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Economics 201Y1

Economic History of Later Medieval and Early Modern Europe, 1250 - 1750

Topic No. 12: The Rise of the Dutch Commercial Empire,ca. 1360 - ca. 1580

Within each section, readings are listed in chronological order of original publication, when that can be ascertained, except for some collections of essays.

READINGS

A. General Studies:

* 1. Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585 - 1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). Chiefly after this period; but read the introductory chapters.

2. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labour Market (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993).

3. Edwin Horlings and Ronald van der Bie, 'Dutch Economic Development and International Trade: A Small Open Economy in an Ever Changing World,' in Michael North, ed., Nordwesteuropa in der Weltwirtschaft, 1750 - 1950/ Northwestern Europe in the World Economy, 1750 - 1950, Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, vol. 54 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1993), pp. 129-61.

** 4. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perserverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

5. Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

6 Karel Davids and Jan Lucassen, eds., A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

7. Marjolein 't Hart, Joost Jonker, and Jan Luiten Van Zanden, eds., A Financial History of the Netherlands (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

8. Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

B. Dutch Agriculture and Agrarian Society: the Foundations of Commercial Expansion

1. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, 'Agriculture in the Low Countries,' Relazioni de X congreso internazionale di scienze storiche, 4 (1955), 169-203.

* 2. B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, 'The Rise of Intensive Husbandry in the Low Countries,' in J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossman, eds., Britain and the Netherlands, Vol. I (London, 1960), pp. 130-55.

** 3. Jan De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven, 1974), Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 7, especially pp. 119-73 (in Chapter 4, 'Transformation of the Rural Economy').

4. Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries (1250-1800), Leuven: University Press, 1978.

(a) Herman Van der Wee, 'The Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by the Tithe and Rent Statistics, 1250-1800,' pp. 1-24.

(b) Eddy Van Cauwenberghe and Herman Van der Wee, 'Productivity, Evolution of Rents, and Farm Size in the Southern Netherlands Agriculture from the 14th to the 17th Century,' pp. 125-62.

5. David B. Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1980), chapter 12: 'Holland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 147-62.

6. H. K. Roessingh, 'Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study of the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants,' The Low Countries History Yearbook, 11 (1978), 18-54.

7. J. Bieleman, 'Rural Change in the Dutch Province of Drenthe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' The Agricultural History Review, 33 (1985), 105-17.

8. Leo Nordgraaf, ed., Agrarische geschiedenis van Nederland van prehistorie te heden (The Hague, 1986).

9. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers, Een middeleeuwse samenleving: het land van Heusden, ca. 1460 - ca. 1515 (Wageningen, 1992).

10. H.K.F. Van Nierop, The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500 - 1650, trans. Maarten Ultee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

11. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perserverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

Arthur Van Riel, 'Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 223-29.

12. Arie Van Duersen, 'Autobiography in a Dutch Village,' Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 1:2 (May 1997), 107-23.

C. The Herring Fisheries

* 1. Richard Unger, 'The Netherlands Herring Fishery in the Late Middle Ages: The False Legend of Willem Beukelszoon of Biervliet,' Viator, 9 (1978), 335-56; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

2. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), 253-79; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

3. Johannes Lepiksaar, 'Fisheries, Marine,' in Joseph R. Strayer, et al, eds., Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 13 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons-MacMillan, 1982-89), Vol. V (1985), pp. 66-73.

4. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perserverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

D. Shipping and Shipbuilding

* 1. Violet Barbour, 'Dutch and English Merchant Shipping in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 1st Ser. 2 (1930); reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 227-53.

2. Ralph Davis, 'Merchant Shipping in the Late Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd Ser. 9 (1956), 59-73.

3. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Ship Carpenters' Guilds, c.1400 to c.1600,' Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Zeegeschiedenis, 24 (1972), 5-11; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

* 4. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Ship Design in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Viator, 4 (1973), 387-412.

5. Richard Unger, 'Selling Dutch Ships in the Sixteenth Century,' Maritime History, 3 (1973), 125-46; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

6. Richard Unger, 'Regulations of Dutch Shipcarpenters in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 87 (1974), 503-20.

7. Richard Unger, 'Technology and Industrial Organization: Dutch Shipbuilding to 1800,' Business History, 17 (1975), 56-72.

