'Economic Activity and International Trade in the Southern Netherlands, 1538-1544,' pp. 115-25. [From Jürgen Schneider, ed., Wirtschaftsgeschichte und Wirtschaftswege: Festschrift für Hermann Kellenbenz, as Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 5:2 (Bamberg, 1978), pp. 133-44.

(7) 'Trade Relations between Antwerp and the Northern Netherlands, 14th to 16th Century,' pp. 126-41. [From Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 4 (1965-66), 267-85.]

(8) 'Antwerp and the New Financial Methods of the 16th and 17th Centuries,' pp. 145-66. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 222 (1967), 1067-89.]

(9) 'Monetary Policy in the Duchy of Brabant, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 167-82. [From H. Van den Eerenbeemt, ed., Het geld zoekt zijn weg (the Van Lanschot-Lectures on Banking in Brabant), in Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van het zuiden van Nederland (Tilburg, 1987), pp. 37-58.]

(10) 'Credit in Brabant, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 183-97. [From H. Van den Eerenbeemt, ed., Het geld zoekt zijn weg (the Van Lanschot-Lectures on Banking in Brabant), in Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van het zuiden van Nederland (Tilburg, 1987), pp. 59-78.]

(11) 'Structural Changes and Specialization in Southern Netherlands Industry, 1100-1600,' pp. 201-22. [From Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 28 (9175), 203-21.]

(12) 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' pp. 223-41. [From Actae Historia Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 58-78.]

(13) 'Typology of Crises and Structual Changes in the Netherlands, 15th to 16th Century,' pp. 245-63. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 18 (1963), 209-25.]

(14) 'The Economy as a Factor in the Revolt in the Southern Netherlands,' pp. 264-78. [From Actae Historia Neerlandicae, 5 (1971), 52-67.]

(15) 'Nutrition and Diet in the Ancien Régime,' pp. 279-87. [From Spiegel Historiael, 1 (1966), 94-101.

31. Wim Blockmans, 'The Economic Expansion of Holland and Zeeland in the Fourteenth-Sixteenth Centuries,' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 41-58.

32. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, 'Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden in de periode 1500-1570: divergerende ontwikkelingen of voortgaande economische integratie?' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 357-68.

33. Wim P. Blockmans, 'Der holländische Durchbruch in der Ostee,' in Stuart Jenks and Michael North, eds., Der Hansische Sonderweg? Beitrage zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Hanse, Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte, hansischen Geschichtsverein, new series no. 39 (Cologne-Vienna, Böhlau Verlag, 1993), pp. 49-58.

34. John H. Munro, 'Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 147-95.

35. Caroline Barron and Nigel Saul, eds., England and the Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994).

36. J.T. Lindblad and F.C. Dufour-Briet, eds., Dutch Entries in the Pound-Toll Registers of Elbing, 1585 - 1700, Rijksgeschiedekundige Publicatiën, Grote Serie no. 225 (The Hague, 1995).

37. John D. Fudge, Cargoes, Embargoes, and Emissaries: The Commercial and Political Interaction of England and the German Hanse, 1450 - 1510 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.)

38. John Fudge, 'Tudor-Hapsburg Trade Wars and Northern Commercial Networks, 1486 - 1506,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 573 - 86.

39. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

39. Michael North, From the North Sea to the Baltic: Essays in Commercial, Monetary and Agrarian History, 1500 - 1800, Variorum Collected Studies Series CS 548 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1996).

a) 'The Export Trade of Royal Prussia and Ducal Prussia, 1550 - 1650,' from From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honour of J.A. Faber (Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 1988), pp. 383-90.

b) 'The Export of Timber and Timber By-Products from the Baltic Region to Western Europe, 1575-1775', pp. 1-14 [original publication].

c) 'A Small Baltic Port in the Early Modern Period: the Port of Elbing in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century,' from The Journal of European Economic History, 13:1 (1984), 117-27.

d) 'The Lighterman Business in the Baltic Ports: Danzig, Elbing and Königsberg, Sixteenth - Eighteenth Centuries,' from I porti ome impresa economica (Prato: Istituo Francesco Datini, 1988), pp. 541-49.

e) 'The Baltic Trade and the Decline of the Dutch Economy in the 18th Century' [co-authored with Frits Snapper], from J. Lemmink and H. Van Koningsbrugge, eds., Baltic Affairs: Relations Between the Netherlands and North-Eastern Europe, 1500 - 1800 (Nijmegen, 1990), pp. 263-86.

f) 'Hamburg: the 'Continent's Most English City',' pp. 1-13 [original publication]

g) 'The European Rice Trade in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century,' from K. Friedland, ed., Maritime Food Transport (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1994), pp. 313-23.

h) 'Der Grosse Lübecker Münschatz von 1533 also Quelle der hansischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte,' from Hansisches Geschichtsblätter, 108 (1990), 31- 43.

i) 'Banking and Credit in Northern Germany in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' from Dino Puncuh and Giuseppe Felloni, eds., Banchi pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale: Amministrazione, tecniche operative e ruoli economici, Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, new series, vol. 31, 2 vols. (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 1991), pp. 811-26.

j) 'Bullion Transfer from Western Europe to the Baltic and the Problem of Trade Balances, 1550 - 1750,' from Eddy Van Cauwenberge, ed., Precious Metals, Coinage, and the Changes of Monetary Structures in Latin America, Europe and Asia (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1989), pp. 57-63.

k) 'Geldumlauf und Wirtschaftsregion: Untersuchungen am Beispiel Königlich Preußens und des Herzogtums Preußen in der Frühen Neuzeit,' from Hamburger Beiträge zur Numismatik , 30:32 (1985), 71-88.

l) 'Die frühneuzeitliche Gutswirtschaft als Problem der polnischen und deutschen wirtschaftshistorischen Forschung,' form Jerzy Topolski and Wojcieh Wrosek, eds., Die methodologischen Probleme der deutschen Geschichte (Poznan, 1991), pp. 67-74.

m) 'Untersuchungen zur adligen Gutswirtschaft im Herzogtum Preußen des 16. Jahrhunderts,' from Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 70 (1983), 1-20.

n) 'Die frühneuzeitliche Gutswirtschaft in Schleswig-Holstein,' from Blätter für deutsche Landsgeschichte, 126 (1990), 223-242, with an English summary.

o) 'Wage Labour versus Corvée Labour in East Prussian Agriculture, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 1-11. [Original publication of a paper presented to the Ninth International Economic History Congress, Bern, 1986].

p) 'Abgaben und Dienste in der ostdeutschen Landwirtschaft von Spätmittelalter bis zur Bauernbefreiung: Bestimmungsgrüunde für die langfristigen Substitutionprozesse,' from E. Schremmer, ed., Steurern, Abgaben und Dienste vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 77-89, with an English summary.

q) 'Ducal Prussia: An Internal Periphery? (16th-18th centuries),' from H.-H. Nolte, ed., Internal Peripheries in European History (Göttigen, 1991), pp. 185-96.

r) 'Englische Reisberichte des 17. Jahrhunderts als Quelle zur Geschichte der königlich-preußischen Städte Danzig, Elbig und Thorn,' from Bernhart Jähnig and Peter Letkemann, eds., Thorn: Königin der Weichsel, 1231 - 1981 (Göttingen, 1981), pp. 197 - 208.

