University of Toronto http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/

Topics in the Economic and Social History of Later Medieval and Renaissance Europe

The 'Feudal Crises,' Rural 'Embourgeoisement,' The Seigniorial Reaction, and the Beginnings of an Agricultural Revolution

Within each section, all readings are listed in the chronological order of original publication (when that can be ascertained), except for some collections of essays.

A. The Medieval Background and the Later Middle Ages (14th and 15th Centuries)

** 1. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 2 vols. (Oslo, 1931; reissued Paris, 1952 and 1964); reissued in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on its Basic Characteristics, trans. by Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley, Calif. 1966), chapters 1-3, especially pp. 77-101. The whole book is well worth reading.

* 2. Marc Bloch, La société féodale, 2 vols. 1940: in English translation as Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), chapters chapters 4, 11-14, 18-22.

* 3. Marc Bloch, 'The Rise of Dependent Cultivation and Seignorial Institutions,' in J.H. Clapham and Eileen Power, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 1st edn. (Cambridge University Press, 1941), pp. 224-77. Reprinted without change in M. M. Postan, ed., The Cambridge Economic History, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 235-89.

4. Georges Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (trans. Cynthia M. Postan, London, 1962), book III, chapters 2, 4.

5. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850 (1963), pp. 137-50, 160-88.

6. Adriaan Verhulst, 'L'économie rurale de la Flandre et la dépression économique du bas moyen âge,' Etudes rurales, 10 (1963), 68-80.

7. Guy Fourquin, Les campagnes de la région parisienne à la fin du moyen âge (Paris, 1964).

8. M.M. Postan, ed., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1966):

a) Francois Ganshof and Adriaan Verhulst, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in Its Prime: France, the Low Countries, and Western Germany,' pp. 290-339.

b) Léopold Genicot, 'Crisis: From the Middle Ages to Modern Times,' pp. 660-741.

9. Marc Bloch, Seigneurie française et manoir anglais (Cahiers des Annales no. 16, Paris, 1967).

10. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, La formation des prix céréaliers en Brabant et en Flandre au XVe siècle (Brussels, 1975).

11. Guy Bois, La crise du féodalisme (Paris, 1976). Translated into English as: The Crisis of Feudalism: Economy and Society in Eastern Normandy, c. 1300 - 1550 (Cambridge University Press, 1984). See especially Part II, 'The Economic Subjects: Peasants and Lords,' chapters 6 - 9, pp. 135 - 260.

12. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, 'L'evolution des techniques agricoles en Flandre et en Brabant du XIVe au XVIe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 36 (mai-juin 1981), 362 - 81.

B. France: Demography and Population Studies up to the French Revolution

1. Emile Levasseur, La population française, 3 vols. (Paris, 1889-92).

2. M. Reinard, 'La révolution française et le problème de la population,' Population, 1 (1946), 419-27.

3. Louis Chevalier, Démographie générale (Paris, 1951).

4. Jean Bourgeois-Pichat, 'Évolution générale de la population française depuis le XVIIIe siècle,' Population, 6 (1951), 635-62.

5. Jean Bourgeois-Pichat, 'Note sur l'évolution générale de la population française depuis le XVIIIe siècle,' Population, 7 (1952), 319-29.

6. Anita Fage, 'La révolution française et la population,' Population, 8 (1953), 311-38.

7. J. C. Toutain, 'La population de la France de 1700 à 1959,' Cahiers de l'ISEA, ser AF, no. 3 (Jan. 1963).

8. Herbert Moller, ed., Population Movements in Modern European History (London: MacMillan, 1964):

(a) Herbert Moller, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-7.

(b) Herbert Moller, 'Population and Society during the Old Regime, c. 1640 - 1770,' pp. 19-41. [Original contribution.]

9. J. Huber, H. Bunlé, and F. Boverat, La population de la France: son évolution et ses perspectives, 4th edn. (Paris, 1965).

* 10. D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography (London, 1965). See the following essays:

Part I: General

(a) D.V. Glass, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-22.

(b) D.E.C. Eversley, 'Population, Economy, and Society,' pp. 23-69. [Original contribution.]

(c) Louis Chevalier, 'Towards a History of Population,' pp. 7--78. [Reprinted from Population (1946), 245-56.]

(d) K.F. Helleiner, 'The Vital Revolution Reconsidered,' pp. 79-86. [Reprinted from The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 23 (1957), with minor revisions.]

(e) J. Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' pp. 101-46. [Original contribution.]

Part III: Europe and the United States

(a) Louis Henry, 'The Population of France in the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 434 - 56. [Original contribution, translated by Peter Jimack.]

(b) Pierre Goubert, 'Recent Theories and Research in French Population between 1500 and 1700,' pp. 457-473. [Original contribution, translated by Margaret Hilton.]

(c) J. Bourgeois-Pichat, 'The General Development of the Population of France Since the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 474-506. [Reprinted from Population, 6 (1951), 635-62, with statistical appendices from 7 (1952), 319-29.]

(d) J. Meuvret, 'Demographic Crisis in France from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 507-22. [Original contribution, translated by Margaret Hilton.]

11. M. Reinhard, 'Demography, the Economy, and the French Revolution,' in E. Acomb and M. Brown, eds., French Society and Culture Since the Old Regime (New York, 1966).

12. Jacques Dupâquier, 'Sur la population française au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle,' Revue historique, 239 (1968), 43-79. Reissued in English translation as 'French Population in the 17th and 18th Centuries,' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Illinois, 1970), pp. 150-69.

13. M. Reinhard, A. Armengaud, and J. Dupâquier, Histoire générale de la population mondiale (Paris, 1968). Not surprisingly, this volume has a considerable focus on France.

14. Jean-Louis Flandrin, Familles, parenté, maison, et sexualité dans l'ancienne société (Paris, 1976; new edn. 1984). Reissued in English translation as Jean-Louis Flandrin, Sex in the Western World: The Development of Attitudes and Behavior (Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991).