8. Richard Unger, 'Four Dordrecht Ships of the Sixteenth Century,' The Marriner's Mirror, 61 (1975), 109-16; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

9. Richard Unger, 'Wooden Shipbuilding at Dordrecht,' Mededelingen van de Nederlandse Verenigen voor Zeegeschiedenis, 30 (1975), 5-19; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

10. Richard Unger, 'Wooden Shipbuilding in Zeeland,' Zeeuws Tijdschrift, 26:4/5 (1976), 1-6; republished as in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

11. Richard Unger, Dutch Shipbuilding Before 1800: Ships and Guilds (Van Gorcum, 1978).

12. Richard Unger, 'Scheepvaart in de Noordelijke Nederlanden, 1490-1580,' J.A. Van Houtte, et al, eds., Nieuwe algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, VII (Haarlem, 1979), 1-18; republished as 'Shipping in the Northern Netherlands' in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

13. Richard Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600-1600 (London and Montreal, 1980), Chapters 5 and 6.

14. Richard Unger, 'Admiralties and Warships of Europe and the Mediterranean, 1000 - 1500,' in R. W. Love, ed., Changing Interpretations and New Sources of Naval History (New York: Garland, 1980), 34-44; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

15. Richard Unger, 'Regulation and Organization of Seamen in the Netherlands and Germany Before the Industrial Revolution,' in Seamen in Society: Proceedings of the International Commission of Maritime History, Perthes-en-Gâtinais (Bucharest, 1980), 66-74; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

16. Richard Unger, 'Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe,' Technology and Culture, 22 (1981), 233-52; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

17. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Shipbuilding and International Competition in the Golden Age,' History Today, 31 (April 1981), 16-21.

18. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Design Specialization and Building Methods in the Seventeenth Century,' in C.O. Cederlund, ed., Post-medieval Boat and Ship Archaeology, British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, 1985), 153-64; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

19. Richard Unger, 'Design and Construction of European Warships in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' in M. Accera, J. Merino, and J. Meyer, eds., Les marine de guerre europénnes XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1986), 21-34; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

20. Richard Unger, 'Portuguese Shipbuilding and the Early Voyages to the Guinea Coast,' in Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira Da Mota In Memoriam, Vol. I (Lisbon: Academia de Marinha & Instituto de Investgaçao Cientifica Tropical, 1987), 229-49; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

21. Richard Unger, 'The Technical Development of Shipbuilding and Government Policies in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Atti del V Convegno Internazionale di Studi Colombiani navi e navigazioni nei secoli XV e XVI (Genoa: Civico Istituto Colombiano, 1990), 199-211; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

22. Richard Unger, 'Maritime Paintings and the History of Shipbuilding: Dutch and Flemish Works as a Source of Research,' in Jan de Vries and D. Friedburg, eds., Art in History/History in Art, Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities (Santa Monica, 1991), 74-93; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

23. Richard Unger, 'The Tonnage of Europe's Merchant Fleets, 1300-1800,' The American Neptune, 52:4 (1992), 247-61; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

24. Richard Unger, 'Northern Ships and the Late Medieval Economy: Columbus and the Medieval Maritime Tradition,' The American Neptune, 53:4 (1993), 247-53; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

25. Richard Unger, 'The Fluit: Specialist Cargo Vessels, 1500 - 1650,' in The Ship, Vol. III: Cogs, Caravels and Galleons (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1994), pp. 115-30.

26. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

E. Textiles, Brewing, Other Manufacturing Industries, and Labour

1. Nicolaas W. Posthumus, Geschiedenis van de leidsche lakenindustrie, 3 vols. (The Hague, 1908-39). The classic study.

2. Charles Wilson, 'Cloth Production and International Competition in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 13 (1960), 209-21, reprinted in his Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), pp. 94-113.

3. Kenneth Ponting, 'Sculptures and Paintings of the Textile Processes at Leiden,' Textile History, 5 (1974), 128-51. Also contains some history of the Leiden cloth industry.

* 4. T.S. Jansma, 'L'industrie lainière des Pays-Bas du Nord, et specialement celle de Holland, XIVe-XVIIe siècles: production, organisation, exportation,' in Marco Spallanzi, ed., Produzione, commercio e consumo dei panni di lana (Florence, 1976), pp. 51-56.

5. Dick De Boer, Graaf en grafiek: sociale en economische ontwikkelingen in het middeleeuwse 'Noordholland' tussen 1345 en 1415 (Leiden, 1978).

6. H.P.H. Jansen, 'Holland's Advance,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 1-19.

* 7. Robert DuPlessis and Martha Howell, 'Reconsidering the Early Modern Urban Economy: The Cases of Leiden and Lille,' Past and Present, no. 94 (Feb. 1982), 49-84.

8. Richard Unger, 'Energy Sources for the Dutch Golden Age: Peat, Wind, and Coal,' Research in Economic History, 9 (1984), 221-53.