40. Robert Scribner, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. I: 1450 - 1630 (London: Arnold, 1996).

41. Maria Bogucka, 'The Typology of the Polish Towns during the XVIth - XVIIIth Centuries,' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:2 (Fall 1996), 325-37.

42. Dieter Seifert, Holland und die Hanse (Cologne: Bohlau, 1997).

B. London, Bruges, Antwerp and Amsterdam, 14th to 16th Centuries

1. George Unwin, 'The Merchants Adventurers' Company in the Reign of Elizabeth,' in R.H. Tawney, ed. Studies in Economic History: The Collected Papers of George Unwin (London, 1927), pp. 133-220.

2. J.A. Van Houtte, 'La genèse du grande marché international d'Anvers à la fin du moyen âge,' Revue belge de philologie et d'historie, 19 (1940), 87-126.

3. Oskar De Smedt, De engelse natie te Antwerpen in de 16e eeuw (Antwerp, 1950), in 2 vols. On the English trade at Antwerp, 1496-1572.

4. F.J. Fisher, 'Commercial Trends and Policy in Sixteenth-Century England,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 1 (1940); reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1952), Vol. I, pp. 152-72.

5. Etienne Sabbe, Anvers: métropole de l'occident, 1492-1566 (Brussels, 1952).

6 S.T. Bindoff, 'The Greatness of Antwerp,' New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. II: The Reformation (Cambridge, 1958), pp. 50-69.

7. Wilfrid Brulez, 'L'exportation des Pays-Bas vers l'Italie par voie de terre au milieu du XVIe siècle,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 14:3 (juillet-september 1959), 461-91.

8. J.A. Van Houte, 'Anvers aux XVe et XVIe siecle,' Annales: E.S.C. 16 (1961), 248-78.

* 9. Herman Van der Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Markeet and the European Economy, fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, II (The Hague, 1963), Part I, chapters 2-5.

10. John Munro, 'Bruges and the Abortive Staple in English Cloth: An Incident in the Shift of Commerce to Antwerp in the Late Fifteenth Century,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 44 (1966), 1137-59.

11. Wilfred Brulez, 'Le Commerce international des Pays-Bas au XVIe siècle,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 46 (1968), 1205-21; reprinted as 'The International Trade of the Low Countries in the Sixteenth Century,' in Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 4 (1970).

13. J.H. Munro, 'An Economic Aspect of the Collapse of the Anglo-Burgundian Alliance, 1428-1442,' English Historical Review, 85 (1970), 225-44.

14. Wilfred Brulez, 'Bruges and Antwerp in the 15th and 16th Centuries: An Antithesis?' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 6 (1973), 1-26.

15. J.H. Munro, Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian Trade, 1340-1478 (Brussells & Toronto, 1973).

16. Ralph Davis, 'The Rise of Antwerp and Its English Connection, 1405-1510,' in D.C. Coleman, A.H. John, eds., Trade, Government and Economy in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1976), pp. 2-20.

* 17. J.A. Van Houtte, An Economic History of the Low Countries, 800-1800 (London, 1977), Part III: 'The Golden Age of Antwerp and Amsterdam, 1400-1670,' pp. 123-226.

18. Herman Van der Wee and Ian Blanchard, 'The Habsburgs and the Antwerp Money market: the Exchange Crises of 1521 and 1522-23,' in Ian Blanchard, Anthony Goodman, and Jennifer Newman, eds., Industry and Finance in Early Modern History: Essays Presented to George Hammersley on the Occasion of his 74th Birthday, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Beheift series no. 98 (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1992).

19. Herman Van der Wee and Jan Materné, 'Antwerp as a World Market in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' in J. Van der Stock, ed., Antwerp Story of a Metropolis, 16th - 17th Century, Antwerp 93, Hessenhuis 25 June - 10 October 1993 (Gent: Snoeck-Ducaju en Zoon, 1993), pp. 19-31. Republished in German translation as: 'Antwerpen als internationaler Markt im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,' in Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Frauke Schönert-Röhlk, and Günther Schulz, eds., Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Unternehmen: Festschrift für Hans Pohl zum 60. Geburtstag, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 120 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995), pp. 47-99.

20. Wim Blockmans, 'Aux origines des foires d'Anvers,' in Philippe Contamine, Thierry Dutour, and Bertrand Scherb, eds., Commerce, finances et société (XIe-XVIIe siècles): Recueil de travaux d'histoire médiévale offer à M. le Professeur Henri Dubois, Cultures et Civilisatons Médiévales, no. 9 (Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1993), pp. 21-26.

21. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Antwerpen: Steuerungszentrum des Europäischen Handels und Metropole der Niederlande im 16. Jahrhundert,' in Bernhard Sicken, ed., Herrschaft und Verfassungsstrukturen im Nordwesten des Reiches: Beiträge zum Zeitalter Karls V: Franz Petri zum Gedächtnis (1903-1993) (Cologne-Weimar-Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1994), pp. 1-18.

22. Charles Vanderbroeck, 'Macro-History in Flanders: A Reconstruction of the Gross Regional Product around 1560,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:2 (Fall 1998), 359-65.

23. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

C. General Studies on the Netherlands and Rise of Dutch Commercial Power:

* 1. Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585 - 1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). Chiefly after this period; but read the introductory chapters.

2. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labour Market (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993).

3. Edwin Horlings and Ronald van der Bie, 'Dutch Economic Development and International Trade: A Small Open Economy in an Ever Changing World,' in Michael North, ed., Nordwesteuropa in der Weltwirtschaft, 1750 - 1950/ Northwestern Europe in the World Economy, 1750 - 1950, Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, vol. 54 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1993), pp. 129-61.

** 4. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

5. Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

6. Karel Davids and Jan Lucassen, eds., A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

7. Marjolein 't Hart, Joost Jonker, and Jan Luiten Van Zanden, eds., A Financial History of the Netherlands (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

8. Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

C. Dutch Agriculture and Agrarian Society: the Foundations of Commercial Expansion

1. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, 'Agriculture in the Low Countries,' Relazioni de X congreso internazionale di scienze storiche, 4 (1955), 169-203.

* 2. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, 'The Rise of Intensive Husbandry in the Low Countries,' in J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossman, eds., Britain and the Netherlands, Vol. I (London, 1960), pp. 130-55.

** 3. Jan De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven, 1974), Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 7, especially pp. 119-73 (in Chapter 4, 'Transformation of the Rural Economy').

4. Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries (1250-1800), Leuven: University Press, 1978.

(a) Herman Van der Wee, 'The Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by the Tithe and Rent Statistics, 1250-1800,' pp. 1-24.

(b) Eddy Van Cauwenberghe and Herman Van der Wee, 'Productivity, Evolution of Rents, and Farm Size in the Southern Netherlands Agriculture from the 14th to the 17th Century,' pp. 125-62.

5. David B. Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1980), chapter 12: 'Holland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 147-62.

6. H. K. Roessingh, 'Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study of the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants,' The Low Countries History Yearbook, 11 (1978), 18-54.