15. Jacques Dupâquier, La population française aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1979);

16. Philippe Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises et de leur attitude devant la vie depuis le XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1979).

17. E. Van de Walle, 'France,' in R. Lee, ed., European Demography and Economic Growth (London, 1979).

** 18. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 39 (December 1979), 865-87.

19. David Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1980), chapter 9, 'France in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 102-14; chapter 14, 'France in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,' pp. 190 - 206.

20. Michel Morineau, Les faux-semblants d'un démarrage économique: agriculture et démographie en France au XVIIIe siècle, Cahiers des Annales no. 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1971).

21. Mary Kilbourne Matossian, 'Mold Poisoning and Population Growth in England and France, 1750-1850,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (Sept. 1984), 669-86. 

22. Michael Anderson, Population Change in North-Western Europe, 1750 - 1850, Studies in Economic and Social History series (London, 1988).

23. John Walter and Roger Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, Cambridge Studies in Population no. 10 (Cambridge, 1989):

(a) John Walter and Roger Schofield, 'Famine, disease and crisis mortality in early modern society,' pp. 1-74.

(b) Jacques Dupâquier, 'Demographic crises and subsistence crises in France, 1650 - 1725,' pp. 189-200.

(c) David Weir, 'Markets and Mortality in France, 1600 - 1789,' pp. 201-34.

(d) Roger Schofield, 'Family structure, demographic behaviour, and economic growth,' pp. 279-304.

24. David Weir, 'Family Income, Mortality, and Fertility on the Eve of the Demographic Transition: A Case Study of Rosny-sous-Bois,' The Journal of Economic History, 55:1 (March 1995), 1-26.

C. The French Economy and French Agriculture in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries (chiefly to 1660): General Surveys

1. Henri Sée, Histoire économique de la France, Vol. I: Le moyen âge et l'Ancien Régime (Paris, 1939).

2. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, Agrarian History of Western Europe (1963), pp. 195-324 (passim).

3. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973), chapter 13: 'France, the Unsteady Giant,' pp. 212-30, esp. pp. 212-20.

4. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European-World Economy (1974), 283-97.

* 5. Jan De Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 (1976), chapter 2: 'The Agrarian Economies on Divergent Paths,' pp. 30-83, esp. pp. 63-74.

6. Jean-Charles Asselain, Histoire économique de la France, 2 vols. (Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1984).

7. Raymond A. Jonas, 'Peasants, Population, and Industry in France,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Autumn 1991), 177-200.

8. David Potter, War and Government in the French Provinces: Picardy, 1470 - 1560 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

9. Philip T. Hoffman, Growth in a Traditional Society: The French Countryside, 1450 - 1815, The Princeton Economic History of the Western World ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

• 10. Patrick K. O'Brien, 'Path Dependency: Or Why Britain Became an Industrialized and Urbanized Economy Long Before France,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:2 (May 1996), 213-49.

D. French Agriculture in the 16th and 17th Centuries, to ca. 1660: Particular Studies in Monographs, Essays, and Journal Articles

** 1. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1st edn. (Oslo, 1931); new edn. in 2 vols. with supplements in Vol. 2 by Robert Dauvergne (Paris: Armand Colin, 1960-1; reissued 1979). Vol. I republished in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics, trans. Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966). See chapters 4-6, but especially chapter 4, pp. 102-49.

* 2. Pierre Goubert, 'The French Peasantry of the Seventeenth Century: A Regional Example,' Past and Present, no. 10 ( Nov. 1956), 55-77; reprinted in T. Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660 (London, 1965), pp. 141-66.

3. Pierre Goubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 à 1730 (Paris, 1960), esp. pp. 599-617, 622 ff.

4. R. Baehrel, Une croissance: la Basse Provence rurale, fin du XVIe siècle - 1789: essai d'économie historique statistique (Paris, 1961), 2 vols.

* 5. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris, 1966), 2 vols. Republished in abridged form in English translation (by John Day) as The Peasants of Languedoc (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1974). See especially Part One, 'Malthusian Renaissance,' chapters 2-5; and Part Four, 'The Depression,' chapters 1 - 5 (pp. 219 - 311).

6. Jean Jacquart, 'La production agricole dans la France du XVIIe siècle,' Le XVIIe siècle (1966), 21-46. Republished in English translation as 'French Agriculture in the Seventeenth Century,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500 - 1800 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 165-84.

7. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Joseph Goy, et al, Les fluctuations du produit dela dîme: conjoncture decimale et domaniale de la fin du moyen âge au XIXe siècle (Paris: Mouton, 1972). Reissued in translation as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Tithe and Agrarian History from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: An Essay in Comparative History (Cambridge, 1982).

8. J.L. Goldsmith, 'Agricultural Specialization and Stagnation in Early Modern Auvergne,' Agricultural History, 47 (1973).

9. Jean Jacquart, La crise rurale en Ile-de-France, 1550-1670 (Paris, 1974).

** 10. Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500 - 1800 (Oxforde: Clarendon Press, 1974):

(a) Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'A Long Agrarian Cycle: Languedoc, 1500 - 1700,' pp. 143-64. From the final chapter of the abridged edition of Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris: Flammarion, 1969); republished in English translation (by John Day) as The Peasant of Languedoc (Chicago, 1974).

(b) Jean Jacquart, 'French Agriculture in the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 164-84. From 'La production agricole dans la France du XVIIe siècle,' Le XVII siècle (1966), 21-46.

11. Armand Wallon, Georges Duby, et al, eds., Histoire de la France rurale, 4 vols. (Seuil-Paris, 1975-76).

* 12. Patricia Croot and David Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared,' Past and Present, no. 78 (Feb. 1978), pp. 37 - 46. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 79-90.

13. J.P. Cooper, 'In Search of Agrarian Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 80 (August 1978), 20-65. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 138-91.

* 14. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 39 (1979), 865-88.