9. Martha Howell, Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986). Several chapters on the Leiden textile industries.

10. Richard Unger, 'Brewing in the Netherlands and the Baltic Grain Trade,' in W.G. Heeres, L.M. Hesp, L. Noordegraaf, and R.C. Van der Voort, eds., From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honor of J.A. Faber on the Occasion of His Retirement as Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Amsterdam (Hilversum, 1988), pp. 429-46.

11. Richard Unger, 'The Trade in Beer to Medieval Scandinavia,' Deutsches Shiffahrtsarchiv, 11 (1988), 249-58.

* 12. Herman Van der Wee, 'Industrial Dynamics and the Process of Urbanization and De-Urbanization in the Low Countries from the Late Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century: A Synthesis,' in Herman Van der Wee, ed., The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and in the Low Countries: Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988), pp. 307-81.

13. Richard Unger, 'Grain, Beer and Shipping in the North and Baltic Seas,' in C. Villain-Gandossi, S. Busuttil and P. Adam, eds., Medieval Ships and the Birth of Technological Societies, Vol. I (Malta: Foundation for International Studies, 1989), 121-35; republished in Richard W. Unger, Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400 - 1800, Variorum Collected Series CS 601 (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997).

14. Hanno (A.J.) Brand, 'Crisis, beleid en differentiatie in de laat-middeleeuwse Leidse lakennijverheid,' in J.K.S. Moes and B.M.A. De Vries, eds., Stof uit het Leidse verleden: zeven eeuwen textielnijverheid (Leiden: Uitgeverij Matrijs, 1991), pp. 53-65, 201-05.

15. Ian Blanchard, 'Northern Wools and Netherlands Markets at the Close of the Middle Ages,' Studies in Economic and Social History Discussion Papers, Department of Economic and Social History, University of Edinburgh, no. 92-3 (1992). Paper presented to the Third Mackie Symposum for Historical Study of Scotland's Overseas Links, University of Aberdeen, 19-21 September 1992. To be published in Ian Blanchard, ed., Scotland and the Low Countries: 800 Years of North Sea Contacts.

16. Hanno Brand, 'A Medieval Industry in Decline: The Leiden Drapery in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century,' in Marc Boone and Walter Prevenier, eds., La draperie ancienne des Pays: débouchés et stratégies de survie (14e - 16e siècles)/ Drapery Production in the late medieval Low Countries: Markets and Strategies for Survival (14th-16th Centuries), Studies in Urban Social, Economic and Political History of the Medieval and Modern Low Countries (Leuven/Appeldorn: Garant, 1993), pp. 121-49.

17. John H. Munro, 'Industrial Entrepreneurship in the Late-Medieval Low Countries: Urban Draperies, Fullers, and the Art of Survival,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 377-88.

18. Jan de Vries, 'An Employer's Guide to Wages and Working Conditions in the Netherlands, 1450 - 1850,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: the Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe/Horaires de travail et modes de paiement: l'évolution des conventions dans l'Europe pré-industrielle, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B.3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 47-64.

19. John H. Munro, 'Urban Wage Structures in Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries: Work-Time and Seasonal Wages,' in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentienth Centuries, (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 65-78.

20. John H. Munro, Textiles, Towns, and Trade: Essays in the Economic History of Late-Medieval England and the Low Countries, Variorum Collected Studies series CS 442 (London, 1994).

* 21. John Munro, 'Anglo-Flemish Competition in the International Cloth Trade, 1340 - 1520,' in Jean- Marie Cauchies, ed., L'Angleterre et les pays bas bourguignonnes: relations et comparaisons, XVe - XVIe siècle [Rencontres d'Oxford (septembre 1994), annual issue of Centre Européen d'Études Bourguignonnes, 35 (1995)], pp. 37-60.

22. Richard Unger, 'The Scale of Dutch Brewing, 1350 - 1600,' Research in Economic History, 15 (1995), 261-92.

23. Karel Davids, 'Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:2 (Fall 1995), 333-48.

24. Erik Aerts, Het bier van Lier: De economische ontwikkeling van de bierindustries in een middelgrote Brabantse stad: einde 14de - begin 19de eeuw, Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België: Klasse der Letteren Jaargang 58, 1996, no. 161 (Brussels: Paleis der Academiën, 1996).

25. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perserverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

26. Negley B. Harte, ed., The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300 - 1800, Pasold Studies in Textile History, Vol. 10 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).

a) Patrick Chorley, 'The Evolution of the Woollen, 1300 - 1700,' pp. 7-34

b) John Munro, 'The Origin of the English 'New Draperies': The Resurrection of an Old Flemish Industry, 1270 - 1570,' pp. 35-127.

c) Robert S. Duplessis, 'One Theory, Two Draperies, Three Provinces, and a Multitude of Fabrics: the New Drapery of French Flanders, Hainaut, and the Tournaisis, c.1500 - c.1800,' pp. 129-72.

d) Leo Noordegraaf, 'The New Draperies in the Northern Netherlands, 1500 - 1800,' pp. 173-196.

e) Martha C. Howell, 'Woman's Work in the New and Light Draperies of the Low Countries,' pp. 197-216.

27. Carla Rahn Phillips and William D. Phillips, Spain's Golden Fleece: Wool Production and the Wool Trade from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1997).

28. John Munro, 'The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1280 - 1570,' The Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts, Comparisons, Contrasts, 3/1 (February 1999): 1-73.

E. Dutch Commerce: with the Hanse, England, the Low Countries, and the Baltic, 14th to 16th Centuries

1. E.R. Daenell, Die Blütezeit der deutschen Hanse, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1905).

2. Aksel Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Baltic About 1600: Studies in the Sound Toll Registers and Dutch Shipping Records (Copenhagen, 1941), pp. 17-24, 34-48, 401-21.

3. F. Ketner, Handel en scheepvaart van Amsterdam in de vijftiende eeuw (Brill, 1946).

** 4. Michael Postan, 'Economic and Political Relations of England and the Hanse from 1400 to 1475,' in Eileen Power and Michael Postan, eds., Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century (London, 1933), pp. 91-153, especially pp. 91-104, 136-53.

** 5. Michael Postan, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North, no. V: 'The Rise of Holland,' in M.M. Postan, ed., Cambridge Economic History, Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages (1952), pp. 251-56. Republished in Michael Postan and Edward Miller, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, 2nd rev edn. (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 300-05.

6. Nicolaas Posthumus, De oosterse handel te Amsterdam (Leiden, 1953).

7. N.J.M. Kerling, Commercial Relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the late 13th Century to the Close of the Middle Ages (London, 1954), pp. 1-57, 72-88, 173-210.

8. Marian Malowist, 'L'expansion économique des Hollandais dans le bassin de la Baltique aux XIVe et XVe siècles,' from his Studia z dziejow rzemiosla w okresie kryzysu feudalizmu w Europie Zachodniej w XIV i XV wieku (Warsaw, 1954); republished in his Croissance et regression en Europe, XIVe - XVIIe siècles, in the series Cahiers des Annales, No. 34 (Paris: 1972), pp. 91-138.

9. T.S. Jansma, 'Philippe la Bon et la guerre hollando-wende, 1438-1441,' Revue du Nord, 42 (1960), 5-18.

10. Philippe Dollinger, La Hanse, XIIe - XVIIe siècles (Paris, 1964): Part II, Chapters 5, 6; Part III, Chapters 1 - 2. Republished in translation as The German Hanse, trans. and ed. by D.S. Ault and S.H. Steinberg (London: Macmillan, 1970): chapters 4, 9, 10, 12-13.

11. Michael M. Postan, 'Economic Relations between Eastern and Western Europe,' in Geoffrey Barraclough, Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London: Thames and Hudson, 1970), pp. 125-74, republished in Michael Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 305-34.

12. John Munro, Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian Trade, c. 1340-1478 (Brussels and Toronto, 1973), pp. 1-9, 67-70, 114-23, 181-85.

* 13. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973).

(a) Chapter 2, 'Western Europe, 1460-1560,' pp. 15-36.

(b) Chapter 11, 'Rise of the Dutch Commercial Empire,' pp. 176-93.

14. Artur Attman, The Russian and Polish Markets in International Trade, 1500-1650 (Göteborg, 1973), pp. 119-88.

15. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974), Chapter 4, 'From Seville to Amsterdam,' pp. 164-223 (esp. pp. 199-223).

* 16. H.P.H. Jansen, 'Holland's Advance,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 1-19.

17. Dick E.H. De Boer, Graaf en Grafiek: sociale en economische ontwikkelingen in het middeleeuwse 'Noordholland' tussen 1345 en 1415 (Leiden, 1978).

18. Artur Attman, The Struggle for Baltic Markets: Powers in Conflict (Goteborg, 1979).

19. J.K. Fedorowicz, England's Baltic Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century: A Study in Anglo-Polish Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980).