7. J. Bieleman, 'Rural Change in the Dutch Province of Drenthe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' The Agricultural History Review, 33 (1985), 105-17.

8. Leo Nordgraaf, ed., Agrarische geschiedenis van Nederland van prehistorie te heden (The Hague, 1986).

9. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers, Een middeleeuwse samenleving: het land van Heusden, ca. 1460 - ca. 1515 (Wageningen, 1992).

10. H.K.F. Van Nierop, The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500 - 1650, trans. Maarten Ultee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

11. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

12. Arie Van Duersen, 'Autobiography in a Dutch Village,' Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 1:2 (May 1997), 107-23.

D. The Herring Fisheries: the Germans and the Dutch

* 1. Richard Unger, 'The Netherlands Herring Fishery in the Late Middle Ages: The False Legend of Willem Beukels of Biervliet,' Viator, 9 (1978), 335-56; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

* 2. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Herring Technology and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 40: 2 (June 1980), 335-56; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

3. Johannes Lepiksaar, 'Fisheries, Marine,' in Joseph R. Strayer, et al, eds., Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 13 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons-MacMillan, 1982-89), Vol. V (1985), pp. 66-73.

4. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

E. Shipping and Shipbuilding: The Rise of Dutch Martime Power

* 1. Violet Barbour, 'Dutch and English Merchant Shipping in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 1st Ser. 2 (1930); reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 227-53.

2. Ralph Davis, 'Merchant Shipping in the Late Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd Ser. 9 (1956), 59-73.

3. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Ship Carpenters' Guilds, c.1400 to c.1600,' Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Zeegeschiedenis, 24 (1972), 5-11; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

* 4. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Ship Design in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Viator, 4 (1973), 387-412.

5. Richard Unger, 'Selling Dutch Ships in the Sixteenth Century,' Maritime History, 3 (1973), 125-46; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

6. Richard Unger, 'Regulations of Dutch Shipcarpenters in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 87 (1974), 503-20.

7. Richard Unger, 'Technology and Industrial Organization: Dutch Shipbuilding to 1800,' Business History, 17 (1975), 56-72.

8. Richard Unger, 'Four Dordrecht Ships of the Sixteenth Century,' The Marriner's Mirror, 61 (1975), 109-16; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

9. Richard Unger, 'Wooden Shipbuilding at Dordrecht,' Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Verenigen voor Zeegeschiedenis, 30 (1975), 5-19; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

10. Richard Unger, 'Wooden Shipbuilding in Zeeland,' Zeeuws Tijdschrift, 26:4/5 (1976), 1-6; republished as in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

11. Richard Unger, Dutch Shipbuilding Before 1800: Ships and Guilds (Van Gorcum, 1978).

12. Richard Unger, 'Scheepvaart in de Noordelijke Nederlanden, 1490-1580,' J.A. Van Houtte, et al, eds., Nieuwe algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, VII (Haarlem, 1979), 1-18; republished as 'Shipping in the Northern Netherlands' in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

13. Richard Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600-1600 (London and Montreal, 1980), Chapters 5 and 6.

14. Richard Unger, 'Admiralties and Warships of Europe and the Mediterranean, 1000 - 1500,' in R. W. Love, ed., Changing Interpretations and New Sources of Naval History (New York: Garland, 1980), 34-44; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

15. Richard Unger, 'Regulation and Organization of Seamen in the Netherlands and Germany Before the Industrial Revolution,' in Seamen in Society: Proceedings of the International Commission of Maritime History, Perthes-en-Gâtinais (Bucharest, 1980), 66-74; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

• 16. Richard Unger, 'Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe,' Technology and Culture, 22 (1981), 233-52; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

17. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Shipbuilding and International Competition in the Golden Age,' History Today, 31 (April 1981), 16-21.

18. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Design Specialization and Building Methods in the Seventeenth Century,' in C.O. Cederlund, ed., Post-medieval Boat and Ship Archaeology, British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, 1985), 153-64; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

19. Richard Unger, 'Design and Construction of European Warships in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' in M. Accera, J. Merino, and J. Meyer, eds., Les marine de guerre europénnes XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1986), 21-34; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

20. Richard Unger, 'Portuguese Shipbuilding and the Early Voyages to the Guinea Coast,' in Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira Da Mota In Memoriam, Vol. I (Lisbon: Academia de Marinha & Instituto de Investgaçao Cientifica Tropical, 1987), 229-49; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

21. Richard Unger, 'The Technical Development of Shipbuilding and Government Policies in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Atti del V Convegno Internazionale di Studi Colombiani navi e navigazioni nei secoli XV e XVI (Genoa: Civico Istituto Colombiano, 1990), 199-211; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

22. Richard Unger, 'Maritime Paintings and the History of Shipbuilding: Dutch and Flemish Works as a Source of Research,' in Jan de Vries and D. Friedburg, eds., Art in History/History in Art, Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities (Santa Monica, 1991), 74-93; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

23. Richard Unger, 'The Tonnage of Europe's Merchant Fleets, 1300-1800,' The American Neptune, 52:4 (1992), 247-61; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

24. Richard Unger, 'Northern Ships and the Late Medieval Economy: Columbus and the Medieval Maritime Tradition,' The American Neptune, 53:4 (1993), 247-53; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

25. Richard Unger, 'The Fluit: Specialist Cargo Vessels, 1500 - 1650,' in The Ship, Vol. III: Cogs, Caravels and Galleons (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1994), pp. 115-30.

26. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

F. The Industrial Netherlands: Textiles, Brewing, Other Manufacturing Industries, and Labour

1. Nicolaas W. Posthumus, Geschiedenis van de leidsche lakenindustrie, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1908-39). The classic study.

2. Charles Wilson, 'Cloth Production and International Competition in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 13 (1960), 209-21, reprinted in his Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), pp. 94-113.

3. Kenneth Ponting, 'Sculptures and Paintings of the Textile Processes at Leiden,' Textile History, 5 (1974), 128-51. Also contains some history of the Leiden cloth industry.

* 4. T.S. Jansma, 'L'industrie lainière des Pays-Bas du Nord, et specialement celle de Holland, XIVe-XVIIe siècles: production, organisation, exportation,' in Marco Spallanzi, ed., Produzione, commercio e consumo dei panni di lana (Florence, 1976), pp. 51-56.

5. Dick De Boer, Graaf en grafiek: sociale en economische ontwikkelingen in het middeleeuwse 'Noordholland' tussen 1345 en 1415 (Leiden, 1978).

6. H.P.H. Jansen, 'Holland's Advance,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 1-19.

7. Richard Unger, 'The Dutch Coal Trade in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Zeegeschiedenis, 43 (1981), 6-14; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

7. Robert DuPlessis and Martha Howell, 'Reconsidering the Early Modern Urban Economy: The Cases of Leiden and Lille,' Past and Present, no. 94 (Feb. 1982), 49-84.

8. Richard Unger, 'Energy Sources for the Dutch Golden Age: Peat, Wind, and Coal,' Research in Economic History, 9 (1984), 221-53.

9. Martha Howell, Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986). Several chapters on the Leiden textile industries.