15. David Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1980), chapter 9, 'France in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 102-14.

16. Pierre Goubert, La vie quotidienne des paysans français au XVIIe siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1982). Reissued in English translation as The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

17. J. W. Shaffer, Family and Farm: Agrarian Change and Household Organization in the Loire Valley, 1500 - 1900 (Albany, 1982).

** 18. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Sharecropping and Investment in Agriculture in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1982), 155-60.

* 19. Robert Brenner, 'The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism,' Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), pp. 16- 133, especially section III: 'The Outcome of the Feudal Crisis and Subsequent Patterns of Development.' Reprinted in T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 213-327 (esp. pp. 284-323).

20. Jean-Robert Pitte, Histoire du paysage français, Vol. II: Le Profane: du XVIe siècle à nos jours (Paris, 1983).

* 21. Philip T. Hoffman, 'The Economic Theory of Sharecropping in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (June 1984), 309-20.

* 22. Philip Hoffman, 'Taxes and Agrarian Lands in Early Modern France: Land Sales, 1550-1730,' Journal of Economic History, 46 (March 1986), 37-56.

* 23. T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987): see especially:

(a) Patricia Croot and David Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared,' reprinted from Past and Present, no. 78 (Feb. 1978), pp. 37 - 46.

(b) J.P. Cooper, 'In Search of Agrarian Capitalism,' reprinted from Past and Present, no. 80 (August 1978), 20-65.

(c) Robert Brenner, 'The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism,' reprinted from: Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), pp. 16- 133, especially section III: 'The Outcome of the Feudal Crisis and Subsequent Patterns of Development.'

** 24. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The French Peasantry, 1450 - 1660, trans. Alan Sheridan (Aldershot, 1987).

25. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

26. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Land Rents and Agricultural Productivity: The Paris Basin, 1450 - 1789,' The Journal of Economic History, 51 (December 1991), 771 - 806.

27. Philip T. Hoffman, Growth in a Traditional Society: The French Countryside, 1450 - 1815, The Princeton Economic History of the Western World ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

E. Peasant Unrest in the 17th Century

1. Jean Meuvret, 'Les crises de subsistence et la demographie de la France d'ancien régime,' Population (1946), 643-50.

2. M. Venard, Bourgeois et paysans au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1957).

3. Roland Mousnier, 'Recherches sur les soulèvements populaires en France avant la Fronde,' Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 4 (1958), 88-113.

4. R. Mandrou, 'Les soulèvements populaires et la société française du XVIIe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 14 (1959), 756-65.

5. Boris Porchnev, Les soulèvements populaires en France de 1623 à 1648 (trans. from the Russian, Paris, 1963).

6. L. Bernard, 'Popular Uprisings under Louis XIV,' French Historical Studies, 3 (1964), 454-74.

* 7. Isser Woloch, ed., The Peasantry in the Old Regime: Conditions and Protests (New York, 1970). Contains excerpts, in English translations, of above essays by Goubert, Mandrou, Porchnev, Mousnier, Bernard, and others.

8. Roland Mousnier, Fureurs paysannes: les paysans dans les révoltes du XVIIe siècle: France, Russie, Chine (Paris, 1967). Translated as Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth Century France, Russia, and China (New York, 1971), Part One: France, pp. 3 - 149.

* 9. M.O. Gately, A.L. Moote, and J.E. Wills, 'Seventeenth-Century Peasant 'Furies': Some Problems of Comparative History,' Past and Present, no. 51 (1971), pp. 63-80. A review article of Mousnier's book and other writings on the 17th-century crises.

10. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'Révoltes et contestations rurales en France de 1675 à 1788,' Annales: E.S.C., 29 (1974), 6-22.

* 11. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 39 (1979), 865-88.

12. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

13. James B. Collins, Fiscal Limits of Absolutism: Direct Taxation in Early Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley, 1988).

14. John Walter and Roger Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, Cambridge Studies in Population no. 10 (Cambridge, 1989):

(a) John Walter and Roger Schofield, 'Famine, disease and crisis mortality in early modern society,' pp. 1-74.

(b) Jacques Dupâquier, 'Demographic crises and subsistence crises in France, 1650 - 1725,' pp. 189-200.

(c) David Weir, 'Markets and Mortality in France, 1600 - 1789,' pp. 201-34.

(d) Roger Schofield, 'Family structure, demographic behaviour, and economic growth,' pp. 279-304.

15. Yves-Marie Bercé, History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France, trans. by Amanda Witmore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).

F. French Agriculture in the Later 17th and 18th Centuries: to the French Revolution

1. Georges Lefebvre, Les paysans du Nord pendant la Révolution française (Lille, 1924; new edn. Paris, Armand Colin, 1972).

* 2. Marc Bloch, 'La lutte pour l'individualisme agraire dans la France du XVIIIe siècle,' Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 2 (July 1930), 329-83; and 2 (Oct. 1930), 511-56; republished in his posthumus collection of essays, Mélanges historiques, Vol. II (Paris, 1963).

** 3. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1st edn. (Oslo, 1931); new edn. in 2 vols. with supplements in Vol. 2 by Robert Dauvergne (Paris: Armand Colin, 1960-1; reissued 1979). Vol. I republished in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics, trans. Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966). See chapters 4, pp. 102-49; and chapter 6: 'The Beginnings of the Agricultural Revolution,' pp. 198-234.

4. Ernest Labrousse, La crise de l'économie française à la fin de l'ancien régime et au début de la Révolution (Paris, 1944).

5. D.J. Brandenburg, 'Agriculture in the Encylopédie: An Essay in French Intellectual History,' Agricultural History, 24 (1950), 96-108.

6. Arthur Young, Travels in France, 1787-1789, ed., C. Maxwell (Cambridge, 1950).

7. Albert Soboul, 'The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,' Past and Present, no. 10 (Nov. 1956), 78-95.