20. J.K. Fedorowicz, Maria Bogucka, and Henryk Samsonowics, ed., A Republic of Nobles: Studies in Polish History to 1864 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

21. Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606 - 1661 (Oxford, 1982).

* 22. Johanna Maria Van Winter, ed., The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic Region, 1400 - 1800 (De Nederlanden en het Oostzeegebied, 1400 - 1800), Het Nederlandsch Economisch-Historisch Archief no. 16, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1983. See especially the following essays:

(a) Richard W. Unger, 'Integration of Baltic and Low Countries Grain Markets,' pp. 1-10.

(b) Herman Van der Wee, 'Money and Economic Interdependence between the Northern and Southern Netherlands and the Baltic, 15th - 17th Centuries,' pp. 11-18.

(d) Michel Morineau, 'Le commerce de la Baltique dans ses rapports avec le commerce hors de la Baltique, du milieu du XVIe siècle à la fin du XVIIIe,' pp. 31 - 42.

(e) Maria Bogucka, 'The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century,' pp. 51 - 57.

** 23. Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585 - 1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). Chiefly after this period; but read the introductory chapters.

24. Richard Unger and Robert Allen, 'The Depth and Breadth of the Market for Polish Grain, 1500 - 1800,' in J.P.S. Lemmink and HJ.S.A. Van Koningsbrugge, eds., Baltic Affairs: Relations between the Netherlands and North-Eastern Europe, 1500-1800 (Nijmegen, 1990), pp. 1-18.

25. Terence H. Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, 1157 - 1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

26. John J. McCusker and Cora Gravestijn, The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe (Amsterdam: Nedelandsch Economisch-Historisch Archief, 1991).

27. Hanno Brand, 'Urban Policy or Personal Government: The Involvment of the Urban Elite in the Economy of Leiden at the End of the Middle Ages,' in Herman Diederiks, Paul Hohenberg, and Michael Wagenaar, eds.,Economic Policy in Europe Since the Late Middle Ages: The Visible Hand and the Fortune of Cities (Leicester and New York, 1992), pp. 17-34.

28. Stuart Jenks, 'A Capital Without a State: Lübeck caput tocius hanze (to 1474),' Historical Research, 65 (1992), 134 - 49.

29. Jan L. Van Zanden, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labour Market (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993).

30. Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World, translated by Lisabeth Fackelman (London, Variorium, 1993). Collected essays.

(1) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 3-28. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Vol. II, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 11-37]

(2) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From Commercial Capitalism to the Industrial Revolution,' pp. 29-43. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (as Vol II of Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 425-38.]

(3) 'Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by Tithe and Rent Statistics, 1250 - 1800,' pp. 47-68. [From Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries, 1250 - 1800 (Leuven, 1978), pp. 1-23.]

(4) (with Eddy Van Cauwenberghe) 'Agrarian History and Public Finances in Flanders, 14th to 17th Century,' pp. 69-83. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 28 (1973), 1051-64.]

(5) 'Trade in the Southern Netherlands, 1493-1587,' pp. 87 - 114. [From Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, VI (Haarlem, 1979), pp. 75097.]

(6) 'Economic Activity and International Trade in the Southern Netherlands, 1538-1544,' pp. 115-25. [From Jürgen Schneider, ed., Wirtschaftsgeschichte und Wirtschaftswege: Festschrift für Hermann Kellenbenz, as Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 5:2 (Bamberg, 1978), pp. 133-44.

(7) 'Trade Relations between Antwerp and the Northern Netherlands, 14th to 16th Century,' pp. 126-41. [From Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 4 (1965-66), 267-85.]

(8) 'Antwerp and the New Financial Methods of the 16th and 17th Centuries,' pp. 145-66. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 222 (1967), 1067-89.]

(9) 'Monetary Policy in the Duchy of Brabant, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 167-82. [From H. Van den Eerenbeemt, ed., Het geld zoekt zijn weg (the Van Lanschot-Lectures on Banking in Brabant), in Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van het zuiden van Nederland (Tilburg, 1987), pp. 37-58.]

(10) 'Credit in Brabant, Late Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 183-97. [From H. Van den Eerenbeemt, ed., Het geld zoekt zijn weg (the Van Lanschot-Lectures on Banking in Brabant), in Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van het zuiden van Nederland (Tilburg, 1987), pp. 59-78.]

(11) 'Structural Changes and Specialization in Southern Netherlands Industry, 1100-1600,' pp. 201-22. [From Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 28 (9175), 203-21.]

(12) 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' pp. 223-41. [From Actae Historia Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 58-78.]