10. Richard Unger, 'Brewing in the Netherlands and the Baltic Grain Trade,' in W.G. Heeres, L.M. Hesp, L. Noordegraaf, and R.C. Van der Voort, eds., From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honor of J.A. Faber on the Occasion of His Retirement as Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Amsterdam (Hilversum, 1988), pp. 429-46.

11. Richard Unger, 'The Trade in Beer to Medieval Scandinavia,' Deutsches Shiffahrtsarchiv, 11 (1988), 249-58.

* 12. Herman Van der Wee, 'Industrial Dynamics and the Process of Urbanization and De-Urbanization in the Low Countries from the Late Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century: A Synthesis,' in Herman Van der Wee, ed., The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and in the Low Countries: Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988), pp. 307-81.

13. Richard Unger, 'Grain, Beer and Shipping in the North and Baltic Seas,' in C. Villain-Gandossi, S. Busuttil and P. Adam, eds., Medieval Ships and the Birth of Technological Societies, Vol. I (Malta: Foundation for International Studies, 1989), 121-35; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

14. Hanno (A.J.) Brand, 'Crisis, beleid en differentiatie in de laat-middeleeuwse Leidse lakennijverheid,' in J.K.S. Moes and B.M.A. De Vries, eds., Stof uit het Leidse verleden: zeven eeuwen textielnijverheid (Leiden: Uitgeverij Matrijs, 1991), pp. 53-65, 201-05.

15. Ian Blanchard, 'Northern Wools and Netherlands Markets at the Close of the Middle Ages,' Studies in Economic and Social History Discussion Papers, Department of Economic and Social History, University of Edinburgh, no. 92-3 (1992). Paper presented to the Third Mackie Symposum for Historical Study of Scotland's Overseas Links, University of Aberdeen, 19-21 September 1992. To be published in Ian Blanchard, ed., Scotland and the Low Countries: 800 Years of North Sea Contacts.

16. Hanno Brand, 'A Medieval Industry in Decline: The Leiden Drapery in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century,' in Marc Boone and Walter Prevenier, eds., La draperie ancienne des Pays: débouchés et stratégies de survie (14e - 16e siècles)/ Drapery Production in the late medieval Low Countries: Markets and Strategies for Survival (14th-16th Centuries), Studies in Urban Social, Economic and Political History of the Medieval and Modern Low Countries (Leuven/Appeldorn: Garant, 1993), pp. 121-49.

17. John H. Munro, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship in the Late-Medieval Low Countries: Urban Draperies, Fullers, and the Art of Survival,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 377-88.

18. Jan de Vries, 'An Employer's Guide to Wages and Working Conditions in the Netherlands, 1450 - 1850,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: the Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe/Horaires de travail et modes de paiement: l'évolution des conventions dans l'Europe pré-industrielle, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B.3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 47-64.

19. John H. Munro, 'Urban Wage Structures in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries: Work-Time and Seasonal Wages,' in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentienth Centuries, (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 65-78.

20. John H. Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 442 (London, 1994).

* 21. 'Anglo-Flemish Competition in the International Cloth Trade, 1340 - 1520,' in Jean- Marie Cauchies, ed., L'Angleterre et les pays bas bourguignonnes: relations et comparaisons, XVe - XVIe siècle [Rencontres d'Oxford (septembre 1994), annual issue of Centre Européen d'Études Bourguignonnes, 35 (1995)], pp. 37-60.

22. Richard Unger, 'The Scale of Dutch Brewing, 1350 - 1600,' Research in Economic History, 15 (1995), 261-92.

23. Karel Davids, 'Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:2 (Fall 1995), 333-48.

24. Erik Aerts, Het bier van Lier: De economische ontwikkeling van de bierindustries in een middelgrote Brabantse stad: einde 14de - begin 19de eeuw, Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België: Klasse der Letteren Jaargang 58, 1996, no. 161 (Brussels: Paleis der Academiën, 1996).

25. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

26. Negley B. Harte, ed., The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300 - 1800, Pasold Studies in Textile History, Vol. 10 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).

a) Patrick Chorley, 'The Evolution of the Woollen, 1300 - 1700,' pp. 7-34

b) John Munro, 'The Origin of the English 'New Draperies': The Resurrection of an Old Flemish Industry, 1270 - 1570,' pp. 35-127.

c) Robert S. Duplessis, 'One Theory, Two Draperies, Three Provinces, and a Multitude of Fabrics: the New Drapery of French Flanders, Hainaut, and the Tournaisis, c.1500 - c.1800,' pp. 129-72.

d) Leo Noordegraaf, 'The New Draperies in the Northern Netherlands, 1500 - 1800,' pp. 173-196.

e) Martha C. Howell, 'Woman's Work in the New and Light Draperies of the Low Countries,' pp. 197-216.

27. Carla Rahn Phillips and William D. Phillips, Spain's Golden Fleece: Wool Production and the Wool Trade from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1997).

28. John Munro, 'The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1280 - 1570,' The Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 3/1 (February 1999): 1-73.

G. Holland Under Habsburg Rule, The Revolt of the Netherlands, and the Dutch Republic, 1506 - 1648

1. S.T. Bindoff, The Scheldt Question to 1839 (London, 1945).

2. Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London, 1960).

* 3. Herman Van der Wee, 'The Economy as a Factor in the Revolt in the Southern Netherlands,' Actae Historia Neerlandicae, 5 (1971), 52-67; reprinted in Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World (London, Variorium, 1993), pp. 264-78.

4. James D. Tracy, A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515 - 1565 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).

5. Robert S. DuPlessis, Lille and the Dutch Revolt: Urban Stability in an Era of Revolution, 1500 - 1582 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

6. James D. Tracy, Holland Under Habsburg Rule, 1506 - 1566: The Formation of a Body Politic (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).

7. H.F.K. Van Nierop, The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500 - 1650, trans. Maarten Ultee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

8. Marjolein C. Hart, The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1993).

9. Karel Davids, 'Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:2 (Fall 1995), 333-48.

10. Karel Davids and Jan Lucassen, eds., A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

11. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

H. The Dutch Economy in the 16^th, 17^th, and early 18^th Centuries: the Era of the 'Golden Age' and of Commencement of 'Economic Decline'

* 1. Violet Barbour, 'Dutch and English Merchant Shipping in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 1st Ser. 2 (1930); reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 227-53.

2. J.G. Van Dillen, 'The Bank of Amsterdam,' in J.G. Van Dillen, ed.,  The History of the Principal Public Banks (The Hague, 1934; reprinted in 1964), pp. 79-124.

3. Charles Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce and Finance in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1941; rev. ed. New York) pp. 16-27, 167-204.

4. Aksel Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Baltic About 1600: Studies in the Sound Toll Registers and Dutch Shipping Records (Copenhagen, 1941), pp. 17-24, 34-48, 401-21.

5. S.T. Bindoff, The Scheldt Question to 1839 (London, 1945).

* 6. Violet Barbour, Capitalism in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century (Baltimore, 1950), chapter 7: 'Characteristics of Amsterdam Capitalism,' pp. 130-42.