* 8. A. Davies, 'The New Agriculture in Lower Normandy, 1750-1789,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 8 (1958), 129-46.

9. Jean-Claude Toutain, Le produit de l'agriculture française de 1700 à 1958, Cahier de l'ISEA no. 115 (Paris, 1961).

* 10. Charles K. Warner, ed., Agrarian Conditions in Modern European History (New York, 1964). See the following essays:

(a) Georges Lefèbvre, 'The Place of the Revolution in the Agrarian History of France,' pp. 79-94. [Reprinted in translation from Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 1 (1929).]

(b) Marc Bloch, 'Past and Present: Survivals in French Agriculture,' pp. 94-97. [From Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rural française, I (Paris, 1960), pp. 243-6.]

11. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'Voies nouvelles pour l'histoire rurale (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle), Etudes rurales, nos. 13-14 (1964), 79-95.

12. Abel Poitrineau, La vie rurale en basse Auvergne au XVIIIe siècle (1726 - 1789), 2 vols. (Paris, 1965).

13. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N, 1966); republished in an abridged version (Paris: Flammarion, 1969). Reissued in English translation as The Peasants of Languedoc, trans. with an introduction by John Day (Chicago, 1974; reissued 1980).

14. Jean Jacquart, 'La production agricole dans la France du XVIIe siècle,' Le XVIIe siècle (1966), 21-46. Republished in English translation as 'French Agriculture in the Seventeenth Century,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500 - 1800 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 165-84.

15. Marcel Faure, Les paysans dans la société française (Paris, 1966).

16. Ernest Labrousse, 'The Evolution of Peasant Society in France,' in E.M. Acomb and M.L. Brown, eds., French Society and Culture Since the Old Regime (New York: 1966).

17. Pierre Leon et al, eds. Structures économiques et problèmes sociaux du monde rural dans la France du Sud-Est (Paris, 1966).

18. Roland Mousnier, Fureurs paysannes: les paysans dans les révoltes du XVIIe siècles: France, Russie, Chine (Paris, 1967). Reissued in English translation as Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France, Russia, and China, trans. Brian Pearce (New York, 1970).

* 19. Michel Morineau, 'Y a-t-il une revolution agricole en France au XVIIIe siècle?' Revue historique, 239 (1968), 299-326. Reissued in translation as 'Was There An Agricultural Revolution in 18th-Century France?' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Ill., 1970), pp. 170-82. 

* 20. Henri Sée, Economic and Social History of France in the Eighteenth Century (1969), chapters 1-4, especially chapter 2. Translation of La France économique et sociale au XVIIIe siècle, new edition, 1969.

* 21. Pierre Goubert, L'ancien régime, 2 vols. (Paris: Armand Colin, 1969-73). Reissued in translation as The Ancien Régime: French Society, 1600-1750, trans. Steve Cox (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973). See chapters 4-5.

** 22. Fernand Braudel and Ernest Labrousse, eds. Histoire économique et sociale de la France, Vol. II: Des derniers temps de l'âge seigneurial aux préludes de l'âge industriel, 1660-1789 (Paris, 1970).

(a) Pierre Goubert, 'Les campagnes françaises,' in Book II, pp. 87-160.

(b) Ernest Labrousse, 'Les bon prix agricoles' and 'L'expansion agricole,' in Part III, chapters 2-3, pp. 367-472.

(c) Ernest Labrousse, 'La repartition sociale de l'expansion agricole,' in Part III, chapter 4, pp. 473-98.

(d) Pierre Goubert, 'La société traditionelle,' in Part IV, 567-600.

23. Isser Woloch, ed., The Peasantry in the Old Régime:  Conditions and Protests (New York, 1970).  Selections from essays or book-chapters by Bloch, Goubert, Mandrou, Mousnier, Bernard, Behrens, Rudé, Palmer, Tilly, and others.

* 24. R. Forster, 'Obstacles to Agricultural Growth in Eighteenth Century France,' American Historical Review, 75 (1970).

25. Michel Morineau, 'La pomme de terre au XVIIIe siècle,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 25 (1970), 1767 - 85.

26. Michel Morineau, Les faux-semblants d'un démarrage économique: agriculture et démographie en France au XVIIIe siècle, Cahiers des Annales no. 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1971).

27. Jean Meuvret, Etudes d'histoire économique (Paris, 1971).

* 28. Tom Kemp, Economic Forces in French History (London, 1971), chapter 1: 'French Agriculture Before the Revolution,' pp. 9-29.

29. Paul Houée, Les étapes du développement rural, 2 vols. (Paris, 1972).

30. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Joseph Goy, et al, Les fluctuations du produit de la dîme: conjoncture decimale et domaniale de la fin du moyen âge au XIXe siècle (Paris: Mouton, 1972). Reissued in translation as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Tithe and Agrarian History from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: An Essay in Comparative History (Cambridge, 1982).

* 31. J.L. Goldsmith, 'Agricultural Specialization and Stagnation in Early Modern Auvergne,' Agricultural History, 47 (1973).

32. Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500 - 1800 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974):

(a) Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'A Long Agrarian Cycle: Languedoc, 1500 - 1700,' pp. 143-64. From the final chapter of the abridged edition of Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris: Flammarion, 1969); republished in English translation (by John Day) as The Peasant of Languedoc (Chicago, 1974).

(b) Jean Jacquart, 'French Agriculture in the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 164-84. From 'La production agricole dans la France du XVIIe siècle,' Le XVII siècle (1966), 21-46.

33. T.J.A. LeGoff and D.M.G. Sutherland, 'The Revolution and the Rural Community in Eighteenth-Century Brittany,' Past and Present, no. 62 (Feb. 1974), 96-119.

34. Georges Duby and Armand Wallon, eds., Histoire de la France rurale, 4 vols. (Paris: Editions Seuil, 1975-76).

35. Jean-Pierre Houssel, ed., Histoire des paysans français du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours (Roanne, 1976; new edn. 1987).