(13) 'Typology of Crises and Structual Changes in the Netherlands, 15th to 16th Century,' pp. 245-63. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 18 (1963), 209-25.]

(14) 'The Economy as a Factor in the Revolt in the Southern Netherlands,' pp. 264-78. [From Actae Historia Neerlandicae, 5 (1971), 52-67.]

(15) 'Nutrition and Diet in the Ancien Régime,' pp. 279-87. [From Spiegel Historiael, 1 (1966), 94-101.

31. Wim Blockmans, 'The Economic Expansion of Holland and Zeeland in the Fourteenth-Sixteenth Centuries,' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 41-58.

32. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, 'Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden in de periode 1500-1570: divergerende ontwikkelingen of voortgaande economische integratie?' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 357-68.

33. Wim P. Blockmans, 'Der holländische Durchbruch in der Ostee,' in Stuart Jenks and Michael North, eds., Der Hansische Sonderweg? Beitrage zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Hanse, Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte, hansischen Geschichtsverein, new series no. 39 (Cologne-Vienna, Böhlau Verlag, 1993), pp. 49-58.

34. John H. Munro, 'Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 147-95.

35. Caroline Barron and Nigel Saul, eds., England and the Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994).

36. J.T. Lindblad and F.C. Dufour-Briet, eds., Dutch Entries in the Pound-Toll Registers of Elbing, 1585 - 1700, Rijksgeschiedekundige Publicatiën, Grote Serie no. 225 (The Hague, 1995).

37. John D. Fudge, Cargoes, Embargoes, and Emissaries: The Commercial and Political Interaction of England and the German Hanse, 1450 - 1510 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.)

38. John Fudge, 'Tudor-Hapsburg Trade Wars and Northern Commercial Networks, 1486 - 1506,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 573 - 86.

39. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perserverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

39. Michael North, From the North Sea to the Baltic: Essays in Commercial, Monetary and Agrarian History, 1500 - 1800, Variorum Collected Studies Series CS 548 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1996).

a) 'The Export Trade of Royal Prussia and Ducal Prussia, 1550 - 1650,' from From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honour of J.A. Faber (Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 1988), pp. 383-90.

b) 'The Export of Timber and Timber By-Products from the Baltic Region to Western Europe, 1575-1775', pp. 1-14 [original publication].

c) 'A Small Baltic Port in the Early Modern Period: the Port of Elbing in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century,' from The Journal of European Economic History, 13:1 (1984), 117-27.

d) 'The Lighterman Business in the Baltic Ports: Danzig, Elbing and Königsberg, Sixteenth - Eighteenth Centuries,' from I porti ome impresa economica (Prato: Istituo Francesco Datini, 1988), pp. 541-49.

e) 'The Baltic Trade and the Decline of the Dutch Economy in the 18th Century' [co-authored with Frits Snapper], from J. Lemmink and H. Van Koningsbrugge, eds., Baltic Affairs: Relations Between the Netherlands and North-Eastern Europe, 1500 - 1800 (Nijmegen, 1990), pp. 263-86.

f) 'Hamburg: the 'Continent's Most English City',' pp. 1-13 [original publication]

g) 'The European Rice Trade in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century,' from K. Friedland, ed., Maritime Food Transport (Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1994), pp. 313-23.

h) 'Der Grosse Lübecker Münschatz von 1533 also Quelle der hansischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte,' from Hansisches Geschichtsblätter, 108 (1990), 31- 43.

i) 'Banking and Credit in Northern Germany in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' from Dino Puncuh and Giuseppe Felloni, eds., Banchi pubblici, banchi privati e monti di pietà nell'Europa preindustriale: Amministrazione, tecniche operative e ruoli economici, Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, new series, vol. 31, 2 vols. (Genoa: Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 1991), pp. 811-26.

j) 'Bullion Transfer from Western Europe to the Baltic and the Problem of Trade Balances, 1550 - 1750,' from Eddy Van Cauwenberge, ed., Precious Metals, Coinage, and the Changes of Monetary Structures in Latin America, Europe and Asia (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1989), pp. 57-63.

k) 'Geldumlauf und Wirtschaftsregion: Untersuchungen am Beispiel Königlich Preußens und des Herzogtums Preußen in der Frühen Neuzeit,' from Hamburger Beiträge zur Numismatik , 30:32 (1985), 71-88.

l) 'Die frühneuzeitliche Gutswirtschaft als Problem der polnischen und deutschen wirtschaftshistorischen Forschung,' form Jerzy Topolski and Wojcieh Wrosek, eds., Die methodologischen Probleme der deutschen Geschichte (Poznan, 1991), pp. 67-74.

m) 'Untersuchungen zur adligen Gutswirtschaft im Herzogtum Preußen des 16. Jahrhunderts,' from Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 70 (1983), 1-20.

n) 'Die frühneuzeitliche Gutswirtschaft in Schleswig-Holstein,' from Blätter für deutsche Landsgeschichte, 126 (1990), 223-242, with an English summary.

o) 'Wage Labour versus Corvée Labour in East Prussian Agriculture, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 1-11. [Original publication of a paper presented to the Ninth International Economic History Congress, Bern, 1986].

p) 'Abgaben und Dienste in der ostdeutschen Landwirtschaft von Spätmittelalter bis zur Bauernbefreiung: Bestimmungsgrüunde für die langfristigen Substitutionprozesse,' from E. Schremmer, ed., Steurern, Abgaben und Dienste vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994), pp. 77-89, with an English summary.

q) 'Ducal Prussia: An Internal Periphery? (16th-18th centuries),' from H.-H. Nolte, ed., Internal Peripheries in European History (Göttigen, 1991), pp. 185-96.

r) 'Englische Reisberichte des 17. Jahrhunderts als Quelle zur Geschichte der königlich-preußischen Städte Danzig, Elbig und Thorn,' from Bernhart Jähnig and Peter Letkemann, eds., Thorn: Königin der Weichsel, 1231 - 1981 (Göttingen, 1981), pp. 197 - 208.

40. Robert Scribner, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. I: 1450 - 1630 (London: Arnold, 1996).

41. Maria Bogucka, 'The Typology of the Polish Towns during the XVIth - XVIIIth Centuries,' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:2 (Fall 1996), 325-37.

42. Dieter Seifert, Holland und die Hanse (Cologne: Bohlau, 1997).

F. London, Bruges, Antwerp and Amsterdam, 14th to 16th Centuries

1. George Unwin, 'The Merchants Adventurers' Company in the Reign of Elizabeth,' in R.H. Tawney, ed. Studies in Economic History: The Collected Papers of George Unwin (London, 1927), pp. 133-220.

2. J.A. Van Houtte, 'La genèse du grande marché international d'Anvers à la fin du moyen âge,' Revue belge de philologie et d'historie, 19 (1940), 87-126.

3. Oskar De Smedt, De engelse natie te Antwerpen in de 16e eeuw (Antwerp, 1950), in 2 vols. On the English trade at Antwerp, 1496-1572.

4. F.J. Fisher, 'Commercial Trends and Policy in Sixteenth-Century England,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 1 (1940); reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History (London, 1952), Vol. I, pp. 152-72.

5. Etienne Sabbe, Anvers: métropole de l'occident, 1492-1566 (Brussels, 1952).

6 S.T. Bindoff, 'The Greatness of Antwerp,' New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. II: The Reformation (Cambridge, 1958), pp. 50-69.

7. Wilfrid Brulez, 'L'exportation des Pays-Bas vers l'Italie par voie de terre au milieu du XVIe siècle,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 14:3 (juillet-september 1959), 461-91.

8. J.A. Van Houte, 'Anvers aux XVe et XVIe siecle,' Annales: E.S.C. 16 (1961), 248-78.

* 9. Herman Van der Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Markeet and the European Economy, fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, II (The Hague, 1963), Part I, chapters 2-5.

10. John Munro, 'Bruges and the Abortive Staple in English Cloth: An Incident in the Shift of Commerce to Antwerp in the Late Fifteenth Century,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 44 (1966), 1137-59.

11. Wilfred Brulez, 'Le Commerce international des Pays-Bas au XVIe siècle,' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 46 (1968), 1205-21; reprinted as 'The International Trade of the Low Countries in the Sixteenth Century,' in Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 4 (1970).

13. J.H. Munro, 'An Economic Aspect of the Collapse of the Anglo-Burgundian Alliance, 1428-1442,' English Historical Review, 85 (1970), 225-44.

14. Wilfred Brulez, 'Bruges and Antwerp in the 15th and 16th Centuries: An Antithesis?' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 6 (1973), 1-26.

15. J.H. Munro, Wool, Cloth, and Gold: The Struggle for Bullion in Anglo-Burgundian Trade, 1340-1478 (Brussells & Toronto, 1973).

16. Ralph Davis, 'The Rise of Antwerp and Its English Connection, 1405-1510,' in D.C. Coleman, A.H. John, eds., Trade, Government and Economy in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1976), pp. 2-20.

* 17. J.A. Van Houtte, An Economic History of the Low Countries, 800-1800 (London, 1977), Part III: 'The Golden Age of Antwerp and Amsterdam, 1400-1670,' pp. 123-226.

18. Herman Van der Wee and Ian Blanchard, 'The Habsburgs and the Antwerp Money market: the Exchange Crises of 1521 and 1522-23,' in Ian Blanchard, Anthony Goodman, and Jennifer Newman, eds., Industry and Finance in Early Modern History: Essays Presented to George Hammersley on the Occasion of his 74th Birthday, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Beheift series no. 98 (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1992).

19. Herman Van der Wee and Jan Materné, 'Antwerp as a World Market in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' in J. Van der Stock, ed., Antwerp Story of a Metropolis, 16th - 17th Century, Antwerp 93, Hessenhuis 25 June - 10 October 1993 (Gent: Snoeck-Ducaju en Zoon, 1993), pp. 19-31. Republished in German translation as: 'Antwerpen als internationaler Markt im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,' in Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Frauke Schönert-Röhlk, and Günther Schulz, eds., Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Unternehmen: Festschrift für Hans Pohl zum 60. Geburtstag, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 120 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995), pp. 47-99.

20. Wim Blockmans, 'Aux origines des foires d'Anvers,' in Philippe Contamine, Thierry Dutour, and Bertrand Scherb, eds., Commerce, finances et société (XIe-XVIIe siècles): Recueil de travaux d'histoire médiévale offer à M. le Professeur Henri Dubois, Cultures et Civilisatons Médiévales, no. 9 (Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1993), pp. 21-26.

21. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Antwerpen: Steuerungszentrum des Europäischen Handels und Metropole der Niederlande im 16. Jahrhundert,' in Bernhard Sicken, ed., Herrschaft und Verfassungsstrukturen im Nordwesten des Reiches: Beiträge zum Zeitalter Karls V: Franz Petri zum Gedächtnis (1903-1993) (Cologne-Weimar-Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1994), pp. 1-18.

22. Charles Vanderbroeck, 'Macro-History in Flanders: A Reconstruction of the Gross Regional Product around 1560,' The Journal of European Economic History, 27:2 (Fall 1998), 359-65.

23. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perserverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). See an important review article based on this magisterial work:

G. Holland Under Habsburg Rule and The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1506 - 1609

1. S.T. Bindoff, The Scheldt Question to 1839 (London, 1945).

2. Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London, 1960).

* 3. Herman Van der Wee, 'The Economy as a Factor in the Revolt in the Southern Netherlands,' Actae Historia Neerlandicae, 5 (1971), 52-67; reprinted in Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World (London, Variorium, 1993), pp. 264-78.

4, James D. Tracy, A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515 - 1565 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).

5. Robert S. DuPlessis, Lille and the Dutch Revolt: Urban Stability in an Era of Revolution, 1500 - 1582 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

6. James D. Tracy, Holland Under Habsburg Rule, 1506 - 1566: The Formation of a Body Politic (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).

7. H.F.K. Van Nierop, The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500 - 1650, trans. Maarten Ultee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

8. Marjolein C. Hart, The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1993).

9. Karel Davids, 'Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic,' The Journal of European Economic History, 24:2 (Fall 1995), 333-48.

10. Karel Davids and Jan Lucassen, eds., A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

11. Jan De Vries and Ad Van der Woude, Nederland 1500 - 1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam: Balans, 1995); republished in English translation as The First Modern Economy: Growth, Decline, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

QUESTIONS

1. What were the chief factors responsible for the rise of the Dutch towns to commercial power, from the late 14th century to the Revolt of the Netherlands? Discuss in terms of the following:

(a) Geographic location of Holland and Zeeland, resources, demography, agrarian and social structure.

(b) The herring fisheries.

(d) Commercial relations with the adjacent Low Countries and England.

(e) Trade in textiles, fish, salt, lumber, grains, and beer.

2. What was the economic significance of the Revolt of the Netherlands, 1568 (or 1572) to the Truce of 1609 with Spain? In what respects did it contribute, directly or indirectly, to the achievement of Dutch commercial and financial hegemony in the 17th century?

3. What was the significance of the Baltic Sea region (Scandinavia, East Germany, Poland, and Livonia and Russia) for Dutch commercial power? How were the Dutch able to wrest control of this region from both the Hanseatic League and the English?

4. What factors account for Dutch supremacy in both shipbuilding and shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries? Why couldn't the English compete effectively until the 17th century?

5. What was the importance of the textile industry in Holland from the late 14th to the mid -16th centuries?

6. The Dutch urban mercantile economy: medieval or modern?