7. Eli Heckscher, Economic History of Sweden (Cambridge, Mass. 1954).

* 8. Ralph Davis, 'Merchant Shipping in the Late Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 9 (1956), 59-73.

9. Charles Wilson, Profit and Power: The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1957).

10. W.S. Unger, 'Trade Through the Sound in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd Ser. 12 (1959).

11. Charles Wilson, 'Cloth Production and International Competition in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 13 (1960), 209-21, reprinted in his Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), pp. 94-113.

12. J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossman, eds., Britain and the Netherlands, 4 vols. (London, 1960-71).

13. D.W. Davies, A Primer of Dutch Seventeenth-Century Overseas Trade (London, 1961), Chapters 1, 2, 6, 8, and 16. Easily read, but generally superficial, lacking in analysis. Chapter 1 on the herring fisheries, however, is worth reading.

14. Pieter Geyl, The Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century, 1609-1648 (London, 1961), especially Chapter 3.

15. Birgitta Oden, 'A Netherlands Merchant in Stockholm in the Reign of Erik XIV,' Scandinavian Economic History Review, 10 (1962).

16. George Masselman, The Cradle of Colonialism (1963), pp. 1-61.

* 17. J.A. Faber, 'The Decline of the Baltic Grain Trade in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century,' A.A.G. Bijdragen, 9 (1963); reprinted in Acta Historiae Neerlandica, 1 (1966), 108-31.

18. Charles Wilson, England's Apprenticeship, 1603-1763 (London, 1965), chapter 13: 'Trade, Policy, and War,' pp. 263-87.

19. C.R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (London, 1965), Chapters 1-3, pp. 1-83 in particular. See also chapter 10: 'The 'Golden Century' and the 'Periweg Period', pp. 268-94, which has been republished as: 'The Dutch Economic Decline,' in Carlo Cipolla, ed., The Economic Decline of Empires (London, 1970), pp. 253-63.

* 20. Ivo Schöffer, 'Did Holland's Golden Age Coincide with a Period of Crisis?' Acta Historiae Neerlandica, 1 (1966), 82-107 [translated from the original Dutch article appearing in Bijdragen en mededelingen van het historisch genootschap, 78 (1964), 45-72]. English version reprinted in Geoffrey Parker and L.M. Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978), pp. 83-111.

21. Jellie C. Riemersma, Religious Factors in Early Dutch Capitalism, 1550-1650 (1967).

22. Charles Wilson, The Dutch Republic and the Civilization of the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1968), chapter 13: 'Decline', pp. 230-44.  A good summary.

** 23. Charles Wilson, 'Taxation and the Decline of Empires:  An Unfashionable Theme,' in Charles Wilson, Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (1969), pp. 114-27. Published for the first time in this volume; but first presented as a lecture to the Historical Assocation at Utrecht, 2 Nov. 1962.

24. J.G. Van Dillen, Van rijkdom en regenten: handboek tot de economische en sociale geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek (The Hague, 1970). Chapter 23 has been translated and arranged by Alice Carter and Sytha Hart, as 'Economic Fluctuations and Trade in the Netherlands, 1650-1750,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (London, 1970), pp. 199-211.

25. K.H.D. Haley, The Dutch in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1972), chapter 3, 'The Beginnings of the Decline?', pp. 175-93.

26. Herbert H. Rowen, ed., The Low Countries in Early Modern Times: A Documentary History (New York, 1972), especially Section VII.

* 27. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973): Chapter 11, 'Rise of the Dutch Commercial Empire,' pp. 176-93.

* 28. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Ship Design in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Viator, 4 (1973), 387-412.

29. Richard Unger, 'Selling Dutch Ships in the Sixteenth Century,' Maritime History, 3 (1973), 125-46.

** 29. Jan De Vries, 'On the Modernity of the Dutch Republic,' Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 191-202.

* 30. Maria Bogucka, 'Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd Ser. 26 (1973), 433-47.

31. Artur Attman, The Russian and Polish Markets in International Trade, 1500-1650 (Goteborg, 1973), pp. 119-88.

32. Peter Burke, Venice and Amsterdam: A Study of Seventeenth-Century Elites (London, 1974), pp. 48-61, 101-04.

* 33. J.G. Van Dillen, 'Economic Fluctuations and Trade in the Netherlands, 1650-1750,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (London, 1974), pp. 199-211. Translation, by Alice Carter and Sytha Harte, of chapter 23 of Van rijkdom en regenten: handboek tot de economische en sociale geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek (The Hague, 1970).

34. Niels Steensgaard, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade (London, 1974), Chapters 3, 4, and 10. (Factually very useful, but boring).

* 35. Jan De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven, 1974), Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 7, especially pp. 119-73 (in Chapter 4, 'Transformation of the Rural Economy').

36. Richard Unger, 'Regulations of Dutch Shipcarpenters in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 87 (1974), 503-20.

37. Richard Unger, 'Technology and Industrial Organization: Dutch Shipbuilding to 1800,' Business History, 17 (1975), 56-72.

38. Alice Clare Carter, Getting, Spending, and Investing in Early Modern Times: Essays on Dutch, English, and Huguenot Economic History (Assen, 1975).  Especially essays nos. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, and 12.

* 39. Frederick Krantz and Paul M. Hohenberg, eds., Failed Transitions to Modern Industrial Society:  Renaissance Italy and Seventeenth-Century Holland (Montreal, Interuniversity Centre for European Studies, 1975).

(a) David Ormrod, 'Dutch Commercial and Industrial Decline and British Growth in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 36-43.

(b) K.W. Swart, 'Holland's Bourgeoisie and the Retarded Industrialization of the Netherlands,' pp. 44-48.

(c) E.H. Kossmann, 'Some Meditations on Dutch Eighteenth-Century Decline,' pp. 49-54.

(d) Commentaries by Jan De Vries, K.H.D. Haley, J.W. Smit, D. Ormrod, K.W. Swart, and E.H. Kossmann, pp. 55-68.

* 40. Simon Schama, 'The Exigencies of War and the Politics of Taxation in the Netherlands, 1795-1810,' in J.M. Winter, ed., War and Economic Development:  Essays in Memory of David Joslin (London, 1975), pp. 103-38.

41. J.A. Van Houtte, An Economic History of the Low Countries, 800-1800 (London, 1977), Part Four: 'Towards a New Equilibrium, 1670-1800', pp. 257-318, esp. pp. 270-96.

42. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History 1500-1800 (London, 1977), Chapter 4, 'The Low Countries,' pp. 81-114.

43. Richard Unger, Dutch Shipbuilding Before 1800: Ships and Guilds (Gorcum, 1978).

44. Peter Jansen, 'Poverty in Amsterdam at the Close of the Eighteenth Century,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 98-114.

45. H. K. Roessingh, 'Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study of the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants,' The Low Countries History Yearbook, 11 (1978), 18-54.

46. Jan De Vries, 'An Inquiry into the Behaviour of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands, 1580-1800,' Acta Historia Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 79-97. Reprinted in Maurice Aymard, ed., Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (1982), pp. 37-62.