* 36. B. Sexauer, 'English and French Agriculture in the Late 18th Century,' Agricultural History, 50 (July 1976).  An attempt to portray Young's views in statistical terms.

* 37. Patricia Croot and David Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared,' Past and Present, no. 78 (Feb. 1978), pp. 37 - 46. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 79-90.

38. J.P. Cooper, 'In Search of Agrarian Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 80 (August 1978), 20-65. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 138-91.

39. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century (London, 1978), chapter 5, 'Agriculture'.

40. Timothy J. A. LeGoff, Vannes and its Region: A Study of Town and Country in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1981).

41. J. W. Shaffer, Family and Farm: Agrarian Change and Household Organization in the Loire Valley, 1500 - 1900 (Albany, 1982).

42. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Sharecropping and Investment in Agriculture in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1982), 155-60.

43. Robert Brenner, 'The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism,' Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), pp. 16- 133, especially section III: 'The Outcome of the Feudal Crisis and Subsequent Patterns of Development.' Reprinted in T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 213-327 (esp. pp. 284-323).

44. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Tithe and Agarian History from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: An Essay in Comparative History (Cambridge, 1982). See Le Roy Ladurie (1972).

45. Pierre Goubert, La vie quotidienne des paysans français au XVIIe siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1982). Reissued in English translation as The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

* 46. J.L. Goldsmith, 'The Agrarian History of Preindustrial France: Where Do We Go From Here?' Journal of European Economic History, 12 (1983), 175-99.  Has an extensive bibliography.

47. Jean-Robert Pitte, Histoire du paysage français, Vol. II: Le Profane: du XVIe siècle à nos jours (Paris, 1983).

48. Timothy J. LeGoff and Donald M. Sutherland, 'The Social Origins of Counter-Revolution in Western France,' Past & Present, no. 99 (1983), 65 - 87.

49. R.B. Rose, 'The `Red Scare' of the 1790s: The French Revolution and the `Agrarian Law',' Past and Present, no. 103 (May 1984), 113-30.

50. Philip T. Hoffman, 'The Economic Theory of Sharecropping in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (June 1984), 309-20.

51. Philip Hoffman, 'Taxes and Agrarian Lands in Early Modern France: Land Sales, 1550-1730,' Journal of Economic History, 46 (1986), 37-56.

** 52. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The French Peasantry, 1450 - 1660, trans. Alan Sheridan (Aldershot, 1987).

53. P. M. Jones, The Peasantry in the French Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1988).

54. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

55. G. Postel-Vinay, 'A la recherche de la révolution économique dans les campagnes, 1789 - 1815,' Revue économique, 40 (1989), 1015 - 45.

56. Mark Cleary, 'French Agrarian History after 1750: A Review and Bibliography,' The Agricultural History Review, 37 (1989), 65 - 74.

57. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'The Development of Irrigation in Provence, 1700-1860: The French Revolution and Economic Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 50 (Sept. 1990), 615-38.

58. Yves-Marie Berce, History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France (Oxford: B.H. Blackwell, 1990).

59. P. M. Jones, 'The 'Agrarian Law': Schemes for Land Redistribution during the French Revolution,' Past & Present, no. 133 (November 1991), 96-133.

60. Raymond A. Jonas, 'Peasants, Population, and Industry in France,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Autumn 1991), 177-200.

61. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Land Rents and Agricultural Productivity: The Paris Basin, 1450 - 1789,' The Journal of Economic History, 51 (December 1991), 771 - 806.

62. George Grantham, 'The Growth of Labour Productivity in the Production of Wheat in the Cinq Grosses Fermes of France, 1750 - 1929,' in Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, eds., Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 340 - 63..

63. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, The Fruits of Revolution: Property Rights, Litigation, and French Agriculture, 1700 - 1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

64. Jean-Marc Moriceau and Gilles Postel-Vinay, Ferme, enterprise, famille: grande exploitation et changements agricoles, XVIIe - XIXe siècles, Editions de l'École des Hautes Études en Science (Paris, 1992).

65. George W. Grantham, 'Divisions of Labour: Agricultural Productivity and Occupational Specialization in Pre-Industrial France,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:3 (August 1993), 478-502.

66. J.-C. Toutain, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Comment,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 769-73.

67. George W. Grantham, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Reply,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 774-77.

68. Jean-Marc Morineau, Les fermiers de l'Île de France: L'ascension d'un patronat agricole (XVe-XVIIIe siècles) (Paris: Fayard, 1994).

69. Pierre de Saint Jacob, Les paysans de la Bourgogne du Nord au denier siècle de l'Ancien Régime, Association d'histoire des sociétés rurales et éditions universitaires de Dijon (Rennes: 1995).

70. J.M. Chevet, 'National and Regional Corn Markets in France from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries,' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:3 (Winter 1996), 681-704.

71. Philip Hoffman, Growth in a Traditional Society: The French Countryside, 1450 - 1815 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

72. Tom Scott, ed., The Peasantries of Europe: from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (London and New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998).

73. Judith Miller, Mastering the Market: The State and the Grain Trade in Northern France, 1700 - 1860 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

G. The French Economy in the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries: to the French Revolution

1. Emile Levasseur, Histoire des classes ouvrières en France depuis la conquête de Jules César jusqu'à la Révolution, 2 vols. (Paris, 1859).

2. Henri Sée, Economic and Social Conditions in France During the Eighteenth Century, English translation (New York, 1927).  New French edition: La France économique et sociale au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1969).  A classic, but largely outdated by later writings.

3. C. W. Cole, French Mercantilist Doctrines before Colbert (New York, 1931; republished 1969).

4. C. W. Cole, French Mercantilism, 1683 - 1700 (New York: Columbia University Press, l943; reprinted 1965, 1971).

5. C.E. Labrousse, La crise de l'économie française à la fin de l'ancien régime et au début de la Revolution (Paris, 1944).

6. David Landes, 'The Statistical Study of French Crises,' Journal of Economic History, 10 (1950).  A critique of Labrousse (1944).

7. Elinor Barber, The Bourgeoisie in 18th Century France (Princeton, 1955).

8. R.W. Greenlaw, ed., Economic Origins of the French Revolution: Poverty or Prosperity?  (Boston, 1958).

9. Pierre Goubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 à 1730: contribution à l'histoire sociale de la France du XVII siècle, 2 vols. (Paris, 1960; revised edition, 1982).

10. Warren C. Scoville, The Persecution of Huguenots and French Economic Development, 1680 - 1720 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1960).

11. Norman Hampson, A Social History of the French Revolution (London, 1963; reprinted 1979).

* 12. François Crouzet, 'War, Blockade, and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815,' Journal of Economic History, 24 (Dec. 1964), 1567-90.

13. Bernard and Elinor G. Barber, eds., European Social Class:  Stability and Change (New York, 1965):

( (a) Elinor G. Barber, 'The Bourgeois Way of Life in 18th Century France,' pp. 61-74. [Reprinted from Elinor Barber, The Bourgeoisie in 18th Century France (Princeton, 1955).]

(b) M. Reinland, 'Elite and Nobility in the Second Half of 18th Century France,' pp. 91-109. [Reissued in translation from 'Elite et noblesse dans la second moitié du XVIIIe siècle,' Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine (jan-mars 1956).

14. Albert Soboul, La France à la veille de la Revolution, Vol. I: Economie et société (Paris, 1966).

** 15. François Crouzet, 'Angleterre et France au XVIIIe siècle: Analyse comparée de deux croissances économiques,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 21 (1966); reissued in English translation as 'England and France in the Eighteenth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Two Economic Growths,' in both:

(a) R.M. Hartwell, ed., Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England (London, 1967), pp. 139-74.

(b) Marc Ferro, ed., Social Historians in Contemporary France (New York, 1972), pp. 59-86.

* 16. Julian Dent, 'An Aspect of the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: The Collapse of the Financial Administration of the French Monarchy, 1653-1661,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 241-56.

17. Denis Richet, 'Croissance et blocages en France du XVe au XVIIIe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 23 (1968).

* 18. Pierre Goubert, L'ancien régime, 2 vols. (Paris: Armand Colin, 1969-73); reissued in Translation as The Ancien Régime: French Society, 1600-1750, trans. Steve Cox (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973).

** 19. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973):

(a) chapter 17: 'France and England in the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 288-300.

(b) chapter 18: 'France and England: Industrial Growth and Industrial Revolution,' pp. 301-16.

20. Julian Dent, Crisis in Finance: Crown, Financiers and Society in Seventeenth-Century France (Newton Abbot, 1973).

21. T.J. Markowitch, 'La Revolution industrielle: le cas de la France,' Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 52 (1974), 115-25.

22. T.J. Markowitch, 'L'evolution industrielle de la France du XVIIIe siècle,' Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 53 (1975), 266-88.

23. Roger Price, The Economic Modernisation of France, 1730 - 1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1975). Revised and extended as An Economic History of Modern France, 1730 - 1914 (London: MacMillan, 1981).

24. M. Soboul, 'Le choc révolutionnaire, 1789 - 1797,' and 'La reprise économique et la stabilisation sociale 1797 - 1815,' in Fernand Braudel and Ernest Labrousse, eds., Histoire économique et sociale de la France, Vol. III (Paris, 1976), pp. 5 - 64.

25. Peter Mathias and P.K. O'Brien, 'Taxation in Britain and France, 1715-1810: A Comparison of the Social and Economic Incidence of Taxes Collected for the Central Governments,' Journal of European Economic History, 5 (1976), 601-50.

26. P.J. Coveney, ed., France in Crisis, 1620 - 1675 (Totawa, New Jersey, 1977). A collection of essays by Mousnier, Porchnev, and others on French 17th-century history.

27. Colin Heywood, The Cotton Industry in France, 1750-1850: An Interpretative Essay (London, 1977).

28. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History 1500-1800 (London, 1977), Chapter 6, 'France,' pp. 155-89.

29. A. Guéry, 'Les finances de la monarchie française sous l'ancien régime,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 33 (1978), 216-39.

30. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History 1500-1800 (London, 1977), Chapter 6, 'France,' pp. 155-89.

31. D. N. McCloskey, 'A Mismeasurement of the Incidence of Taxation in Britain and France, 1715-1810,' and the reply:

P. Mathias and P.K. O'Brien, 'The Incidence of Taxation and the Burden of Proof,' both in:

Journal of European Economic History, 7 (1978), 209-13.

* 32. N.F.R. Crafts, 'Industrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the Question, `Why Was England First'?'  Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 429-41. See Rostow and Crafts (1978).

33. W.W. Rostow, 'No Random Walk: A Comment on 'Why was England First?''; and N.F.R. Crafts, 'Entrepreneurship and a Probabilistic View of the British Industrial Revolution,' both in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 31 (Nov. 1978), 610-14.

* 34. D.R. Lect and J.A. Shaw, 'French Economic Stagnation, 1700-1960: Old Economic History Revisited,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 8 (1978), 531-14.

35. C. Engrand, 'Concurrences et complémentarités des villes et des campagnes: les manufactures picardes de 1780 à 1815,' Revue du Nord, 61 (1979), 71-7.

36. Roger Price, An Economic History of Modern France, 1730-1914 (London: MacMillan, 1981). This is a revised and extended version of Roger Price, The Economic Modernisation of France, 1730 - 1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1975).

37. Thomas J. Schaeper, The French Council of Commerce, 1700 - 1715: A Study of Mercantilism After Colbert (Columbus, Ohio, 1983).

38. Robert Stein, 'The State of French Colonial Commerce on the Eve of the Revolution,' Journal of European Economic History, 12 (1983), 105-18.