47. Jan De Vries, 'Barges and Capitalism: Passenger Transportation in the Dutch economy, 1632 - 1839,' Afdeling agrarische geschiedenis bijdragen (Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen), 21 (1978), 33 - 398. Republished as a monograph, as Barges and Capitalism: Passenger Transportation in the Dutch Economy, 1632-1839 (Utrecht, 1981).

48. Fernand Braudel, Le temps du monde (Paris: Libraire Armand Colin, 1979). Translated by Sian Reynolds and republished as Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (New York, 1984): chapter 3, 'The City-Centred Economies of the Past: Amsterdam,' pp. 175 - 279. ('On the Decline of Amsterdam,' pp. 266-79).

49. Artur Attman, The Struggle for Baltic Markets: Powers in Conflict (Goteborg, 1979).

50. David B. Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1980), chapter 12: 'Holland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 147-62.

51. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, 'Dutch Hegemony in the Seventeenth-Century World-Economy,' pp. 36-73. Reprinted in Maurice Aymard, ed., Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (1982), pp. 93 - 146; see also (in Wallerstein) chapter 3, 'Struggle in the Core-- Phase II: 1689 - 1763,' pp. 244 - 89.

* 52. James Riley, International Government Finance and the Amsterdam Capital Market, 1740-1815 (Cambridge University Press, 1980).

* 53. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), 353-80.

54. Maria Bogucka, 'The Role of Baltic Trade in European Development from the XVIth to the XVIIIth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 5-20.

55. Jan De Vries, Barges and Capitalism: Passenger Transportation in the Dutch Economy, 1632 - 1839 (Utrecht, 1981).

56. Dietmar Rothermund, Asian Trade and European Expansion in the Age of Mercantilism, Perspectives in History, Vol.I (New Delhi: Manohar, 1981).

57. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Shipbuilding and International Competition in the Golden Age,' History Today, 31 (April 1981), 16-21.

58. Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606 - 1661 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).

* 59. Maurice Aymard, ed.,  Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (Cambridge University Press, 1982).  A collection of essays by various scholars:

(a) Jean-Claude Boyer, 'Le capitalisme hollandais et l'organisation de l'espace dans les Provinces-Unies,' pp. 13-22.

(b) B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, 'The Economic Situation in the Dutch Republic during the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 23-36.

(c) Jan De Vries, 'An Inquiry into the Behavior of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands from 1580 to 1800,' pp. 37-62.

(d) Peter Klein, 'Dutch Capitalism and the European World-Economy,' pp. 75-92.

(e) Immanuel Wallerstein, 'Dutch Hegemony in the Seventeenth-Century World-Economy,' pp. 93-146.

(f) Pierre Jeannin, 'Les interdépendances économiques dans le champ d'action européen des Hollandais, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle,' pp. 147-70.

(g) Charles Carrier, 'Image du capitalisme hollandais au XVIIIe siècles: le miroir marseillais,' pp. 171-96.

(h) Ivo Schöffer and F.S. Gasstra, 'The Import of Bullion and Coin into Asia by the Dutch East India Company in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 215-34.

(i) Niels Steensgaard, 'The Dutch East India Company as an Institutional Innovation,' pp. 235-58.

(j) Denys Lombard, 'Le capitalisme hollandais 'vu de l'Est'', pp. 259-72.

60. F.S. Gaastra, 'The Export of Precious Metal from Europe to Asia by the Dutch East India Company, 1602-1795,' in John F. Richards, eds., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, N.C., 1983), pp. 447-76.

61. Artur Attman, Dutch Enterprise in the World Bullion Trade, 1550-1800 (Goteborg, 1983), pp. 17-44, 58-103.

62. Johanna Maria Van Winter, ed., The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic Region, 1400 - 1800 (De Nederlanden en het Oostzeegebied, 1400 - 1800), Het Nederlandsch Economisch-Historisch Archief no. 16 (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1983). See especially the following essays:

a) R. W. Unger, 'The Integration of Baltic and Low Countries Grain Markets, 1400 - 1800,' pp. 1- 10.

b) Michel Morineau, 'Le commerce de la Baltique dans ses rapports avec le commerce hors de la Baltique,' pp. 31 - 42.

c) Maria Bogucka, 'The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century,' pp. 51 -58.

d) K. Newman, 'Anglo-Dutch Commercial Co-operation and the Russia Trade in the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 95 - 104.

e) J.T. Lindblad and P. De Buck, 'Shipmasters in the Shipping Between Amsterdam and the Baltic, 1722 - 1780,' pp. 133-52.

f) C. Ahlström, 'Aspects of Commercial Shipping between St. Petersburg and Western Europe, 1750 - 1790,' pp. 153-60.

g) H. C. Johansen, 'Ships and Cargoes in the Traffic Between the Baltic and Amsterdam in the Late Eighteenth Century,' pp. 161 - 70.

h) W. E. Minchinton and D. Starkey, 'British Shipping, the Netherlands, and the Baltic, 1784 - 1795,' pp. 181 - 92.

* 63. James C. Riley, 'The Dutch Economy After 1650: Decline or Growth?' The Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Winter 1984), pp. 521-70.

** 64. Jan De Vries, 'The Decline and Rise of the Dutch Economy, 1675 - 1900,' in Gary Saxonhouse and Gavin Wright, eds., Technique, Spirit, and Form in the Making of the Modern Economies: Essays in Honor of William N. Parker (Research in Economic History: A Research Annual, Supplement no. 3; Greenwich, Conn., 1984), pp. 149 - 89.

65. Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. 3: The Perspective of the World (trans. Sian Reynolds, New York, 1984), chapter 3, 'The City-Centred Economies of the Past: Amsterdam,' pp. 175 - 279. ('On the Decline of Amsterdam,' pp. 266-79).

66. J. B. Collins, 'The Role of Atlantic France in the Baltic Trade: Dutch Traders and Polish Grain at Nantes, 1625-1675,' Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Fall 1984), 239-89.

67. Woodruff D. Smith, 'The Function of Commercial Centers in the Modernization of European Capitalism: Amsterdam as an Information Exchange in the Seventeenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (Dec. 1984), 985-1005.

68. Richard Unger, 'Energy Sources for the Dutch Golden Age: Peat, Wind, and Coal,' Research in Economic History, 9 (1984), 221-53.

69. Jan De Vries, 'The Population and Economy of the Preindustrial Netherlands ,' The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), 661 - 82.

70. J. Bieleman, 'Rural Change in the Dutch Province of Drenthe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' The Agricultural History Review, 33 (1985), 105-17.

71. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Design Specialization and Building Methods in the Seventeenth Century,' in Carl O. Cederlund, ed., Postmedieval Boat and Ship Archaeology (Oxford: British Archeological Reports, 1985), pp. 153-64.

72. Richard Unger, 'Design and Construction of European Warships in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' in M. Acerra, J. Merino, and J. Meyer, eds., Les marines de guerres européennes, XVII-XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1986), pp. 21-34.

73. Leo Nordgraaf, ed., Agrarische geschiedenis van Nederland van prehistorie te heden (The Hague, 1986).

74. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (London, 1986).

75. Larry Neal, 'The Integration and Efficiency of the London and Amsterdam Stock Markets in the Eighteenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 47 (March 1987), 97 - 115.