39. Timothy J. LeGoff and Donald M. Sutherland, 'The Social Origins of Counter-Revolution in Western France,' Past & Present, no. 99 (1983), 65 - 87.

40. Pierre Goubert, Les français et l'ancien régime (Paris: Armand Colin, 1984).

** 41. David R. Weir, 'Life Under Pressure:  France and England, 1670-1870,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1984), 27-48.

42. Mary Kilbourne Matossian, 'Mold Poisoning and Population Growth in England and France, 1750-1850,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (Sept. 1984), 669-86.  Related to the previous article.

43. Jean-Charles Asselain, Histoire économique de la France, 2 vols. (Paris, 1984).

* 44. Robert Aldrich, 'Late-Comer or Early-Starter? New Views on French Economic History,' Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Spring 1987), 89 - 100.

45. James Riley, The Seven Years' War and the Old Regime in France: The Economic and Financial Toll (Princeton, 1987).

46. Florion Aftalion, L'économie de la révolution française (Paris, 1987). Reissued in translation as The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation, trans. Martin Thom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

47. James B. Collins, Fiscal Limits of Absolutism: Direct Taxation in Early Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley, 1988).

48. Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, eds., La Révolution française et l'économie: décollage ou catastrophe? (Paris, 1988).

49. Gunther Rothenberg, 'The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 771-93.

50. G. Postel-Vinay, 'A la recherche de la révolution économique dans les campagnes, 1789 - 1815,' Revue économique, 40 (1989), 1015 - 45.

51. David R. Weir, 'Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688 - 1789,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 95 -124.

52. Eugene White, 'Was There a Solution to the Ancien Régime's Financial Dilemma?' Journal of Economic History, 49 (September 1989), 545 - 68.

53. Philip Benedict, ed., Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France (London: Unwin Hyman), 1989.

54. Paul Butel, 'France, the Antilles, and Europe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Renewals of Foreign Trade,' in James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 153 - 73.

55. Wantje Fritschy, 'Taxation in Britain, France, and the Netherlands in the Eighteenth Century,' Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, 2 (1990).

56. Philip Benedict, 'Was the Eighteenth Century an Era of Urbanization in France?' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 21 (Autumn 1990), 179 - 215.

57. Eugene N. White, 'Free Banking during the French Revolution,' Explorations in Economic History, 27 (July 1990), 252-76.

58. Michael Bordo and Eugene N. White, 'A Tale of Two Currencies: British and French Finance During the Napoleonic Wars,' Journal of Economic History, 51 (June 1991), 303-16.

59. Rick Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991).

60. Stuart Wolf, ed., Domestic Strategies: Work and Family in France and Italy, 1600 - 1800 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

61. Hilton L. Root, 'Privilege and the Regulation of the Eighteenth-Century French Trades,' Journal of European Economic History, 20 (Fall 1991), 301 - 48.

62. David R. Weir, 'Les crises économiques et les origines de la Révolution française,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 46:4 (juillet-août 1991), 917-47.

63. Jean-Pierre Hirsch, Les deux rêves du commerce: Enterprise et institution dans la région lilloise (1780 - 1860), École des Hautes Études en Science Sociales (Paris, 1991).

64. Bernard Lepetit, 'Urbanization in Eighteenth-Century France: Comment,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23:1 (Summer 1992), 73 - 85; and Philip Benedict, 'Urbanization in Eighteenth-Century France: Reply,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23:1 (Summer 1992), 87 - 95.

65. Donald C. Wellington, 'The Anglo-French Commercial Treaty of 1786,' Journal of European Economic History, 21:2 (Fall 1992), 325 - 33.

66. Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'Private Credit Markets in Paris, 1690 - 1840,' The Journal of Economic History, 52 (June 1992), 293 - 306.

67. François R. Velde and David R. Weir, 'The Financial Market and Government Debt Policy in France, 1746 - 1793,' The Journal of Economic History, 52 (March 1992), 1 - 39.

68. John Harris, Essays in Industry and Technology in the Eighteenth Century: England and France (Aldershot: Variorum, 1992).

69. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'Credit Markets and Economic Change in Southeastern France, 1603 - 1788,' Explorations in Economic History, 30:2 (April 1993), 129 - 57.

* 70. L. M. Cullen, 'History, Economic Crises, and Revolution: Understanding Eighteenth-Century France,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:4 (November 1993), 635-57.

71. Liana Vardi, The Land and the Loom: Peasants and Profit in Northern France, 1680 - 1800 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993).

72. Jean-Pierre Gross, 'Progressive Taxation and Social Justice in Eighteenth-Century France,' Past & Present, no. 140 (August 1993).

73. Gwynne Lewis, 'Proto-industrialization in France,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:1 (February 1994), 150-65. A review article.

74. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'Rural Credit Markets and Aggregate Shocks: The Experience of Nuits St. Georges, 1756-1776,' The Journal of Economic History, 54:2 (June 1994), 288-306.

75. Thomas Breenan, 'The Anatomy of Inter-Regional Markets in the Early Modern French Wine Trade,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:3 (Winter 1994), 581-617.

76. Gérard Béaur, L'immobilier et la Revolution: Marché de la pierre et mutations urbaines, 1770 - 1810, Cahiers des Annales no. 44 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1994).

77. Bernard Lepetit, The Pre-Industrial Urban System: France, 1740 - 1840, trans. by Godfrey Rogers (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

78. J.-C. Toutain, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Comment,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 769-73.

79. George W. Grantham, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Reply,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 774-77.

80. Christopher H. Johnson, The Life and Death of Industrial Languedoc, 1700 - 1920 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

81. Philip Hoffman, Growth in a Traditional Society: The French Countryside, 1450 - 1815 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).

** 82. Patrick K. O'Brien, 'Path Dependency: Or Why Britain Became an Industrialized and Urbanized Economy Long Before France,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:2 (May 1996), 213-49.