76. Herman Van der Wee, ed., The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and in the Low Countries: Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988). For the Low Countries, see Part II:

(a) Jean-Paul Peeters, 'De-Industrialization in the Small and Medium-Sized Towns in Brabant at the End of the Middle Ages. A Case-Study: the Cloth Industry of Tienen,' pp. 165 - 86.

(b) J. Vermaut, 'Structural Transformation in a Textile Centre: Bruges from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century,' pp. 187 - 206.

(c) A.K.L. Thijs, 'Structural Changes in the Antwerp Industry from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 207 - 212.

(d) R. De Peuter, 'Industrial Development and De-Industrialization in Pre-Modern Towns: Brussels from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. A Provisional Survey,' pp. 213 - 40.

(e) Hugo Soly, 'Social Aspects of Structural Changes in the Urban Industries of Eighteenth-Century Brabant and Flanders,' pp. 241 - 60.

(f) Paul M. Klep, 'Urban Decline in Brabant: the Traditionalization of Investments and Labour (1374 - 1806),' pp. 261 - 87.

(g) H. Schmal, 'Patterns of De-Urbanization in the Netherlands between 1650 and 1850,' pp. 287 - 306.

(h) Herman Van der Wee, 'Industrial Dynamics and the Process of Urbanization and De-Urbanization in the Low Countries from the Late Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. A Synthesis,' pp. 307 - 81.

77. Richard Unger, 'Brewing in the Netherlands and the Baltic Grain Trade,' in W.G. Heeres, L.M. Hesp, L. Noordegraaf, and R.C. Van der Voort, eds., From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honor of J.A. Faber on the Occasion of His Retirement as Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Amsterdam (Hilversum, 1988), pp. 429-46.

78. Richard Unger, 'The Trade in Beer to Medieval Scandinavia,' Deutsches Shiffahrtsarchiv, 11 (1988), 249-58.

79. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World Economy, 1730 - 1840s (New York: Academic Press, 1989).

** 80. Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585 - 1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).

81. H. Diedriks, 'Economic Decline and the Urban Elite in Eighteenth-Century Dutch Towns: A Review Essay,' Urban History Yearbook (1989), pp. 78-81.

82. Wantje Fritschy, 'Taxation in Britain, France, and the Netherlands in the Eighteenth Century,' Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, 2 (1990).

83. Johannes M. Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

84. Larry Neal, The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

85. James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). See the following essays:

a) Niels Steensgaard, 'The Growth and Composition of the Long-Distance Trade of England and the Dutch Republic before 1750,' pp. 102 - 52.

b) Paul Butel, 'France, the Antilles, and Europe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Renewals of Foreign Trade,' pp. 153 - 73.

c) Jaap Bruijn, 'Productivity, Profitability, and Costs of Private and Corporate Dutch Ship Owning in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 174 - 94.

d) Larry Neal, 'The Dutch and English East India Companies Compared: Evidence from the Stock and Foreign Exchange Markets,' pp. 195 - 223.

86. Richard Unger and Robert Allen, 'The Depth and Breadth of the Market for Polish Grain, 1500 - 1800,' in J.P.S. Lemmink and HJ.S.A. Van Koningsbrugge, eds., Baltic Affairs: Relations between the Netherlands and North-Eastern Europe, 1500-1800 (Nijmegen, 1990), pp. 1-18.

87. Richard Unger, 'The Technical Development of Shipbuilding and Government Policies in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' in Atti del V Convegno Internazionale di studi Colombiani navi e navigazioni nei secoli XV e XVI (Genoa, 1990), pp. 199-211.

88. Richard Unger, 'Dutch and Flemish Marine Paintings as a Source for Research on the History of Shipbuilding,' in Jan De Vries and D. Friedberg, eds., Art in History/History in Art (Santa Monica, 1991), pp. 75-93.

89. James Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1991). Unlike the previous volume, there are no specific essays on the Dutch; but many of the essays will provide useful general information and ideas for analyzing the Dutch commercial empire in early-modern Europe.

90. Richard Unger, 'The Tonnage of Europe's Merchant Fleets, 1300 - 1800,' The American Neptune, 52:4 (Fall 1992), 247-61.

91. Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World, translated by Lisabeth Fackelman (London, Variorium, 1993). Collected essays.

a) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 3-28. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Vol. II, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 11-37]

b) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From Commercial Capitalism to the Industrial Revolution,' pp. 29-43. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (as Vol II of Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 425-38.]

c) 'Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by Tithe and Rent Statistics, 1250 - 1800,' pp. 47-68. [From Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries, 1250 - 1800 (Leuven, 1978), pp. 1-23.]

d) (with Eddy Van Cauwenberghe) 'Agrarian History and Public Finances in Flanders, 14th to 17th Century,' pp. 69-83. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 28 (1973), 1051-64.]

92. Seten E. Oppers, 'The Interest Rate Effect of Dutch Money in Eighteenth-Century Britain,' The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 25 - 43.

* 93. Jan L. Van Zanden, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labour Market (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993).

94. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, 'Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden in de periode 1500-1570: divergerende ontwikkelingen of voortgaande economische integratie?' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 357-68.

95. Herman Van der Wee and Jan Materné, 'Antwerp as a World Market in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' in J. Van der Stock, ed., Antwerp: Story of a Metropolis, 16th - 17th Century, Antwerp 93, Hessenhuis 25 June - 10 October 1993 (Gent: Snoeck-Ducaju en Zoon, 1993), pp. 19-31.

96. Richard Unger, 'The Fluit: Specialist Cargo Vessels, 1500 - 1650,' in The Ship, Vol. III: Cogs, Caravels and Galleons (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1994), pp. 115-30.

97. Om Prakash, Precious Metals and Commerce: The Dutch East India Company in the Indian Ocean Trade, Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS443 (London and Brookfield, 1994).

97. Johan De Vries, 'On Entrepreneurship in Dutch Banking History, 1800 - 1934,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 419-28.

98. James C. Riley, 'Interest Rates in Antwerp, 1664-1787,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 497-506.

99. Jan De Vries, 'An Employer's Guide to Wages and Working Conditions in the Netherlands, 1450-1850,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: The Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 47-63.

100. E. Aerts, M. Baelde, H. Coppens, H. De Schepper, H. Soly, A.K.L, Thijs, and K. Van Honacker, eds., De centrale overheidsinstellingen van de Habsburgse Nederlanden (1482-1795), 2 vols., Algemeen Rijksarchief en Rijksarchief in de Provinciën, Studia no. 55 (Brussels, 1994).

101. Jan Materné, De prijzenadministratie van de centrale overheid te Brussel tijdens de 18de eeuw: Vlaamse, Brabantse, Noordnederlandse, Engelse, Duitse en Baltische graanprijzen op de Amsterdamse beurs (1767 - 1792), Dienstencentrum en oderzoeksnetwerk: historische statistieken in België: opsporing, inventerisatie, samenstelling, en interpretatie (Brussels: Algemeen Rijksarchief, 1994).

102. J. S. Wheeler, 'English Financial Operations During the First Dutch War, 1652-54,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:2 (Fall 1994), 329-43.

103. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Antwerpen: Steuerungszentrum des Europäischen Handels und Metropole der Niederlande im 16. Jahrhundert,' in Bernhard Sicken, ed., Herrschaft und Verfassungsstrukturen im Nordwesten des Reiches: Beiträge zum Zeitalter Karls V: Franz Petri zum Gedächtnis (1903-1993) (Cologne-Weimar-Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1994), pp. 1-18.

104. Herman Van der Wee and Jan Materné, 'Antwerpen als internationaler Markt im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,' in Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Frauke Schönert-Röhlk, and Günther Schulz, eds., Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Unternehmen: Festschrift für Hans Pohl zum 60. Geburtstag, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 120 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995), pp. 47-99. A German version of no. 95 above.

105. Anne McCants, 'Meeting Needs and Suppressing Desires: Consumer Choice Models and Historical Data,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 26:2 (Autumn, 1995). On Dutch consumer markets in the 17th century.

106. Richard Unger, 'The Scale of Dutch Brewing, 1350-1600,' Research in Economic History, 15 (1995), 261-92.

107. Karel Davids, 'Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:2 (Fall 1995), 333-48.

108. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

109. J.T. Lindblad and F.C. Dufour-Briet, eds., Dutch Entries in the Pound-Toll Registers of Elbing, 1585 - 1700, Rijksgeschiedekundige Publicatiën, Grote Serie no. 225 (The Hague, 1995).

110. Marjolein 't Hart, Joost Jonker, and Jan Luiten Van Zanden, eds., A Financial History of the Netherlands (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

111. Cor Trompetter, Agriculture, Proto-Industry, and Mennonite Entrepreneurship: a History of the Textile Industries in Twente, 1600 - 1815 (Amsterdam: NEHA, 1997).

112. Om Prakash, 'Financing the European Trade with Asia in the Early Modern Period: Dutch Initiatives and Innovations,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:2 (Fall 1998), 331-56.

QUESTIONS:

1. What was the significance of the Baltic Sea region (Scandinavia, East Germany, Poland, and Livonia and Russia), and its commerce, for the economic development of western Europe during the later medieval and early modern eras? How did the relative importance of this region change over these two eras: particularly in terms of grains, lumber and naval stores, and metals (copper and iron)?

2. How did the German Hanseatic League evolve, and how did it gain economic hegemony in the Baltic and North Sea regions? Why were the Low Countries so important for the Hanse; and how did the Hanse influence the economic development of the Low Countries during the later Middle Ages?

3. How, when, and why did both the Dutch and the English begin to challenge Hanse supremacy in the Baltic and North Sea trades? Whom did the Hanse regard as the greater threat -- and why? Did they make the correct assessment?

4. What was the importance of the herring fisheries and trade for both the Germans and the Dutch? How, when, and why did the Dutch wrest supremacy in the herring trades from the Hanseatic Germans?

5. How, when, and why did the Dutch gain supremacy in the Baltic shipping trades, defeating both the Germans and the English?

6. What was the importance of the cloth trade for the North-Sea and Baltic shipping powers: i.e. the Hanse Germans, the English, and the Dutch? What role did the cloth industries of the Low Countries, southern and northern, play in this international cloth trade?

7. How did the Dutch gain supremacy in shipbuilding and shipping? Was the supremacy a cause or consequence of their hegemony in the Baltic trades? Why were the English unable to compete effectively in shipbuilding and shipping until the early 18th century?

8. What were the chief factors responsible for the rise of the Dutch towns to commercial power, from the late 14th century to the Revolt of the Netherlands? Discuss in terms of the following:

(a) Geographic location of Holland and Zeeland, resources, demography, agrarian and social structure.

(b) The herring fisheries.

(c) Commercial relations with the Hanseatic towns, Scandinavia, and the Baltic regions.

(d) Commercial relations with the adjacent Low Countries and England.

(e) Trade in textiles, fish, salt, lumber, grains, and beer.

9. What was the economic significance of the Revolt of the Netherlands, 1568 (or 1572) to the Truce of 1609 with Spain? In what respects did it contribute, directly or indirectly, to the achievement of Dutch commercial and financial hegemony in the 17th century?

10. The Dutch urban mercantile economy: medieval or modern?

11. What factors account for Dutch leadership in banking and finance in the 17th century? How was financial hegemony linked to commercial hegemony?

12. To what extent did Dutch commercial and financial power produce an industrialized economy in the Netherlands?

13. How significant were the government and the States General for the expansion of the Dutch economy: in terms of political and military support of Dutch commercial ventures overseas; of protectionist or 'mercantilist' legislation; of financial policy?

14. Assess the economic significance of the Dutch overseas colonial possessions for the Dutch commercial hegemony in the 17th century: the East Indies, Africa, the Caribbean, and North America. In particular, how were the Dutch able to wrest control of the East Indies empire from the Portuguese?

15. Discuss the role of demographic factors, within Holland itself, and in Europe as a whole in the Dutch economic expansion in the 16th century, and subsequent (relative) decline from the later 17th century.

* Spanish merino wools imported chiefly via Bruges

Table 2.

Table 3.

* 1 Quarter = 8 bushels = 64 gallons of grain = 480 lb. (1 bu. = 60 lb.; 6 x 80 = 480 lb.)

* about 80% on the seaborne Baltic grain exports, on average, was carried in Dutch ships (a higher proportion in the earlier than in the later periods).

Table 4.

Decade By the Dutch By the British Total Silver

East India Co. East India Co. Shipments

1660-69 11,563.1 5,729.6 17,292.70

1670-79 11,854.6 11,364.0 23,218.60

1680-89 18,847.0 29,276.0 48,123.00

1690-99 27,720.9 18,179.0 45,899.90

1700-09 37,392.9 36,294.3 73,687.20

1710-19 37,108.1 41,133.6 78,241.70

A.  Anglo-Dutch Trade in 1697 and 1773:  Values in millions of pounds sterling (£)

Year ENGLISH IMPORTS ENGLISH EXPORTS

Imports Percentage Total Exports Percentage Total

from of Total Imports to Holland of Total Exports

Holland Imports in £ in £ Exports in £

1697 £0.507 14.6% £ 3.483 £1.462 41.5% £ 3.526

1773 £0.412 3.6% £11.407 £1.874 12.7% £14.763

Source:  Charles Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Trade and Finance in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1941), p. 24.

B.  Gregory King's Estimates of Population, Per Capita Income and

Consumption and of Taxation in Holland, England, and France,

in 1695: from 'Naturall and Political Observations' (1696)

Country Population Per Capita Public Per Capita

in Income in Revenues in Taxes in Consumption

Millions £ sterling £ sterling £ sterling £ sterling

HOLLAND 2.240 £8.10 £ 6.900 £3.08 £4.69

ENGLAND 5.450 £7.80 £ 6.500 £1.20 £7.15

FRANCE 13.500 £5.90 £17.500 £1.25 £4.91

Source:  Charles Wilson, 'Taxation and the Decline of Empires: An Unfashionable Theme in Economic History,' in Charles Wilson, Economic History and the Historian (1969), p. 120.

Note that the sum of per capita consumption and per capita taxes exceeds per capita incomes.