83. Philippe Fontaine, 'The French Economists and Politics, 1750 - 1850: the Science and Art of Political Economy,' Canadian Journal of Economics, 29:2 (May 1996), 379-93.

84. Steven Laurence Kaplan, The Bakers of Paris and the Bread Question, 1700 - 1775 (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1996).

85. William Beik, Urban Protest in Seventeenth-Century France: The Culture of Retribution (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

86. Mark Potter and Jean-Lauent Rosenthal, 'Politics and Public Finance in France: The Estates of Burgundy, 1660 - 1790,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 27:4 (Spring 1997), 577-612.

87. Thomas Manley Luckett, 'Hunting for Spies and Whores: A Parisian Riot on the Eve of the French Revolution,' Past & Present, no. 156 (August 1997), 116-43. On financial crises and economic discontent.

88. Ken Alder, Engineering the Revolution: Arms and Enlightenment in France, 1763 - 1815 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).

89. Emma Rothschild, 'An Alarming Commercial Crisis in Eighteenth-Century Angoulême: Sentiments in Economic History,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:2 (May 1998), 268-93.

90. John Harris, Industrial Espionage and Technology Transfer: Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1998).

91. Philippe Minard, La Fortune du Colbertisme: état et industries dans la France des lumières (Paris: Fayard, 1998).

92. Pierre Claude Reynard, 'Manufacturing Strategies in the Eighteenth Century: Subcontracting for Growth among Papermakers in the Auvergne,' Journal of Economic History, 58:1 (March 1998), 155-82.

93. Lesley Ellis Miller, 'Manufactures and the Man: A Reassessment of the Place of Jacques-Charles Dutilliu in the Silk Industry of Eighteenth-Century Lyon,' Textile History, 29:1 (Spring 1998), 19-40.

QUESTIONS

1. What significance has geography had for French rural history: in particular how did the nature, organization, and techniques of northern French agriculture differ from that of southern France, with the Loire as a rough boundary between the two zones? Did these regional differences remain a 'constant' in French rural history from medieval to modern times?

2. What changes occurred in French agriculture, rural society, the institutions of feudalism, manorialism, and serfdom during the Late-Medieval 'Great Depression': ca. 1350-1450?

3. In particular, how did the status of servile peasants change in France from the 14th to 16th centuries? What was the economic, social, and judicial status of the following in the 16th century: those descended from vileins libres, vileins serfs; those who were leasehold tenants, those who were métayers. How did metayage tenancies differ from traditional (medieval) manorial tenancies?

4. What varieties of land tenures, systems of land holding were to be found in 16th and 17th century-France? To what extent was French agriculture in its organization, social institutions, techniques, etc. still: 'feudal' or 'medieval'; to what extent was it becoming 'modernized?' by the 18th century?

5. How valid is Marc Bloch's thesis that, as economic manorialism declined, the importance of seigniorialism increased? In Bloch's analysis, what was the difference between manor and seigneurie in France? Between the economic and political powers of the landlord and the lord of a seigneurie?

6. Was there a 'seigniorial reaction' in the 16th and 17th centuries? What forms did it take; what consequences (if any) did it have?

7. To what extent was there rural 'embourgeoisement' from the 15th to 18th centuries: bourgeois acquisitions of lands, country estates; purchases of letters patent of nobility or of royal offices to which lands were attached? What effects, if any, did such bourgeois land acquisitions have upon the economic and social structure of French agriculture?

8. Does the history of the landed French nobility have any continuity from 1453 to 1789? [Distinguish between noblesse d'épée and noblesse de robe.]

9. What were the causes and consequences of French peasant unrest and revolts in the 17th-century? Were there social, economic, and demographic 'crises de subsistence'? How significant an aspect of the '17th-Century General Crisis' are the French peasant revolts of this era?

10. What were the chief commodities produced by French agriculture from the 16th to 18th centuries? How important were the grain and wine trades to the early-modern French economy?

11. Did French agriculture undergo an 'agricultural revolution:' in the course of the 18th-century? Where, in what respects, to what extent, and with what consequences? Discuss the Bloch thesis, and the opposing views (especially those of Morineau).

12. Do regional variations in French agriculture -- especially comparing regions north and south of the Loire -- prevent us from making 'national' generalizations about trends in 'French' agriculture? What were the most advanced and least advanced regions of French agriculture on the eve of the French revolution?

Table 1.

Sources: Anthony Wrigley, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 1985

Robert Allen, Explorations in Economic History, 1988

George Grantham, Land, Labour, and Productivity (1991)

Table 2. FRENCH AGRICULTURE IN THE 19th CENTURY

Distribution of Farm Lands by the 1881 Survey

Category Number Percentage Area in Percentage

of Farms of Total Hectares of Total

by Area Farms (2.47 acres) Area

Under 5

hectares 1,866,000 53.3% 5,600,000 11.5%

5 - 20

hectares 1,200,000 34.2% 12,300,000 25.3%

20 - 40

hectares 296,000 8.5% 8,400,000 17.3%

Over 40 hectares

(100 acres) 142,000 4.1% 22,300,000 45.9%

TOTAL 3,504,000 100.0% 48,600,000 100.0%

Over 20

hectares 438,000 12.5% 30,700,000 63.2%

Table 3. COMPARATIVE STATISTICS ON FRENCH AND BRITISH AGRICULTURE: from the Patrick O'Brien articles.

A. Demography and Agricultural Employment:

Year	FRANCE	FRANCE	FRANCE	BRITAIN	BRITAIN	BRITAIN
	Population in millions	Agricultural Workforce	Percent of Total	Population	Agricultural Workforce	Percent of Total
1700	22.5	4.3	19.11	5.42	1.5	27.67
1790	27.0	5.75	21.3	8.29	n.a.
1850	35.8	7.5	20.95	17.92	2	11.16
1910	39.6	8.5	21.46	36.1	1.6	4.43

B. Agricultural Income in 1910:

C. Farm Scales and Occupancy by Owners and Tenants in 1880: