The Hobsbawm Thesis on the 'General Crisis', 1620 -1740

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

John H. Munro

Department of Economics

Economics 2210Y - 453Y:

Topic No. 36: The 'General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century', c.1620 - c.1740:

The Hobsbawm Thesis and its Critics

READINGS:

Within each of the following sections, all readings are listed in the chronological order of original publication, when that can be ascertained, except for some collections of republished readings.

A. The Debate About the Seventeenth-Century 'General Crisis'

** 1. Eric Hobsbawm, 'The General Crisis of the European Economy in the 17th Century: I,' Past & Present, no. 5 (May 1954), 33 - 53; and 'The Crisis of th3e 17th Century: II,' no. 6 (November 1954), 44 - 65. Republished as 'The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), pp. 5 - 58. Essential reading.

* 2. Roland Mousnier, Les XVIe et XVIIe siècles (Paris, 1954; 3rd edn. Paris, 1961). This book, along with Hobsbawm's articles of the same year, sparked the ensuing debate.

3. H. R. Trevor-Roper, 'The General Crisis of the 17th Century,' Past & Present, no. 16 (November 1959), 31 - 64. Republished in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), pp. 59 - 96.

* 4. E.H. Kossmann, E.J. Hobsbawm, J.H. Hexter, Roland Mousnier, J.H. Elliott, Lawrence Stone, H.R. Trevor Roper, 'Symposium: Trevor Roper's 'General Crisis',' Past & Present, no. 18 (November 1960), 8 - 42. Excerpts [Mousnier, Elliott, Trevor-Roper] republished in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), pp. 97 - 116.

* 5. Eric Hobsbawm, 'The Seventeenth Century in the Development of Capitalism,' Science and Society, 24 (1960), 97-112.

6. Pierre Chaunu, 'Le renversement de la tendance majeure des prix et des activites au XVIIe siècle,' in Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani, Vol. IV (Milan, 1962).

7. Ruggiero Romano, 'Una crisi economica, 1619-1622,' Rivista storica italiana, 74 (1962). Reissued in English translation as: 'Between the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: The Economic Crisis of 1619-1622,' in Geoffrey Parker and Leslie Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978), pp. 165-225.

8. Ruggiero Romano, 'Encore la crise de 1619-1622,' Annales: E.S.C., 19 (1964), 31-37.

** 9. Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965):

(a) Christopher Hill, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-4.

** (b) Eric J. Hobsbawm, 'The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 5-58. Republished from Past and Present, Nos. 5-6 (1954).

* (c) H.R. Trevor-Roper, 'The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 59-96. Republished from Past and Present, No. 16 (1959).

(d) Roland Mousnier, J.H. Elliott, H.R.Trevor Roper, 'Trevor Roper's 'General Crisis': A Symposium,' pp. 97 - 116. Republished as excerpts only from Past & Present, no. 18 (1960), 8 - 42. [The original contains other comments, by E.H. Kossmann, E.J. Hobsbawm, J.H. Hexter, and Lawrence Stone, as well.

(e) Michael Roberts, 'Queen Christian and the General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 195 - 222. Republished from Past & Present, no. 22 (July 1962), 36 - 59.

10. Pierre Chaunu, 'Réflections sur le tournant des années 1630-1650,' Cahiers d'histoire, 12 (1967).

11. Ruggiero Romano, 'L'Italia nella crisi del secolo XVII,' Studi Storici, 9 (1968), 723-41. Reissued in translation as 'Italy in the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 185-98.

* 12. Alexandra E. Lublinskaya, French Absolutism: the Crucial Phase, 1620-1629, translated by Brian Pearce (Cambridge, 1968). Chapter I: 'The Theory of the General Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 1-82. A criticism of the Hobsbawm thesis (esp. pp. 39-81) by another, but very unfriendly Marxist. Not to be accepted uncritically.

* 13. J.H. Elliott, 'Revolution and Continuity in Early Modern Europe,' Past and Present, no. 42 (Feb. 1969), 35 - 56.

* 14. Theodore K. Rabb, The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe (Oxford, 1975). Chapter II: 'Scholarly Fragmentation and the Origins of the 'Crisis' Thesis,' pp. 7-16; Chapter III: 'Proponents and Critics of the 'Crisis,' pp. 17-28; Chapter IV: 'Defining Terms,' pp. 29-35.

15. P.J. Coveney, ed., France in Crisis, 1620 - 1675 (Totawa, New Jersey, 1977). A collection of essays by Mousnier, Porchnev, and others on French 17th-century history.

* 16. Geoffrey Parker and L.M. Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978).

* (a) Geoffrey Parker, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-15.

(b) Niels Steensgaard, 'The Seventeenth-Century Crisis,' pp. 26-56. Republished in translation from 'Det syttende Arhundredes Krise,' Historisk Tidsskrift (Dansk), 12 (1970), 475 - 504.

(c) Geoffrey Parker, 'The Dutch Revolt and the Polarization of International Politics,' pp. 57 - 82. Republished from Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis, 39 (1976), 429-44.

(d) Ivo Schöffer, 'Did Holland's Golden Age Coincide with a Period of Crisis?' pp. 83 - 109. Originally published in Bijdragen en mededelingen van het historisch genootschap, 78 (1964), 45-72; and republished in translation in Acta Historiae Neerlandica, 1 (1966), 82-107.

* (e) J.H. Elliott, 'Revolution and Continuity in Early Modern Europe,' pp. 110-33. Republished from Past and Present, no. 42 (Feb. 1969), 35 - 56.

(f) A. Lloyd Moote, 'The Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe: Did They Really Exist?' pp. 134 - 64. Republished from The Canadian Journal of History, 8 (1973), 207-34.

(g) Ruggiero Romano, 'Between the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: the Economic Crisis of 1619-22,' pp. 165-225. Republished in translation from 'Una crisi economica, 1619-1622,' Rivista storica italiana, 74 (1962).

* (h) John A. Eddy, 'The 'Maunder Minimum': Sunspots and Climate in the Reign of Louis XIV,' pp. 226-68. Republished from Science, 92 (1976), 1189 - 1202.

17. I. Wallerstein, 'Y a-t-il une crise du XVIIe siècle?', Annales: E.S.C., 24 (1979), 126-44.

18. Henry Kamen and Jonathan K. Israel, 'The Seventeenth Century Crisis in Spain: Myth or Reality?,' and

John TePaske and Herbert Klein, 'A Rejoinder,' both in:

Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), 144-56, 156-61.

* 19. John Day, 'The 'General Crisis' and the Great Depression,' Annali della Facoltà di economia e commercio della università di Bari, nouva serie, 30 (1991), pp. 31-35.

20. Bartolomé Yun, 'Economic Cycles and Structural Changes,' in Thomas A. Brady, jr., Heiko O. Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History, 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, Vol. I: Structures and Assertions (Leiden/New York/Cologne: E.J. Brill, 1994), pp. 113-46.

B. The Marxist Debate on 'The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism'

1. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (New York, 1946), Chapters 2-5.

2. Paul M. Sweezy, 'The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism,' Science and Society, 24 (1949-50).

* 3. Rodney Hilton, ed., The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism (London, 1978). Contributions by various historians, mostly Marxists: Rodney Hilton, Paul Sweezy, Maurice Dobb, Kohachiro Takahashi, Christopher Hill, Georges Lefebvre, Giuliano Procacci, Eric Hobsbawm, John Merrington. See in particular: Rodney Hilton, 'Introduction,' pp. 9 - 30.

4. Rodney Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History (London: The Hambledon Press, 1985). See in particular:

(a) no. 19: 'Was There a General Crisis of Feudalism?' pp. 239 - 246. Republished in translation from 'Y-eut-il une crise générale de la féodalité?' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 6 (1951), 23-30.

(b) no. 22: 'Capitalism -- What's in a Name,' pp. 268 - 77. Republished from Past & Present, no. 1 (February 1952), 32 - 43.

(c) no. 23: 'Feudalism and the Origins of Capitalism,' p. 278 - 94. [Original publication not given, repeating in error the source for no. 22]

C. More General Studies on the Seventeenth-Century European Economy

* 1. Herman Van der Wee, Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy, Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries, Vol. II (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963), pp. 389-426. Good insights into some of the causes of economic difficulties in 17th century Europe from 16th century expansion.

2. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (Paris, 1960). Republished in translation by Sian Reynolds as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (London: Collins; New York: Harper and Row, 1972-73).

3. Henry Kamen, The Iron Century: Social Change in Europe, 1550-1660 (London, 1971), Parts 3 and 4.

** 4. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973), Chapter 6, 'The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Population, Prices and Incomes,' pp. 88 - 107; and Chapter 7, 'Agriculture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 108 - 124.

5. Clyde Reed, 'Transactions Costs and Differential Growth in Seventeenth-Century Western Europe,' Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 177-90.

6. Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1974).

7. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1974), Chapters 3-6.

8. Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (Oxford, 1974). Most are on the 17th Century.

(a) Fernand Braudel, 'The Mediterranean Economy in the Sixteenth Century,' pp. 1 - 44. Translated from La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 2nd edn. (Paris, 1960), Vol. I, pp. 383 - 420; and republished in translation by Sian Reynolds as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (London: Collins; New York: Harper and Row, 1972-73).

(b) Hermann Kellenbenz, 'Rural Industries in the West from the End of the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 45 - 88. Translated from 'Industries rurales en Occident de la fin du moyen âge au XVIII siècle,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 18 (1963), 833 - 82.

(c) Jean Meuvret, 'Monetary Circulation and the Useof Coinage in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century France,' pp. 89 - 99. Translated from 'Circulation monétaire et utilisation économique de la monnaie dans la France du XVIe et du XVIIe siècle,' Études d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 1 (1947), 15 - 28.

(d) Pierre Vilar, 'The Age of Don Quixote,' pp. 100 - 112. Republished in translation from 'Le temps du `Quichotte',' Europe, 34 (1956), 3 - 16.

(e) Pierre and Huguette Chaunu, 'The Atlantic Economy and the World Economy,' pp. 113 - 26. Translated from 'Économie atlantique, économie mondiale,' Cahiers d'historie mondiale, 1 (1953), 91 - 104.

(f) Jerzy Topolski, 'Economic Decline in Poland from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 127 - 42. Translated from 'La regression économique en Pologne du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle,' Acta poloniae historica, 7 (1962), 28 - 49.

(g) Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'A Long Agrarian Cycle: Languedoc, 1500 - 1700,' pp. 143 - 64. Translated and abridged from the final chapter of Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris, 1969): from The Peasants of Languedoc, translated by John Day (Chicago, 1974).

(h) Jean Jacquart, 'French Agriculture in the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 165 - 84. Translated from 'La production agricole dans la France du XVIIe siècle,' XVIIe siècle (1960), 21 - 46.

(i) Ruggiero Romano, 'Italy in the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 185-98. Translated from 'L'Italia nella crisi del secolo XVII,' Studi storici, 9 (1968), 723-41.

(j) J.G. Van Dillen, 'Economic Fluctuations and Trade in the Netherlands, 1650 - 1750,' pp. 199 - 211. Translated from Van rijkdom en regenten: Handboek tot de economische en sociale geschiedenis van Nederlands tijdens de Republiek (The Hague, 1970), chapter 23.

* 9. Theodore K. Rabb, The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1975). Chapters II - IV; and IX: 'Economics, Demography, and Social Relations,' pp. 83-99. The whole book, 150 pp. of text, is on this 'General Crisis'.

* 10. Jan De Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 (Cambridge, 1976), especially Chapter 1, pp. 1 - 29.

11. Hermann Kellenbenz, Economic History of Continental Europe, 1500-1750 (London, 1976), Part II (from page 196).

12. Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598-1648, Fontana History of Europe series (Glasgow, 1979), Chapter I: 'European Society and the Economy,' pp. 17-48; Chapter II: 'European Society and the State,' pp. 49-75.

** 13. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol.II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980). 'Introduction: Crisis of the Seventeenth Century?' pp. 2-11; Chapter 1, 'The B-Phase,' pp. 12-35; Chapter 3, 'Struggle in the Core--Phase I: 1651-1689,' pp. 74-127; Chapter 6, 'Struggle in the Core -- Phase II: 1689-1763,' pp. 244-89.

14. Philip T. Hoffman and Kathryn Norberg, eds., Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Governments, 1450 - 1789 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).

D. Warfare, Rebellion, and Social Unrest in Continental Europe

* 1. J.V. Polisensky, 'The Thirty Years' War,' Past and Present, No. 6 (November 1954), pp. 31 - 43.

2. Roland Mousnier, 'Recherches sur les soulèvements populaires en France avant la Fronde,' Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaire, 4 (1958), 88-113.

3. R. Mandrou, 'Les soulèvements populaires et la société française du XVIIe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 14 (1959), 756-65.

4. Boris Porchnev, Les soulèvements populaires en France de 1623 à 1648 (trans. from the Russian: Paris, 1963).

5. L. Bernard, 'Popular Uprisings under Louis XIV,' French Historical Studies, 3 (1964), 454-74.

6. Roland Mousnier, Fureurs paysannes: les paysans dans les révoltes du XVIIe siècle: France, Russie, Chine (Paris, 1967). Republished in translation, by Brian Pearce, as Peasant Uprisings in the Seventeenth Century: France, Russia, and China (New York: Harper and Row, 1970).

7. J. V. Polisensky, 'The Thirty Years' War and the Crises and Revolutions of Seventeenth-Century Europe,' Past & Present, no. 39 (April 1968), 34 - 43.

8. Henry Kamen, 'The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years' War,' Past and Present, No. 39 (April 1968), 44-61.

9. Alexandra D. Liublinskaya, French Absolutism: The Crucial Phase, 1620-1629, translated by Brian Pearce (Cambridge, 1968). [N.B. Her name is given as both Liublinskaya and Lublinskaya, in library cataloguing.]

10. Isser Woloch, ed., The Peasantry in the Old Regime: Conditions and Protests, in the series European Problem Studies (New York, 1970).

* 11. M.O. Gately, A.L. Moote, and J.E. Wills, 'Seventeenth-Century Peasant 'Furies': Some Problems of Comparative History,' Past and Present, No. 51 (May 1971), 63-80. A review article on Mousnier (1967).

12. J.V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War (London, 1971).

* 13. A. Lloyd Moote, 'The Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe: Did They Really Exist?', The Canadian Journal of History, 8 (1973), 207-34. Republished in Geoffrey Parker and Leslie Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (1978), pp. 134-64.

14. Geoffrey Parker, 'The 'Military Revolution, 1560 - 1660': A Myth?' Journal of Modern History, 48 (1976).

15. J.V. Polisensky, War and Society in Europe, 1618-1648 (Cambridge, 1978).

* 16. G. Benecke, 'The Thirty Years' War and its Place in the General Crisis of the XVIIth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 9 (Fall 1980), 491-500. This is a review article discussing Polisensky (1954, 1971, 1968, 1978).

E. Population and Agriculture: Demographic Problems during the 'General Crisis' Era

I. General Demographic Studies

1. Roger Mols, Introduction à la démographie historique des villes d'Europe du XIVe au XVIIIe siècles, 3 vols. (Louvain-Gembloux, 1954-56). See Vol. I on methodology.

* 2. Karl Helleiner, 'The Vital Revolution Reconsidered,' Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 23 (1957). Republished in Eversley and Glass (1965).

3. Karl Helleiner, 'New Light on the History of Urban Populations,' Journal of Economic History, 18 (1958), 56-61. A review-article concerning the Mols volumes (1954-56).

4. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (Paris, 1960). Republished in translation by Sian Reynolds as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (London: Collins; New York: Harper and Row, 1972-73). Vol. I (London, 1972), Part Two: I.2, 'How Many People?' pp. 394-417.

5. E. A. Wrigley, Industrial Growth and Population Change (London, 1961).

6. Carlo Cipolla, The Economic History of World Population (London, 1962), pp. 24-31, 62-72, 73-117.

* 7. B. H. Slicher-Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe, A.D. 500-1850 (London, 1963), pp. 18-28, 144-45, 192-205, 205-39; but especially Part III, Section A, 'Population,' pp. 77-97.

8. E. A. Wrigley, ed., Introduction to English Historical Demography from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (1964).

9. B. H. Slicher Van Bath, 'Die europaischer Agrarverhältnisse im 17. und der ersten Halfte des 18. Jahrhunderts,' Afdeling Agrarische Geschiedenis Bijdragen [A.A.G.], 13 (1965), 134 - 48.

* 10. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (London, 1965; 2nd edn. 1971):

(a) Chapter 4, 'Births, Marriages, and Deaths,' pp. 84-112.

(b) Chapter 5, 'Did the Peasants Really Starve? Famine and Pestilence in Pre-Industrial Society,' pp. 113-34.

** 11. D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., Population in History (London, 1965). See the following essays:

Part i: General

(a) D.V. Glass, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-22. [Original essay].

(b) D.E.C. Eversley, 'Population, Economy, and Society,' pp. 23-69. [Original essay.]

(d) Karl F. Helleiner, 'The Vital Revolution Reconsidered,' pp. 79-86. [Reprinted from The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 23 (1957), with minor revisions.]

(e) J. Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' pp. 101-43. [Original essay.]

Part ii: Great Britain

(a) H.J. Habakkuk, 'The Economic History of Modern Britain,' pp. 147 - 58. [Reprinted from The Journal of Economic History, 18 (1958), 486-501

(b) D.V. Glass, 'Two Papers on Gregory King,' pp. 159 - 220.

i) 'Introductory Note,' pp. 159 - 67.

ii) 'Gregory King and the Population of England and Wales at the End of the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 167 - 83. [Reprinted from Eugenics Review (Jan. 1946), 170 - 83.

iii) 'Gregory King's Estimate of the Population of England and Wales, 1695,' pp. 183 - 220. [Reprinted from Population Studies, 2 (1950), 338 - 74.]

* (c) D.V. Glass, 'Population and Population Movements in England and Wales, 1700 to 1850,' pp. 221-46. [Unpublished paper, written in 1945.]

(d) T.H. Hollingsworth, 'A Demographic Study of the British Ducal Families,' pp. 354 - 78. [Reprinted from Population Studies, 11 (1957), 4 - 26. See also the revised and extended article, 'The Demogaphy of the British Peerage,' Population Studies, 18 (1964).

(e) J.T. Krause, 'The Changing Adequacy of English Registration, 1690-1837,' pp. 379-83. [Original publication.]

(f) D.E.C. Eversley, 'A Survey of Population in an Area of Worcestershire from 1660 to 1850, on the Basis of Parish Registers,' pp. 394 - 419. [Reprinted from Population Studies, 10 (1957), 253-79.]

Part iii: Continental Europe

(a) Pierre Goubert, 'Recent Theories and Research in French Population between 1500 and 1700,' pp. 457-473. [Original essay, translated by Margaret Hilton.]

(b) J. Meuvret, 'Demographic Crisis in France from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 507-22. [Original essay, translated by Margaret Hilton.]

(c) Carlo Cipolla, 'Four Centuries of Italian Demographic Development,' pp. 570-87. [Original essay, translted by David Rees.]

12. J.A. Faber, 'Population Change and Economic Development in the Netherlands: Historical Survey,' Afdeling Agrarische Geschiedenis Bijdragen, 12 (1965), 47-110. [N.B. In the Library, this is catalogued under: Wageningen, Landbouwhogeschool.]

* 13. Fernand Braudel, Civilisation matérielle et capitalisme (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin, 1967). Republished, in translation by Miriam Koch, as Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800 (London, 1973). See Chapter 1, 'Weight of Numbers,' pp. 1-64; and also Chapters 2-3, pp. 66-190.

** 14. Karl Helleiner, 'Population of Europe from the Black Death to the Eve of the Vital Revolution,' in E.E. Rich and Charles Wilson, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: 16th and 17th Centuries (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 58-95.

15. M.R. Reinhard, André Armengaud, Jacques Dupâquier, Histoire générale de la population mondiale (Paris, 1968).

* 16. E.A. Wrigley, Population and History (London, 1969), Chapters 3-4.

17. A.C. Kelley, 'Demographic Cycles and Economic Growth: The Long Swing Reconsidered,' Journal of Economic History, 19 (1969).

18. Michael Drake, ed., Population in Industrialization (London, 1969). Read especially Drake's introduction, pp. 1-10.

19. Harry Miskimin, The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460 (1969: reissued Cambridge, 1975), Chapter 2, 'Recovery: Population and the Money Supply,' and Chapter 3, 'Agriculture: the Rising Demand for Food,' pp. 20-82 (but especially pp. 20-28).

20. Frederic Mauro, Le XVIe siècle européen: aspectes économiques (Paris, 1970), chapter II:1, 'La population,' pp. 156-75.

* 21. J.D. Chambers, Population, Economy, and Society in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1972), Chapter 1, 'The General Course of Population Change, 1086-1801,' pp. 9-32. But see also Chapters 2 ('Marriage and Mobility'), 3 ('Marriage and Fertility'), 4 ('The Chances of Life and the Autonomous Death Rates'), and 6 ('Population and the Economy in Pre-Industrial England: A Summary').

* 22. Roger Mols, 'Population in Europe, 1500-1700,' in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1974), pp. 15-82.

23. Thomas McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (London, 1976).

24. Jan De Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 (Cambridge, 1976), Chapter 1, 'The Age of Crisis,' and Chapter 2, 'The Agrarian Economies on Divergent Paths,' pp. 1-83, but especially pp. 4-l6.

* 25. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, eds., Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History, 1500-1800 (London, 1977). See the population tables commencing each section: for Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, British Isles, France, Germany.

** 26. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur, 3rd edn. (Berlin, 1978). Translated by Olive Ordish and reissued as Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1980). Part II, Chapters 4-6: 'Changes in the Agrarian Economy of Western and Central Europe from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century,' pp. 99-196.

27. W.R. Lee, ed., European Demography and Economic Growth (London, 1979).

28. Fernand Braudel, Les structures du Quotidien: Le possible et l'impossible (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin, 1979). Translated by Sian Reynolds and republished as Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. I: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible (New York, 1981), chapter 1: 'Weight of Numbers,' pp. 31 - 103.

29. David B. Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1980). Part One, 'Methodology' (chapters 2-5), pp. 9 - 48; Part Two: 'Malthus Justified,' chapters 6-9, pp. 49-114; especially chapter 8, 'England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 102 -14.

** 30. E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction (London and Cambridge Mass., 1981; 2nd edn. with new introduction, Cambridge and New York, 1989).

* 31. Michael Flinn, The European Demographic System, 1500-1820 (Baltimore, 1981).

32. Esther Boserup, Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends (Chicago, 1981), part III: 'The Role of Demographic Factors in European Development,' pp. 93-125.

33. Roderick C. Floud, 'Economics and Population Growth: A Comment,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (Autumn 1983), 439-44.

34. Jacques Dupâquier and A. Fauve-Chamoux, eds., Malthus Past and Present (London, 1983).

35. P. R. Galloway, 'Annual Variations in Deaths by Age, Deaths by Cause, Prices, and Weather in London, 1670 to 1830,' Population Studies, 39 (1985), 487-505.

36. R. D. Lee, 'Inverse Projection and Back Projection: A Critical Appraisal, and Comparative Results for England, 1539 to 1871,' Population Studies, 39 (1985), 233-248.

37. David Coleman and Roger Schofield, The State of Population Theory: Forward from Malthus (Oxford, 1986). See especially:

(a) Roger Schofield and David Coleman, 'Introduction: the State of Population Theory,' pp. 1-13.

(b) David Coleman, 'Population Regulation: A Long Range View,' pp. 14-41.

(d) E.A. Wrigley, 'Elegance and Experience: Malthus at the Bar of History,' pp. 46-64.

(e) G.N. von Tunzelmann, 'Malthus's `Total Population System': A Dynamic Reinterpretation,' pp 65 - 95.

(f) Ronald D. Lee, 'Malthus and Boserup: A Dynamic Synthesis,' pp. 96 - 130.

(g) Philip Kreager, 'Demographic Regimes as Cultural Systems,' pp. 131 - 55.

(h) R. M. Smith, 'Transfer Incomes, Risk and Security: The Roles of the Family and the Collectivity in Recent Theories of Fertility Changes,' pp. 188 - 211.

(i) Stephen J. Kunitz, 'Mortality Since Malthus,' pp. 279 - 302.

38. George Alter and James C. Riley, 'How to Bet on Lives: A Guide to Life Contingent Contracts in Early Modern Europe,' in Paul Uselding, ed., Research in Economic History, 10 (1986).

39. John Komlos, 'On the Role of Crises in Historical Perspective,' Population and Development Review, 14 (March 1988), 159 - 64.

40. Edward Crenshaw, 'The Demographic Regime of Western Europe in the Early Modern Period: A Review of the Literature,' Journal of Family History, 14 (1989), 177-89.

II. The 'European Marriage Pattern':

Marriage Patterns, Family Structures, and Fertility in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe.

1. Philip Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, trans. Robert Baldick (London, 1962).

** 2. J. Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' in D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversely, eds., Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography (London, 1965), pp. 101-46.

** 3. E.A. Wrigley, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 82-109: reprinted in Michael Drake, ed., Population in Industrialization (London, 1969), pp. 157-94.

4. N.F.R. Crafts and N.J. Ireland, 'Family Limitation and the English Demographic Revolution: A Simulation Approach,' Journal of Economic History, 36 (1976), 598-623. Very technical and econometric.

5. Richard T. Vann, 'Women in Preindustrial Capitalism,' in R. Bridenthal, ed., Becoming Visible: Women in European History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), pp. 194-215.

6. E. A. Wrigley, 'Reflections on the History of the Family,' Daedalus, 106 (1977), 71 - 85.

7. R.B. Morrow, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England: A Re-Appraisal,' and:

E.A. Wrigley, 'Marital Fertility in Seventeenth-Century Colyton: A Note,' both in:

Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 26 (1978), 419-28, 429-36.

8. Richard M. Smith, 'Some Reflections on the Evidence for the Origins of the `European Marriage Pattern' in England,' in C. Harris, ed., The Sociology of the Family: New Directions for Britain (Keele, 1979), pp. 74-112.

9. Peter Laslett, 'Comparing Illegitmacy over Time and Between Cultures,' in Peter Laslett, Karla Osterveen, and Richard M. Smith, eds., Bastardy and its Comparative History (London, 1980).

10. Richard M. Smith, 'Fertility, Economy, and Household Formation in England Over Three Centuries,' Population and Development Review, 7 (1981), 595 - 622.

11. Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1983).

12. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: Further Explored (London: Methuen, 1983).

13. David R. Weir, 'Rather Never than Late: Celibacy and Age at Marriage in English Cohort Fertility, 1541-1971,' Journal of Family History, 9 (Winter 1984), 340-54.

14. Antonia Fraser, The Weaker Vessel: Woman's Lot in Seventeenth-Century England (London: Methuen, 1984).

15. Roger S. Schofield, 'English Marriage Patterns Revisited,' Journal of Family History, 10 (1985), 2-20.

16. Mary Prior, 'Women and the Urban Economy,' in Mary Prior, ed., Women in English Society, 1500 - 1800 (London: Methuen, 1985).

17. L. Bonfield, Keith Wrightson, and Richard M. Smith, eds., The World We have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986):

(a) Richard M. Smith, 'Marrige Processes in the English Past: Some Continuities,' pp. 43-99.

(b) Roger Schofield, 'Did Mothers Really Die?' pp. 231-60.

(c) P.P. Viazzo, 'Illegitimacy and the European Marriage Pattern: Comparative Evidence from the Alpine Area,' pp. 100-21.

18. David Levine, Reproducing Families: The Political Economy of English Population History (Cambridge, 1987).

19. P. Galloway, 'Basic patterns in Annual Variations in Fertility, Nuptiality, Mortality, and Prices in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Population Studies, 42 (1988), 275-304.

20. David Potter, 'Marriage and Cruelty Amongst the Protestant Nobility in 16th Century France,' European History Quarterly, 20 (Jan. 1990), 19-35.

21. Pamela Sharpe, 'Literally Spinsters: A New Interpretation of Local Economy and Demography in Colyton in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (February 1991), 46 - 65.

22. Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, 'Women's Work, Gender Conflict, and Labour Markets in Europe, 1500 - 1900,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 44 (November 1991), 608-28.

III. English Demography: Some Particular Studies

* 1. Joan Thirsk, 'Industries in the Countryside,' in F.J. Fisher, ed., Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England, (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 70-88. A very important essay relating the dynamics of partible inheritance, population growth, and rural industrialization.

2. B.R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, ed., Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), Section I, 'Population and Vital Statistics,' pp. 1-54. Use with care, since many of these statistics have been superseded by those of Wrigley and Schofield.

3. G.S.L. Tucker, 'English Pre-Industrial Population Trends,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 16 (1963), 205-30.

4. E.A. Wrigley, ed., Introduction to English Historical Demography from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1964).

* 5. E.A. Wrigley, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 82-109: reprinted in Michael Drake, ed., Population in Industrialization (London, 1969), pp. 157-94 (with some omissions).

6. E.A. Wrigley, 'A Simple Model of London's Importance in Changing English Society and Economy, 1650-1750,' Past and Present, No. 37 (1967), 44-70.

7. J.T. Krause, 'Some Aspects of Population Change, 1690-1790,' in E. L. Jones and G. E. Mingay, eds., Land, Labour, and Population in the Industrial Revolution: Essays Presented to J.D. Chambers (London, 1967), pp. 187-205.

8. Michael Flinn, British Population Growth, 1700-1850 (London, 1970).

* 9. F.J. Fisher, 'London as an `Engine of Economic Growth',' in J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossmann, eds., Britain and the Netherlands, Vol. IV: Metropolis, Dominion, and Province (The Hague, 1971), pp. 3-16. An important aspect of English population growth.

* 10. J.D. Chambers, Population, Economy, and Society in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1972), especially chapters 1, 5, 6.

11. R.D. Lee, 'Population in Pre-Industrial England: An Econometric Analysis,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 86 (1973), 581-607.

12. N.F.R. Crafts and N.J. Ireland, 'Family Limitation and the English Demographic Revolution: A Simulation Approach,' Journal of Economic History, 36 (1976), 598-623. Very technical and econometric.

13. Peter Clark and Paul Slack, English Towns in Transition, 1500-1700 (1976), Chapter 6: 'Demographic Background'.

14. Michael Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977).

15. R.B. Morrow, 'Family Limitation in Pre-Industrial England: A Re-Appraisal,' and:

E.A. Wrigley, 'Marital Fertility in Seventeenth-Century Colyton: A Note,'

both in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1978), 419-28, 429-36.

16. Richard M. Smith, 'Population and its Geography in England, 1500 - 1730,' in R. A. Dodgshon and R. A. Butlin, eds., An Historical Geography of England and Wales (London, 1978).

17. S. H. Rigby, 'Urban Decline in the Later Middle Ages: Some Problems in Interpreting the Statistical Data,' Urban History Yearbook 1979 (Leicester University Press, 1979), pp. 46 - 59.

18. Alan Dyer, 'Growth and Decay in English Towns, 1500 - 1700,' Urban History Yearbook 1979 (Leicester University Press, 1979), pp. 60 - 72.

19. C. V. Phythian-Adams, 'Dr Dyer's Urban Undulations,' Urban History Yearbook 1979 (Leicester University Press, 1979), pp. 73 - 76.

** 20. E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction (London and Cambridge Mass., 1981; 2nd edn. with new introduction, Cambridge and New York, 1989).

See also the review article on this book by Michael Flinn, in The Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (1982), 443-57.

* 21. R.D. Lee and R.S. Schofield, 'British Population in the Eighteenth Century,' in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700 (Cambridge, 1981), Vol. I, pp. 17-35.

* 22. D.M. Palliser, 'Tawney's Century: Brave New World or Malthusian Trap?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (1982), 339-53. Has considerable relevance for the subsequent era, 1640 - 1750.

** 23. E.A. Wrigley, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-Century England: A Conundrum Resolved,' Past and Present, No. 98 (February 1983), 121-50.

24. E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, 'English Population History from Family Reconstitution: Summary Results, 1600-1799,' Population Studies, 37 (1983).

25. Roger S. Schofield, 'The Impact of Scarcity and Plenty on Population Change in England, 1541 - 1871,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (1983).

* 26. C. G. A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 1500-l700, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1984), Vol. I: People, Land, and Towns, Chapter l, 'Population,' pp. 1-28.

27. David R. Weir, 'Rather Never than Late: Celibacy and Age at Marriage in English Cohort Fertility, 1541-1971,' Journal of Family History, 9 (1984), 340-54.

28. S.H. Rigby, 'Urban Decline in the Later Middle Ages: The Reliability of the Non-Statistical Evidence,' Urban History Yearbook 1984 (Leicester University Press, 1984), pp. 45 - 60.

29. Roger S. Schofield, 'English Marriage Patterns Revisited,' Journal of Family History, 10 (1985), 2-20.

* 30. E. A. Wrigley, 'Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), 683-728.

* 31. R. I. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb, eds., Population and Economy: Population and History from the Traditional to the Modern World (Cambridge, 1986). This is a reprint in book form of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), containing the following articles (with the pagination as in the journal version):

(a) R.S. Schofield and E.A. Wrigley, 'Introduction,' pp. 561-69.

(b) R.S. Schofield, 'Through a Glass Darkly: The Population History of England as an Experiment in History,' pp. 571-93.

* (d) Peter H. Lindert, 'English Population, Wages, and Prices: 1541-1913,' pp. 609-34.

(e) Ronald Lee, 'Population Homeostasis and English Demographic History,' pp. 635-60.

* (f) E.A. Wrigley, 'Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period,' pp. 683-728.

(g) Brinley Thomas, 'Escaping from Constraints: The Industrial Revolution in a Malthusian Context,' pp. 729-54.

(h) Ann Kussmaul, 'Time and Space, Hoofs and Grain: The Seasonality of Marriage in England,' pp. 755-79.

32. David Cressy, 'The Seasonality of Marriage in Old and New England,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 16 (Summer 1985), 1-21.

33. David Levine, Reproducing Families: The Political Economy of English Population History (Cambridge, 1987).

* 34. Robert Stavins, 'A Model of English Demographic Change, 1573 - 1873,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (Jan. 1988), 98 - 116. Important article; but only for those with advanced mathematics and econometrics.

35. Mary J. Dobson, 'The Last Hiccup of the Old Demographic Regime: Population Stagnation and Decline in Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century South-East England,' Continuity and Change, 4 (1989), 395-428.

36. Ann Kussmaul, A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538 - 1840, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy, and Society in Past Time (Cambridge University Press, 1990). With considerable emphasis on demographic factors, especially in chapter two.

37. Peter A. Gunn, 'Productive Cycles and the Season of Marriage: A Critical Test,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 21 (1990), 217 - 243.

38. Pamela Sharpe, 'Literally Spinsters: A New Interpretation of Local Economy and Demography in Colyton in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 44 (February 1991), 46 - 65.

39. R. A. Houston, The Population History of Britain and Ireland, 1500 - 1750, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan Press, 1991).

IV. Population, Prices, and Purchasing-Power: The Standard of Living Controversy of the 16th and 17th Centuries

1. J. E. Thorold Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Vol. IV: 1401-1583 (1882). The original and still classic study on English prices and wages; but to be used with some care, because of his sampling methods.

2. William H. Beveridge, ed., Prices and Wages in England, Vol. I: The Mercantile Era (London, 1939; reissued 1965). Note: no other volumes in this proposed series have ever been issued. Many of the price series in Vol. I commence after the 16th century. The prices and wages given here are much more reliable than those in Thorold Rogers.

** 3. E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of Building Wages,' Economica, 22 (August 1955), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 168-78. Reprinted also in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

4. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables Compared with Builders' Wage-Rates,' Economica, 23 (Nov. 1956), reprinted in the following:

(a) E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 179-96;

(b) Peter Ramsey, ed., The Price Revolution (London, 1971), pp. 18-41.

(c) E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981), containing additional statistical appendices not provided in the original publication, or in earlier reprints.

** 5. David Felix, 'Profit Inflation and Industrial Growth: The Historic Record and Contemporary Analogies,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1956), 441-63, reprinted in Roderick Floud, ed., Essays in Quantitative Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 133-51. An attack on Hamilton, while also modifying Nef.

** 6. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Wage-Rates and Prices: Evidence of Population Pressure in the Sixteenth Century,' Economica, 24 (Nov. 1957), 289-305. Reprinted in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

7. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Builders' Wage Rates, Prices, and Population: Some Further Evidence,' Economica, 26 (Feb. 1959), 18-38. Reprinted in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

8. E.H. Phelps Brown and S.V. Hopkins, 'Seven Centuries of Wages and Prices: Some Earlier Estimates,' Economica, 28 (Feb. 1961). Reprinted in E.H. Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins, A Perspective of Wages and Prices (London, 1981).

9. Peter Bowden, 'Agricultural Prices, Farm Profits, and Rents,' in Joan Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, IV: 1500-1640 (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 593-695. This has now been reprinted (and extended up to 1750) in:

Peter Bowden, ed., Economic Change: Wages, Profits, and Rents, 1500 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1990).

* 10. Charles Verlinden, et al., 'Price and Wage Movements in Belgium in the Sixteenth Century,' in Peter Burke, ed., Economy and Society in Early Modern Europe (London, 1972), pp. 55-84.

11. R.D. Lee, 'Population in Pre-Industrial England: An Econometric Analysis,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 86 (1973), 581-607.

12. Robert Doughty, 'Industrial Prices and Inflation in Southern England, 1401-1640,' Explorations in Economic History, 12 (1975), 177-92.

** 13. Herman Van der Wee, 'Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400-1700,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 58-78.

14. Jan De Vries, 'An Inquiry into the Behaviour of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands, 1580-1800,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 79-97.

** 15. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur, 3rd edn. (Berlin, 1978). Translated by Olive Ordish and reissued as Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1980). Part II, 'Changes in the Agrarian Economy of Western and Central Europe from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century,' Chapters 4-6, pp. 99-196; especially Chapter 4: 'Farming and the Standard of Living in the Sixteenth Century,' pp. 99-146.

* 16. David Loschky, 'Seven Centuries of Real Income per Worker Reconsidered,' Economica, 47 (1980), 459 - 65.

* 17. Donald Woodward, 'Wage Rates and Living Standards in Pre-Industrial England,' Past and Present, No. 91 (May 1981), 28-46.

** 18. Peter Lindert, 'English Living Standards, Population Growth, and Wrigley-Schofield,' Explorations in Economic History, 20 (April 1983), 131-55.

19. Martha Olney, 'Fertility and the Standard of Living in Early-Modern England: In Consideration of Wrigley and Schofield,' Journal of Economic History, 43 (Mar. 1983), 71-88.

20. Carole Shammas, 'Food Expenditures and Economic Well Being in Early Modern England,' The Journal of Economic History, 43 (Mar. 1983), 89-100.

* 21. Roger Schofield, 'The Impact of Scarcity and Plenty on Population Change in England, 1541-1871,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (Autumn 1983), 165-91.

* 22. Peter Lindert, 'English Population, Wages, and Prices: 1541-1913,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), 609-34.

* 23. E. Schokkaert and Herman Van der Wee, 'A Quantitative Study of Food Consumption in the Low Countries During the Sixteenth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 17 (Spring 1988), 131 - 58.

24. P. Galloway, 'Basic patterns in Annual Variations in Fertility, Nuptiality, Mortality, and Prices in Pre-Industrial Europe,' Population Studies, 42 (1988), 275-304.

25. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

26. Henry Phelps Brown, 'Gregory King's Notebook and the Phelps Brown-Hopkins Price Index,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (Feb. 1990), 94 - 103.

V. Climate, Harvests, Famine, and Disease

1. W. G. Hoskins, 'Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic History, 1480-1619,' Agricultural History Review, 2 (1953-54), 28-46; reprinted in W. E. Minchinton, ed., Essays in Agrarian History (1968), Vol. I, pp. 93-116.

2. L. Fabian Hirst, The Conquest of the Plague (Oxford, 1953).

3. R. Pollitzer, Plague (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1954).

4. Gustav Utterstrom, 'Climatic Fluctuations and Population Problems in Early Modern History,' Scandinavian Economic History Review, 3 (1955), 30-47. The article that sparked the debate, and attacked by Le Roy Ladurie (1971, 1972). Use with care, since Utterstrom is largely anecdotal.

* 5. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'History and Climate,' republished in translation from Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 13 (1959), in Peter Burke, ed., The Economy and Society in Early Modern Europe: Essays from Annales (London, 1972), pp. 134-69.

6. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (Paris, 1960). Republished in translation by Sian Reynolds as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (London: Collins; New York: Harper and Row, 1972-73). Vol. I (1972), Part I. iv, 'Climate and History,' pp. 231-75.

7. E. L. Jones, Seasons and Prices: The Role of Weather in English Agricultural History (London, 1964).

8. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, L'histoire du climat depuis l'an mil (Paris: Flammarion, 1967). Revised by the author and translated by Barbara Bray as Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate since the Year 1000 (New York, 1971). Impressive, but less useful than it sounds.

9. J.F.D. Shrewsbury, A History of the Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970).

10. R. B. Outhwaite, 'Dearth and Government Intervention in English Grain Markets, 1590-1700,' Economic History Review, 34 (1971), 389-406.

11. Frederick Cartwright, Disease and History (New York, 1972).

12. H.H. Lamb, Climate: Past, Present and Future, 2 vols. (London, 1972-77).

13. Andrew Appleby, 'Disease or Famine? Mortality in Cumberland and Westmorland, 1580-1640,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 403-32.

14. Carlo Cipolla, 'The Plague and Pre-Malthus Malthusians,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 277-84.

15. Michael Flinn, 'The Stabilisation of Mortality in Pre-Industrial Western Europe,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 285-318.

16. A.-M. Piuz, 'Climat, récolte et vie des hommes à Genève, XVIe - XVIIIe siècles,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 29 (1974), 599 - 618.

17. Andrew Appleby, 'Nutrition and Disease: The Case of London, 1550 - 1750,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 6 (Summer 1975), 1-22.

18. J. N. Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranées, 2 vols. (Paris and The Hague, 1975-76).

19. t William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York, 1976), Chapters 4-6.

20. J. D. Post, 'Famine, Mortality, and Epidemic Disease in the Process of Modernization,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 29 (1976), 14-37.

* 21. John A. Eddy, 'The 'Maunder Minimum': Sunspots and Climate in the Reign of Louis XIV,' Science, 92 (1976), 1189 - 1202. Republished in Geoffrey Parker and Lesley Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978), pp. 226-68. See also Parker's introduction, pp. 6-l2.

22. Carlo Cipolla, Faith, Reason, and the Plague in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany, trans. Muriel Kittel (1977; English edn. New York, 1979).

23. Andrew Appleby, 'Famine, Mortality, and Epidemic Disease: A Comment,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 508-12.

24. Allan Sharlin, 'Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities: A Reconsideration,' Past and Present, No. 79 (May 1978), 126-38.

25. Victor H. Skipp, Crisis and Development: An Ecological Case Study of the Forest of Arden, 1570 - 1674 (Cambridge, 1978).

** 26. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur, 3rd edn. (Berlin, 1978). Translated by Olive Ordish and reissued as Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1980). Chapter 4: 'Farming and the Standard of Living in the Sixteenth Century,' pp. 99-146.

27. Andrew Appleby, 'Disease, Diet, and History,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 8 (Spring 1978), 725-35.

28. Andrew Appleby, Famine in Tudor and Stuart England (Stanford, 1978).

** 29. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 29 (1979), 865-87.

30. Andrew Appleby, 'Crises of Mortality: Periodicity, Intensity, Chronology and Geographical Extent,' in H. Charbonneau and A. Larose, eds., The Great Mortalities: Methodological Studies of Demographic Crises in the Past (Liège, 1979), pp. 283-94.

31. Andrew Appleby, 'Diet in Sixteenth-Century England: Sources, Problems, Possibilities,' in C. Webster, ed., Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 97-116.

* 32. Michael Flinn, 'Plague in Europe and the Mediterranean Countries,' Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 131-48. A review article of Biraben (1975-76).

33. Andrew Appleby, 'Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 10 (1980), 643-63.

* 34. Andrew Appleby, 'The Disappearance of the Plague: A Continuing Puzzle,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 161-73.

* 35. Robert Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., Climate and History: Studies in Interdisciplinary History: special issue of Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 10 (Spring 1980), No. 4. Reissued in book form (Princeton, 1981):

(a) Jan De Vries, 'Measuring the Impact of Climate on History,' pp. 19-50.

(b) Andrew Appleby, 'Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age,' pp. 63-84.

(d) John Eddy, 'Climate and the Role of the Sun,' pp. 145-68.

36. R.B. Outhwaite, 'Dearth and Government Intervention in English Grain Markets, 1590 - 1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 33 (1981).

37. Paul Slack, 'The Disappearance of the Plague: An Alternative View,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (1981), 469-76.

38. Roger Finlay, 'Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities,' and:

Allan Sharlin, 'Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities: A Rejoinder,' both in:

Past and Present, No. 92 (Aug. 1981), 169-74, and 175-80.

* 39. J.L. Anderson, 'Climate Change in European Economic History,' Research in Economic History, 6 (1981), 1-34.

40. T. S. McKeown, 'Food, Infection, and Population,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (1983), 227-47.

41. Stephen J. Kunitz, 'Speculations on the European Mortality Decline,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 36 (Aug. 1983), 349-64.

42. John D. Post, 'Climatic Change and Historical Discontinuity,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14 (Summer 1983), 153-60. [A review article].

43. John D. Post, 'Climatic Variability and the European Mortality Wave of the Early 1740s,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Summer 1984), 1-30.

44. John D. Post, Food Shortage, Climatic Variability, and Epidemic Disease in Preindustrial Europe: The Mortality Peak in the 1740s (Ithaca, 1985).

45. Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society (Cambridge University Press, 1985).

46. Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1985).

47. Stephen R. Ell, 'Iron in Two Seventeenth-Century Plague Epidemics,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Winter 1985), 445-57.

48. John Komlos, 'Stature and Nutrition in the Habsburg Monarchy: The Standard of Living and Economic Development in the Eighteenth Century,' American Historical Review, 90 (1985), 1149 - 61.

49. James Riley and George Alter, 'Mortality and Morbidity: Measuring Ill Health Across Time,' in Robert Fogel, ed., Long-Term Changes in Nutrition and the Standard of Living, Ninth International Economic History Congress (Bern, 1986), pp. 97 - 106.

50. David E. Davis, 'The Scarcity of Rats and the Black Death: An Ecological History,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 16 (Winter 1986), 455-70.

51. James Riley, 'Disease Without Death: New Sources for a History of Sickness,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 17 (Winter 1987), 537-63.

52. H. H. Lamb, Weather, Climate, and Human Affairs (London, 1988).

53. J. M. Grove, The Little Ice Age (London, Methuen, 1988).

54. David C. Smith, 'Climate, Agriculture, History: an Introduction,' Agricultural History, 63 (1989), 1-6.

55. John Walter and Roger Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease, and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).

(a) John Walter and Roger Schofield, 'Famine, Disease and Crisis Mortality in Early Modern Society,' pp. 1 - 73.

(b) John Walter, 'The Social Economy of Dearth in Early Modern England,' pp. 75 - 128.

(d) Paul Slack, 'The Response to Plague in Early Modern England: Public Policies and their Consequences,' pp. 167 - 87.

(e) Jacques Dupâquier, 'Demographic Crises and Subsistence Crises in France, 1650 - 1725,' pp. 189 - 199.

(f) David R. Weir, 'Markets and Mortality in France, 1600 - 1789,' pp. 201 - 34.

(g) E. A. Wrigley, 'Some Reflections on Corn Yields and Prices in Pre-Industrial Economies,' pp. 235 - 78.

(h) Roger Schofield, 'Family Structure, Demographic Behaviour, and Economic Growth,' pp. 279 - 304.

56. Mary Kilbourne Matossian, Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).

57. Mark Overton, 'Weather and Agricultural Change in England, 1660-1739,' Agricultural History, 63 (1989), 77-88.

58. John Komlos, Nutrition and Economic Development in the Eighteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History (Princeton, 1989).

59. John Komlos, 'Height and Social Status in Eighteenth-Century Germany,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (Spring 1990), 607 - 22. For methodology and comparative analysis.

60. John D. Post, 'The Mortality Crises of the Early 1770s and European Demographic Trends,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XXI (Summer 1990), 29 - 62.

61. James C. Riley, 'Working Health Time: A Comparison of Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Experience in Life and Health,' Explorations in Economic History, 28 (April 1991), 169 - 91.

62. Massimo Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition: An Essay on European Demographic History, trans. by Tania Croft-Murray, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

F. Monetary Problems: later 16th to 18th Centuries

[N.B. See the separate bibliographies for the Price Revolution, ca. 1540 - 1640; and for Mercantilism.]

* 1. A.E. Monroe, Monetary Theory Before Adam Smith (Cambridge, Mass. 1923). Part V, especially Chapter 37: 'Money in Mercantilist Thought,' pp. 272-92.

2. P.J. Thomas, Mercantilism and the East India Trade (London, 1926.)

* 3. Earl J. Hamilton, 'American Treasure and the Rise of Capitalism, 1500-1700,' Economica, 27 (Nov. 1929), 338-57.

** 4. Eli Heckscher, Mercantilism, 1st edition, 1931; 2nd edition revised by Heckscher and ed. by E.F. Soderlund, trans. by Mendel Shapiro, 2 vols. (London, 1955), Vol. II: Part IV: 'Mercantilism as a Monetary System,' pp. 185-216, pp. 252-58 in particular.

5. François Simiand, Recherches anciennes et nouvelles sur le mouvement général des prix du XVIe au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1932).

6. Earl Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501-1650 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934; reissued 1965). See especially Chapter XII: 'Wages: Money and Real,' pp. 262-82; and Chapter XIII: 'Why Prices Rose,' pp. 283-308. See also the Appendices (pp. 309-403), with statistical tables on prices and wages.

7. Moritz John Elsas, 'Price Data from Munich, 1500 - 1700,' Economic History: supplement to The Economic Journal, 3 (Februry 1935), 63 - 78. Evidently the first to argue for a demographic explanation of the Price Revolution.

** 8. Jacob Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade (New York, 1937), Chapter 1, pp. 1-50.

* 9. John Nef, 'Silver Production in Central Europe, 1450-1618,' Journal of Political Economy, 49 (1941), 575-91.

10. Jean Meuvret, 'Circulation monétaire et utilisation économique de la monnaie dans la France du XVIe et du XVIIe siècle,' Études d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 1 (1947), 15 - 28. Republished in translation as 'Monetary Circulation and the Use of Coinage in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century France,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 89-99.

11. Charles Wilson, 'Treasure and Trade Balances: the Mercantilist Problem,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 2 (1949), republished in both:

(a) F. C. Lane and J. C. Riemersma, eds., Enterprise and Secular Change: Readings in Economic History (London, 1953), pp. 337-49.

(b) Charles Wilson, Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (London, 1969), pp. 48-61.

12. Eli Heckscher, 'Multilateralism, the Baltic Trade, and the Mercantilists,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 3 (1950), 219-28.

13. Charles Wilson, 'Treasure and Trade Balances: Further Evidence,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 4 (1951), 231-42.

14. Jelle Riemersma, 'Monetary Confusion as a Factor in the Economic Expansion of Europe, 1550 - 1650,' Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 5 (1952), 61-74.

15. John Craig, The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 1287 to 1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953).

16. Barry Supple, Commercial Crisis and Change in England, 1600-1642 (Cambridge, 1959), Chapters 4 and 8.

17. Jean Meuvret, 'Monnaie et vie économique en France de 1493 à 1680,' Annales: Economies, sociétés, civilisations, 15 (1960), 569-77.

18. J. Keith Horsefield, British Monetary Experiments, 1650-1710 (Cambridge, Mass. 1960).

19. J.M. Price, 'Multilateralism and/or Bilateralism: The Settlement of British Trade Balances with the `North', c. 1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 14 (1961), 254-74.

20. J. Sperling, 'The International Payments Mechanism in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 15 (1962), 446-68.

21. Pierre Chaunu, 'Le renversement de la tendance majeure des prix et des activites au XVIIe siècle,' in Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani, Vol. IV (Milan, 1962).

* 22. Sir Albert Feavearyear, The Pound Sterling: A History of English Money, 2nd ed. revised by E. Victor Morgan (Oxford, 1963), chapter 4, 'Restoration and Reform', pp. 76-98. See also Morgan (1965).

23. K.N. Chaudhuri, 'The East India Company and the Export of Treasure in the Early Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 16 (1963-64), 23-38.

24. E. Victor Morgan, A History of Money (1965), chapters 1-2.

25. Fernand Braudel and Frank Spooner, 'Prices in Europe, 1450-1750,' in E.E. Rich and Charles Wilson, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 378-429. Rather confusing to read; but too important to be ignored.

* 26. Fernand Braudel, Civilisation matérielle et capitalisme (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin, 1967). Republished, in translation by Miriam Koch, as Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800 (London, 1973). See chapter 7, 'Money,' pp. 325-72.

27. K.N. Chaudhuri, 'Treasure and Trade Balances: The East India Company's Export Trade, 1660-1720,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 21 (1968), 480-502.

28. Michel Morineau, 'D'Amsterdam à Seville: de quelle réalité l'histoire des prix est-elle le miroir?' Annales: E.S.C., 23 (1968), 178-205.

* 29. Pierre Vilar, Oro y moneda en la historia, 1450-1920 (Barcelona, 1969): reissued in English translation as A History of Gold and Money, 1450-1920 (London, 1976), chapters 4-20, especially nos. 9-10, pp. 76-90.

30. Peter J. Bakewell, Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546-1700 (Cambridge, 1971).

31. Frank Spooner, The International Economy and Monetary Movements in France, 1493-1725 (Cambridge, Mass. 1972), chapters 1, 3, and 5 especially.

32. D.A. Brading and Harry E. Cross, 'Colonial Silver Mining: Mexico and Peru,' and 'Estimated Minimum Spanish-American Bullion Production, 1571-1700,' Hispanic American Historical Review, 52 (1972), 545-79.

33. C.H. Sutherland, English Coinage, 600-1900 (London, 1973), chapters 8-10 (for period 1485-1660), pp. 110-71.

34. Philip Grierson, Numismatics (Oxford, 1975).

35. Maria Bogucka, 'The Monetary Crisis of the XVIIth Century and its Social and Psychological Consequences in Poland,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 137-52.

* 36. K. N. Chaudhuri, 'The Economic and Monetary Problem of European Trade with Asia during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 323-58.

37. Vera Zimyani, 'A Typology of Central European Inflation in the XVIth and XVIIth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 399-402.

38. Modesto Ulloa, 'Castilian Seignorage and Coinage in the Reign of Philip II,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 459-80.

39. Michel Morineau, 'Des métaux précieux américains au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle et de leur influence,' Bulletin de la société d'histoire moderne, 76 (1977).

40. Dennis O. Flynn, 'A New Perspective on the Spanish Price Revolution: The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments,' Explorations in Economic History, 15 (1978), 388-406. An interesting and novel approach, using contemporary monetary economics.

41. K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1600-1760 (Cambridge, 1978).

42. John Munro, 'Bullionism and the Bill of Exchange in England, 1272-1663: A Study in Monetary Management and Popular Prejudice,' in The Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA, ed., The Dawn of Modern Banking (New Haven and London, 1979), pp. 169-239.

43. Fernand Braudel, Les structures du Quotidien: Le possible et l'impossible (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin, 1979). Translated by Sian Reynolds and republished as Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. I: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible (New York, 1981), chapter 7: 'Money,' pp. 436 - 478. A revised and expanded version of Braudel (1967/1973).

44. I. N. Kiss, 'Money, Prices, Values, and Purchasing Power from the XVIth to the XVIIIth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 459-90.

45. Hermann Kellenbenz, ed., Precious Metals in the Age of Expansion: Papers of the XIVth International Congress of Historical Sciences (Stuttgart, 1981). See especially:

(a) Adon and Jeanne P. Gordus, 'Potosi Silver and the Coinage of Early Modern Europe,' pp. 225-41. Their views have been revised in Gordus (1988).

(b) Hermann Kellenbenz, 'Final Remarks: Production and Trade of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Lead, from 1450 to 1750,' pp. 307-61.

(d) Herman Van der Wee, 'World Production and Trade in Gold, Silver, and Copper in the Low Countries, 1450-1700,' pp. 79-86.

46. Artur Attman, The Bullion Flow Between Europe and the East, 1000-1750 (Goteborg, 1981).

47. Dennis Flynn, 'Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Spain (Castile),' Journal of Economic History, 42 (Mar. 1982), 139-47.

48. Artur Attman, Dutch Enterprise in the World Bullion Trade, 1550 - 1800 (Göteborg, 1983.)

49. James C. Riley and John J. McCusker, 'Money Supply, Economic Growth, and the Quantity Theory of Money: France, 1650 - 1788,' Explorations in Economic History, 20 (1983), 274 - 93. Also published in Eddy Van Cauwenberghe and Franz Irsigler, eds., Münzprägung, Geldumlauf und Wechselkurse/Minting, Monetary Circulation and Exchange Rates: Akten des 8th International Economic History Congress, Budapest 1982, Trier Historische Forschungen, Vol. 7 (Trier, 1984), pp. 255-90.

50. John F. Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, N.C., 1983). See especially:

(a) Philip D. Curtin, 'Africa and the Wider Monetary World, 1250 - 1850,' pp. 231-68.

* (b) Harry E. Cross, 'South American Bullion Production and Export, 1550-1750,' pp. 397-424.

(d) F.S. Gaastra, 'The Exports of Precious Metal from Europe to Asia by the Dutch East India Company, 1602-1795 A.D.,' pp. 447-76.

(e) Joseph Brenning, 'Silver in Seventeenth-Century Surat: Monetary Circulation and the Price Revolution in Mughal India,' pp. 477-96.

51. G. A. Aizen and J. Daniel, 'Natural Economies or Monetary Economies? Silver Production and Monetary Circulation in Spanish America (Late XVIth - Early XVIIth Centuries),' The Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Spring 1984), 99 - 115.

52. John Day, ed., Etudes d'histoire monétaire, XIIe - XIXe siècles (Lille, 1984): collection of various essays in monetary history.

(a) K. N. Chaudhuri, 'Circuits monétaires internationaux, prix comparées et spécialisation économique, 1500 - 1750,' pp. 49-68.

(b) José-Gentil da Silva, 'De la modernité du XVIe siècle au sévère mais riche XVIIe: sur les monnaies instrument politique,' pp. 397 - 422.

53. James C. Riley, 'Monetary Growth and Price Stability: France, 1650-1700,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Autumn 1984), 235-54.

54. Debra Glassman and Angela Redish, 'New Estimates of the Money Stock in France, 1493 - 1680,' Journal of Economic History, 45 (March 1985), 31 - 46.

55. Michel Morineau, Incroyables gazettes et fableaux métaux: les retours des trésors americains d'après les gazettes hollandaises (XVIe - XVIIIe siècles). (Cambridge, 1985).

56. Dennis Flynn, 'The Microeconomics of Silver and East-West Trade in the Early Modern Period,' in Wolfram Fischer, R. Marvin McInnis, eds., The Emergence of a World Economy, 1500 - 1914, Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, Vol. I (Wiesbaden, 1986), pp. 37 - 60. Not readily available. See also essays in Van Cauwenberghe and Irsigler (1984), above.

* 57. Artur Attman, American Bullion in the European World Trade, 1600 - 1800 (Goteborg, 1986).

58. Debra Glassman and Angela Redish, 'Currency Depreciation in Early Modern England and France,' Explorations in Economic History, 25 (January 1988).

59. Marie-Thérèse Boyer-Xambeu, Ghislain Deleplace, and Lucien Gillard, 'Métaux d'Amérique et monnaies d'Europe,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 43 (July-August 1988), 959 - 67.

60. A.A. and J.P. Gordus, 'Identification of Potosi Silver Usage in 16th and 17th-century Coinage through the Gold-Impurity Content of Coins,' in William Bischoff, ed., The Coinage of the Vice Royalty of Peru and Its Successor States, The American Numismatic Society (New York, 1988).

61. Erik Aerts, 'La circulation monétaire française aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles,' Revue historique, 280 (1988), 395 - 409.

62. Peter J. Bakewell, Silver and Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth-Century Potosi: The Life and Times of Anthony Lopez de Quiroga (Albuquerque, 1988).

63. Charles P. Kindleberger, Spenders and Hoarders: The World Distribution of Spanish American Silver, 1550 - 1750 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989).

64. Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, ed., Precious Metals, Coinage and the Changes of Monetary Structures in Latin-American, Europe, and Asia (Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times) (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1989):

(a) Eddy Van Cauwengerghe and Rainer Metz, 'Coinage and the Coin (Money) Stock: Problems, Possiblities and First Results (The Southern Low Countries, 1334 - 1789),' pp. 7-24.

(b) Michael North, 'Bullion Transfer from Western Europe to the Baltic and the Problem of Trade Balances: 1550-1750,' pp. 57-64.

(d) Michel Morineau, 'Precious Metals, Money and Capital,' pp. 77-82.

(e) Joachim Schüttenhelm, 'The Problems of Quantifying the Volume of Money in Early Modern Times: A Preliminary Survey,' pp. 83-98.

(f) Kazui Tashiro, 'Exports of Japan's Silver to China via Korea and Changes in the Tokugawa Monetary System during the 17th and 18th Centuries,' pp. 99-116.

(g) Frank Perlin, 'The Parts of the `Machine' Division of Labour in European and Indian Coin Manufacture before Mechanization,' pp. 117-58.

(h) Alan K. Craig, 'Mining Ordenanzas and Silver Production at Potosi: The Toledo Reforms,' pp. 159-84.

(i) Kerry W. Doherty and Dennis O. Flynn, 'A Microeconomic Quantity Theory of Money and the Price Revolution,' pp. 185-208.

(j) Winfried Stier, 'Meaning and Function of New Methods of Time Series Analysis for Economic History,' pp. 209-22.

65. Henry Phelps Brown, 'Gregory King's Notebook and the Phelps Brown-Hopkins Price Index,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (Feb. 1990), 94 - 103.

* 66. Renate Pieper, 'The Volume of African and American Exports of Precious Metals and its Effects in Europe, 1500 - 1800,' in Hans Pohl, ed., The European Discovery of the World and its Economic Effects on Pre-Industrial Society, 1500 - 1800: Papers of the Tenth Interntional Economic History Congress (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990), pp. 97 - 121.

67. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Jean-Noël Barrandon, Bruno Collin, Maria Guerra, Cécile Morrisson, 'Sur les traces de l'argent du Potosi,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 45:2 (mars-avril 1990), 483 - 505.

68. Jack A. Goldstone, 'The Causes of Long Waves in Early Modern Economic History,' in Joel Mokyr, ed., The Vital One: Essays in Honor of Jonathan R. T. Hughes (Research in Economic History, Supplement no. 6, Greenwich, Conn., 1990), pp. 51 - 92.

* 69. Jack A. Goldstone, 'Monetary Versus Velocity Interpretations of the 'Price Revolution': A Comment,' Journal of Economic History, 51 (March 1991), 176 - 81.

* 70. Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, ed., Money, Coins, and Commerce: Essays in the Monetary History of Asia and Europe (Antiquity to Modern Times) (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1991). See the following:

(a) Dennis O. Flynn, 'Comparing the Tokugawa Shogunate with Hapsburg Spain: Two Silver-Based Empires in a Global Setting,' pp. 11 - 46.

(b) Takeshi Hamashita, 'The Asian Trade Network and Silver Circulation,' pp. 47 - 54.

(d) Kazui Tashiro, 'Exports of Gold and Silver during the Early Tokugawa Era, 1600 - 1750,' pp. 75 - 94.

(e) Tsu-yu Chen, 'China's Copper Production in Yunnan Province, 1700 - 1800,' pp. 95 - 118.

(f) John H. Munro, 'The Central European Silver Mining Boom, Mint Outputs, and Prices in the Low Countries and England, 1450 - 1550,' pp. 119 - 83.

(g) Michael North, 'Bullion Transfer from Western Europe to the Baltic and Asia, 1550 - 1750: A Comparison,' pp. 185 - 96.

(h) Michel Morineau, 'The Changing Nature of Money,' pp. 197 - 208.

(i) Winfried Stier, 'Analysis of Causality in Economic History,' pp. 209 - 20.

(j) Frank Perlin, 'World Economic Integration before Industrialisation and the Euro-Asian Monetary Continuum: Their Implications and Problems of Categories, Definitions and Method,' pp. 239 - 74.

(k) Pin-tsun Chang and Chau-nan Chen, 'Competing Monies in Chinese History from the 15th to the 19th Century,' pp. 375 - 84.

(l) Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 'Precious Metal Flows and Prices in Western and Southern Asia, 1500 - 1750: Some Comparative and Conjunctural Aspects,' pp. 385 - 418.

(m) Peter Klein, 'Dutch Monetary Policy in the East Indies, 1602 - 1942: A Case of Changing Continuity,' pp. 419 - 54.

(n) V.B. Gupta, 'Imports of Treasure and Surat's Trade in the 17th Century,' pp. 455 - 72.

(o) Om Prakash, 'Sarrafs, Financial Intermediation and Credit Network in Mughal India,' pp. 473 - 90.

(p) Georges Depreyerot, 'The Disappearance of Gold from the Later Roman Empire and the Myth of the Seductive Orient,' pp. 491 - 502.

(q) Ferannd Vanhamelryck, 'Punishment for Counterfeiting of Coins in the Ancien Regime,' pp. 503 - 20.

(r) Dennis Flynn and Lori Warner, 'A Model of Minting and Melting Coins,' pp. 521 - 53.

G. England: Some More Studies

See also bibliographies on English agriculture, trade, and banking.

1. Maurice Ashley, Financial and Commercial Policy Under the Cromwellian Protectorate (London, 1934; reissued 1962), Chapters 13-14.

2. George Mingay, 'The Agricultural Depression, 1730-50,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1954-55), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 291-308.

* 3. Ralph Davis, 'English Foreign Trade, 1660-1700,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 7 (1954-5), republished in both:

(a) E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, II (1960), 257-72.

(b) W.E. Minchinton, ed., The Growth of English Overseas Trade in the 17th and 18th Centuries (London, 1969), pp. 79-98.

4. J. D. Gould, 'The Trade Depression of the Early 1620's,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 7 (1954-55), 81-90.

* 5. J. D. Gould, 'The Trade Crisis of the 1620's and English Economic Thought,' Journal of Economic History, 15 (1955).

6. D. C. Coleman, 'Labour in the English Economy of the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 8 (1956), reprinted in: E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 291-308.

* 7. Barry Supple, Commercial Crisis and Change in England, 1600-1642 (Cambridge, 1959), Chapters 3 - 6, 8.

8. A. H. John, 'Aspects of English Economic Growth in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century,' Economica, 28 (1961), reprinted in Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. II (London, 1962), pp. 360-73.

** 9. Charles Wilson, England's Apprenticeship, 1603-1763 (London, 1965), Part I: Chapter I:3, 'Trade: the 17th Century Crisis,' pp. 36-65. Also pp. 20-35, 141-59, 243-62.

10. Christopher Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution, in the Pelican Economic History of Britain, Vol. II (London, 1967), Part III. A Marxist approach.

11. J. D. Chambers, Population, Economy, and Society in Pre-Industrial England (London, 1967). Chapter 6.

** 16. Joan Thirsk, and J. P. Cooper, eds., Seventeenth-Century Economic Documents (Oxford, 1972). Part I: 'Economic Crises', pp. 1-105.

* 17. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, eds., An Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History, 1500-1800 (1977), Chapter 5, 'British Isles,' pp. 115-54 (Charles Wilson).

* 18. Donald Woodward, 'Wage Rates and Living Standards in Pre-Industrial England,' Past and Present, No. 91 (May 1981), 28-46.

19. J. V. Beckett, 'Regional Variation and the Agricultural Depression, 1730-50,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35 (Feb. 1982), 35-51.

20. Richard Conquest, 'The State and Commercial Expansion: England in the Years 1642-1688,' Journal of European Economic History, 14 (1985), 155-72.

21. D. W. Jones, War and Economy in the Age of William III and Marlborough (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988).

22. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688 - 1783 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).

23. Jacob Price, 'What Did Merchants Do? Relections on British Overseas Trade, 1600 - 1790,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (June 1989), 267 - 84.

24. R. B. Outhwaite, Dearth, Public Policy and Social Disturbance in England, 1550 - 1800 (London: Macmillan, 1991).

25. Susan Neave, 'Rural Settlement Contraction in the East Riding of Yorkshire Between the Mid-Seventeenth and Mid-Eighteenth Centuries,' Agricultural History Review, 41:2 (1993), 124-36.

26. John Landers, Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London, 1670 - 1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

27. J. S. Wheeler, 'English Financial Operations During the First Dutch War, 1652-54,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:2 (Fall 1994), 329-43.

28. Nuala Zahedieh, 'London and the Colonial Consumer in the late Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:2 (May 1994), 239-61.

29. Donald Woodward, Men at Work: Labourers and Building Craftsmen in the Towns of Northern England, 1450 - 1750, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time vol. 26 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

30. Richard Grassby, The Business Community of Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

H. France from the later 16th to 18th Centuries

I. The French Economy from the later 16th to 18th Centuries: to the French Revolution

1. Emile Levasseur, Histoire des classes ouvrières en France depuis la conquête de Jules César jusqu'à la Révolution, 2 vols. (Paris, 1859).

2. Henri Sée, Economic and Social Conditions in France During the Eighteenth Century, English translation (New York, 1927). New French edition: La France économique et sociale au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1969). A classic, but largely outdated by later writings.

3. C. W. Cole, French Mercantilist Doctrines before Colbert (New York, 1931; republished 1969).

4. C. W. Cole, French Mercantilism, 1683 - 1700 (New York: Columbia University Press, l943; reprinted 1965, 1971).

5. C.E. Labrousse, La crise de l'économie française à la fin de l'ancien régime et au début de la Revolution (Paris, 1944).

6. David Landes, 'The Statistical Study of French Crises,' Journal of Economic History, 10 (1950). A critique of Labrousse (1944).

7. Elinor Barber, The Bourgeoisie in 18th Century France (Princeton, 1955).

8. R.W. Greenlaw, ed., Economic Origins of the French Revolution: Poverty or Prosperity? (Boston, 1958).

9. Pierre Goubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 à 1730: contribution à l'histoire sociale de la France du XVII siècle, 2 vols. (Paris, 1960; revised edition, 1982).

10. Warren C. Scoville, The Persecution of Huguenots and French Economic Development, 1680 - 1720 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960).

11. Norman Hampson, A Social History of the French Revolution (London, 1963; reprinted 1979).

* 12. François Crouzet, 'War, Blockade, and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815,' Journal of Economic History, 24 (Dec. 1964), 1567-90.

13. Bernard and Elinor G. Barber, eds., European Social Class: Stability and Change (New York, 1965):

( (a) Elinor G. Barber, 'The Bourgeois Way of Life in 18th Century France,' pp. 61-74. [Reprinted from Elinor Barber, The Bourgeoisie in 18th Century France (Princeton, 1955).]

(b) M. Reinland, 'Elite and Nobility in the Second Half of 18th Century France,' pp. 91-109. [Reissued in translation from 'Elite et noblesse dans la second moitié du XVIIIe siècle,' Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine (jan-mars 1956).

14. Albert Soboul, La France à la veille de la Revolution, Vol. I: Economie et société (Paris, 1966).

** 15. François Crouzet, 'Angleterre et France au XVIIIe siècle: Analyse comparée de deux croissances économiques,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 21 (1966); reissued in English translation as 'England and France in the Eighteenth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Two Economic Growths,' in both:

(a) R.M. Hartwell, ed., Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England (London, 1967), pp. 139-74.

(b) Marc Ferro, ed., Social Historians in Contemporary France (New York, 1972), pp. 59-86.

* 16. Julian Dent, 'An Aspect of the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: The Collapse of the Financial Administration of the French Monarchy, 1653-1661,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 20 (1967), 241-56.

17. Denis Richet, 'Croissance et blocages en France du XVe au XVIIIe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 23 (1968).

* 18. Pierre Goubert, L'ancien régime, 2 vols. (Paris: Armand Colin, 1969-73); reissued in Translation as The Ancien Régime: French Society, 1600-1750, trans. Steve Cox (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973).

** 19. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973):

(a) chapter 17: 'France and England in the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 288-300.

(b) chapter 18: 'France and England: Industrial Growth and Industrial Revolution,' pp. 301-16.

20. Julian Dent, Crisis in Finance: Crown, Financiers and Society in Seventeenth-Century France (Newton Abbot, 1973).

21. T.J. Markowitch, 'La Revolution industrielle: le cas de la France,' Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 52 (1974), 115-25.

22. T.J. Markowitch, 'L'evolution industrielle de la France du XVIIIe siècle,' Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 53 (1975), 266-88.

23. Roger Price, The Economic Modernisation of France, 1730 - 1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1975). Revised and extended as An Economic History of Modern France, 1730 - 1914 (London: MacMillan, 1981).

24. M. Soboul, 'Le choc révolutionnaire, 1789 - 1797,' and 'La reprise économique et la stabilisation sociale 1797 - 1815,' in Fernand Braudel and Ernest Labrousse, eds., Histoire économique et sociale de la France, Vol. III (Paris, 1976), pp. 5 - 64.

25. Peter Mathias and P.K. O'Brien, 'Taxation in Britain and France, 1715-1810: A Comparison of the Social and Economic Incidence of Taxes Collected for the Central Governments,' Journal of European Economic History, 5 (1976), 601-50.

26. P.J. Coveney, ed., France in Crisis, 1620 - 1675 (Totawa, New Jersey, 1977). A collection of essays by Mousnier, Porchnev, and others on French 17th-century history.

27. Colin Heywood, The Cotton Industry in France, 1750-1850: An Interpretative Essay (London, 1977).

28. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History 1500-1800 (1977), Chapter 6, 'France,' pp. 155-89.

29. A. Guéry, 'Les finances de la monarchie française sous l'ancien régime,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 33 (1978), 216-39.

30. D. N. McCloskey, 'A Mismeasurement of the Incidence of Taxation in Britain and France, 1715-1810,' and the reply:

P. Mathias and P.K. O'Brien, 'The Incidence of Taxation and the Burden of Proof,' both in:

Journal of European Economic History, 7 (1978), 209-13.

* 31. N.F.R. Crafts, 'Industrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the Question, `Why Was England First'?' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 30 (1977), 429-41. See Rostow and Crafts (1978).

32. W.W. Rostow, 'No Random Walk: A Comment on `Why was England First?''; and:

N.F.R. Crafts, 'Entrepreneurship and a Probabilistic View of the British Industrial Revolution,' in:

Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 31 (Nov. 1978), 610-14.

* 33. D.R. Lect and J.A. Shaw, 'French Economic Stagnation, 1700-1960: Old Economic History Revisited,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 8 (1978), 531-14.

34. C. Engrand, 'Concurrences et complémentarités des villes et des campagnes: les manufactures picardes de 1780 à 1815,' Revue du Nord, 61 (1979), 71-7.

35. Roger Price, An Economic History of Modern France, 1730-1914 (London: MacMillan, 1981). This is a revised and extended version of Roger Price, The Economic Modernisation of France, 1730 - 1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1975).

36. Thomas J. Schaeper, The French Council of Commerce, 1700 - 1715: A Study of Mercantilism After Colbert (Columbus, Ohio, 1983).

37. Robert Stein, 'The State of French Colonial Commerce on the Eve of the Revolution,' Journal of European Economic History, 12 (1983), 105-18.

38. Timothy J. LeGoff and Donald M. Sutherland, 'The Social Origins of Counter-Revolution in Western France,' Past & Present, no. 99 (1983), 65 - 87.

39. Pierre Goubert, Les français et l'ancien régime (Paris: Armand Colin, 1984).

** 40. David R. Weir, 'Life Under Pressure: France and England, 1670-1870,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1984), 27-48.

41. Mary Kilbourne Matossian, 'Mold Poisoning and Population Growth in England and France, 1750-1850,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (Sept. 1984), 669-86. Related to the previous article.

42. Jean-Charles Asselain, Histoire économique de la France, 2 vols. (Paris, 1984).

* 43. Robert Aldrich, 'Late-Comer or Early-Starter? New Views on French Economic History,' Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Spring 1987), 89 - 100.

44. James Riley, The Seven Years' War and the Old Regime in France: The Economic and Financial Toll (Princeton, 1987).

45. Florion Aftalion, L'économie de la révolution française (Paris, 1987). Reissued in translation as The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation, trans. Martin Thom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

46. James B. Collins, Fiscal Limits of Absolutism: Direct Taxation in Early Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley, 1988).

47. Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, eds., La Révolution française et l'économie: décollage ou catastrophe? (Paris, 1988).

48. Gunther Rothenberg, 'The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 771-93.

49. G. Postel-Vinay, 'A la recherche de la révolution économique dans les campagnes, 1789 - 1815,' Revue économique, 40 (1989), 1015 - 45.

50. David R. Weir, 'Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688 - 1789,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 95 -124.

51. Eugene White, 'Was There a Solution to the Ancien Régime's Financial Dilemma?' Journal of Economic History, 49 (September 1989), 545 - 68.

52. Philip Benedict, ed., Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France (London: Unwin Hyman), 1989.

53. Paul Butel, 'France, the Antilles, and Europe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Renewals of Foreign Trade,' in James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 153 - 73.

54. Wantje Fritschy, 'Taxation in Britain, France, and the Netherlands in the Eighteenth Century,' Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, 2 (1990).

55. Philip Benedict, 'Was the Eighteenth Century an Era of Urbanization in France?' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 21 (Autumn 1990), 179 - 215.

56. Eugene N. White, 'Free Banking during the French Revolution,' Explorations in Economic History, 27 (July 1990), 252-76.

57. Michael Bordo and Eugene N. White, 'A Tale of Two Currencies: British and French Finance During the Napoleonic Wars,' Journal of Economic History, 51 (June 1991), 303-16.

58. Rick Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991).

59. Stuart Wolf, ed., Domestic Strategies: Work and Family in France and Italy, 1600 - 1800 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

60. Hilton L. Root, 'Privilege and the Regulation of the Eighteenth-Century French Trades,' Journal of European Economic History, 20 (Fall 1991), 301 - 48.

61. David R. Weir, 'Les crises économiques et les origines de la Révolution française,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 46:4 (juillet-août 1991), 917-47.

62. Jean-Pierre Hirsch, Les deux rêves du commerce: Enterprise et institution dans la région lilloise (1780 - 1860), École des Hautes Études en Science Sociales (Paris, 1991).

63. Bernard Lepetit, 'Urbanization in Eighteenth-Century France: Comment,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23:1 (Summer 1992), 73 - 85; and Philip Benedict, 'Urbanization in Eighteenth-Century France: Reply,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23:1 (Summer 1992), 87 - 95.

64. Donald C. Wellington, 'The Anglo-French Commercial Treaty of 1786,' Journal of European Economic History, 21:2 (Fall 1992), 325 - 33.

65. Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'Private Credit Markets in Paris, 1690 - 1840,' The Journal of Economic History, 52 (June 1992), 293 - 306.

66. François R. Velde and David R. Weir, 'The Financial Market and Government Debt Policy in France, 1746 - 1793,' The Journal of Economic History, 52 (March 1992), 1 - 39.

67. John Harris, Essays in Industry and Technology in the Eighteenth Century: England and France (Aldershot: Variorum, 1992).

68. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'Credit Markets and Economic Change in Southeastern France, 1603 - 1788,' Explorations in Economic History, 30:2 (April 1993), 129 - 57.

* 69. L. M. Cullen, 'History, Economic Crises, and Revolution: Understanding Eighteenth-Century France,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:4 (November 1993), 635-57.

70. Liana Vardi, The Land and the Loom: Peasants and Profit in Northern France, 1680 - 1800 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993).

71. Jean-Pierre Gross, 'Progressive Taxation and Social Justice in Eighteenth-Century France,' Past & Present, no. 140 (August 1993).

72. Gwynne Lewis, 'Proto-industrialization in France,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:1 (February 1994), 150-65. A review article.

73. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'Rural Credit Markets and Aggregate Shocks: The Experience of Nuits St. Georges, 1756-1776,' The Journal of Economic History, 54:2 (June 1994), 288-306.

74. Thomas Breenan, 'The Anatomy of Inter-Regional Markets in the Early Modern French Wine Trade,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:3 (Winter 1994), 581-617.

75. Gérard Béaur, L'immobilier et la Revolution: Marché de la pierre et mutations urbaines, 1770 - 1810, Cahiers des Annales no. 44 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1994).

76. Bernard Lepetit, The Pre-Industrial Urban System: France, 1740 - 1840, trans. by Godfrey Rogers (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

75. J.-C. Toutain, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Comment,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 769-73.

76 George W. Grantham, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Reply,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 774-77.

II. French Demography and Population Studies to the French Revolution

1. Emile Levasseur, La population française, 3 vols. (Paris, 1889-92).

2. M. Reinard, 'La révolution française et le problème de la population,' Population, 1 (1946), 419-27.

3. Louis Chevalier, Démographie générale (Paris, 1951).

4. Jean Bourgeois-Pichat, 'Évolution générale de la population française depuis le XVIIIe siècle,' Population, 6 (1951), 635-62.

5. Jean Bourgeois-Pichat, 'Note sur l'évolution générale de la population française depuis le XVIIIe siècle,' Population, 7 (1952), 319-29.

6. Anita Fage, 'La révolution française et la population,' Population, 8 (1953), 311-38.

7. J. C. Toutain, 'La population de la France de 1700 à 1959,' Cahiers de l'ISEA, ser AF, no. 3 (Jan. 1963).

8. Herbert Moller, ed., Population Movements in Modern European History (London: MacMillan, 1964):

(a) Herbert Moller, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-7.

(b) Herbert Moller, 'Population and Society during the Old Regime, c. 1640 - 1770,' pp. 19-41. [Original contribution.]

9. J. Huber, H. Bunlé, and F. Boverat, La population de la France: son évolution et ses perspectives, 4th edn. (Paris, 1965).

* 10. D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography (London, 1965). See the following essays:

Part I: General

(a) D.V. Glass, 'Introduction,' pp. 1-22.

(b) D.E.C. Eversley, 'Population, Economy, and Society,' pp. 23-69. [Original contribution.]

(d) K.F. Helleiner, 'The Vital Revolution Reconsidered,' pp. 79-86. [Reprinted from The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 23 (1957), with minor revisions.]

(e) J. Hajnal, 'European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,' pp. 101-46. [Original contribution.]

Part III: France

(a) Louis Henry, 'The Population of France in the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 434 - 56. [Original contribution, translated by Peter Jimack.]

(b) Pierre Goubert, 'Recent Theories and Research in French Population between 1500 and 1700,' pp. 457-473. [Original contribution, translated by Margaret Hilton.]

(c) J. Bourgeois-Pichat, 'The General Development of the Population of France Since the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 474-506. [Reprinted from Population, 6 (1951), 635-62, with statistical appendices from 7 (1952), 319-29.]

(d) J. Meuvret, 'Demographic Crisis in France from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 507-22. [Original contribution, translated by Margaret Hilton.]

11. M. Reinhard, 'Demography, the Economy, and the French Revolution,' in E. Acomb and M. Brown, eds., French Society and Culture Since the Old Regime (New York, 1966).

12. Jacques Dupâquier, 'Sur la population française au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle,' Revue historique, 239 (1968), 43-79. Reissued in English translation as 'French Population in the 17th and 18th Centuries,' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Illinois, 1970), pp. 150-69.

13. M. Reinhard, A. Armengaud, and J. Dupâquier, Histoire générale de la population mondiale (Paris, 1968). Not surprisingly, this volume has a considerable focus on France.

14. Jean-Louis Flandrin, Familles, parenté, maison, et sexualité dans l'ancienne société (Paris, 1976; new edn. 1984). Reissued in English translation as Jean-Louis Flandrin, Sex in the Western World: The Development of Attitudes and Behavior (Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991).

15. Jacques Dupâquier, La population française aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1979);

16. Philippe Ariès, Histoire des populations françaises et de leur attitude devant la vie depuis le XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1979).

17. E. Van de Walle, 'France,' in R. Lee, ed., European Demography and Economic Growth (London, 1979).

** 18. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 39 (1979), 865-88.

19. David Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1980), chapter 9, 'France in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 102-14; chapter 14, 'France in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,' pp. 190 - 206.

20. Michel Morineau, Les faux-semblants d'un démarrage économique: agriculture et démographie en France au XVIIIe siècle, Cahiers des Annales no. 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1971).

21. Mary Kilbourne Matossian, 'Mold Poisoning and Population Growth in England and France, 1750-1850,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (Sept. 1984), 669-86.

22. Michael Anderson, Population Change in North-Western Europe, 1750 - 1850, Studies in Economic and Social History series (London, 1988).

23. John Walter and Roger Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, Cambridge Studies in Population no. 10 (Cambridge, 1989):

(a) John Walter and Roger Schofield, 'Famine, disease and crisis mortality in early modern society,' pp. 1-74.

(b) Jacques Dupâquier, 'Demographic crises and subsistence crises in France, 1650 - 1725,' pp. 189-200.

(d) Roger Schofield, 'Family structure, demographic behaviour, and economic growth,' pp. 279-304.

24. David Weir, 'Family Income, Mortality, and Fertility on the Eve of the Demographic Transition: A Case Study of Rosny-sous-Bois,' The Journal of Economic History, 55:1 (March 1995), 1-26.

III. French Agriculture in the 16th and 17th Centuries, to ca. 1660: Particular Studies in Monographs, Essays, and Journal Articles

** 1. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1st edn. (Oslo, 1931); new edn. in 2 vols. with supplements in Vol. 2 by Robert Dauvergne (Paris: Armand Colin, 1960-1; reissued 1979). Vol. I republished in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics, trans. Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966). See chapters 4-6, but especially chapter 4, pp. 102-49.

* 2. Pierre Goubert, 'The French Peasantry of the Seventeenth Century: A Regional Example,' Past and Present, no. 10 ( Nov. 1956), 55-77; reprinted in T. Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660 (London, 1965), pp. 141-66.

3. Pierre Goubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 à 1730 (Paris, 1960), esp. pp. 599-617, 622 ff.

4. R. Baehrel, Une croissance: la Basse-Provence rurale, fin du XVIe siècle - 1789: essai d'économie historique statistique, 2 vols. (Paris, 1961)

* 5. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris, 1966), 2 vols. Republished in abridged form in English translation (by John Day) as The Peasants of Languedoc (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1974). See especially Part One, 'Malthusian Renaissance,' chapters 2-5; and Part Four, 'The Depression,' chapters 1 - 5 (pp. 219 - 311).

6. Jean Jacquart, 'La production agricole dans la France du XVIIe siècle,' Le XVIIe siècle (1966), 21-46. Republished in English translation as 'French Agriculture in the Seventeenth Century,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500 - 1800 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 165-84.

7. Davis Bitton, The French Nobility in Crisis, 1560 - 1640 (Stanford, 1969).

8. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Joseph Goy, et al, Les fluctuations du produit dela dîme: conjoncture decimale et domaniale de la fin du moyen âge au XIXe siècle (Paris: Mouton, 1972). Reissued in translation as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Tithe and Agrarian History from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: An Essay in Comparative History (Cambridge, 1982).

9. J.L. Goldsmith, 'Agricultural Specialization and Stagnation in Early Modern Auvergne,' Agricultural History, 47 (1973).

10 . Jean Jacquart, La crise rurale en Ile-de-France, 1550-1670 (Paris, 1974).

** 11. Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500 - 1800 (Oxforde: Clarendon Press, 1974):

(a) Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'A Long Agrarian Cycle: Languedoc, 1500 - 1700,' pp. 143-64. From the final chapter of the abridged edition of Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris: Flammarion, 1969); republished in English translation (by John Day) as The Peasant of Languedoc (Chicago, 1974).

(b) Jean Jacquart, 'French Agriculture in the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 164-84. From 'La production agricole dans la France du XVIIe siècle,' Le XVII siècle (1966), 21-46.

12. Armand Wallon, Georges Duby, et al, eds., Histoire de la France rurale, 4 vols. (Seuil-Paris, 1975-76).

* 13. Patricia Croot and David Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared,' Past and Present, no. 78 (Feb. 1978), pp. 37 - 46. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 79-90.

14. J.P. Cooper, 'In Search of Agrarian Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 80 (August 1978), 20-65. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 138-91.

* 15. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 39 (1979), 865-88.

16. David Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1980), chapter 9, 'France in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 102-14.

17. Pierre Goubert, La vie quotidienne des paysans français au XVIIe siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1982). Reissued in English translation as The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

18. J. W. Shaffer, Family and Farm: Agrarian Change and Household Organization in the Loire Valley, 1500 - 1900 (Albany, 1982).

** 19. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Sharecropping and Investment in Agriculture in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1982), 155-60.

* 20. Robert Brenner, 'The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism,' Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), pp. 16- 133, especially section III: 'The Outcome of the Feudal Crisis and Subsequent Patterns of Development.' Reprinted in T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 213-327 (esp. pp. 284-323).

21. Jean-Robert Pitte, Histoire du paysage français, Vol. II: Le Profane: du XVIe siècle à nos jours (Paris, 1983).

* 22. Philip T. Hoffman, 'The Economic Theory of Sharecropping in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (June 1984), 309-20.

* 23. Philip Hoffman, 'Taxes and Agrarian Lands in Early Modern France: Land Sales, 1550-1730,' Journal of Economic History, 46 (1986), 37-56.

* 24. T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987): see especially:

(a) Patricia Croot and David Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared,' reprinted from Past and Present, no. 78 (Feb. 1978), pp. 37 - 46.

(b) J.P. Cooper, 'In Search of Agrarian Capitalism,' reprinted from Past and Present, no. 80 (August 1978), 20-65.

(c) Robert Brenner, 'The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism,' reprinted from: Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), pp. 16- 133, especially section III: 'The Outcome of the Feudal Crisis and Subsequent Patterns of Development.'

** 25. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The French Peasantry, 1450 - 1660, trans. Alan Sheridan Aldershot, 1987).

26. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

27. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Land Rents and Agricultural Productivity: The Paris Basin, 1450 - 1789,' The Journal of Economic History, 51 (December 1991), 771 - 806.

28. Thomas Breenan, 'The Anatomy of Inter-Regional Markets in the Early Modern French Wine Trade,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:3 (Winter 1994), 581-617.

29. Jean-Marc Morineau, Les fermiers de l'Île de France: L'ascension d'un patronat agricole (XVe-XVIIIe siècles) (Paris: Fayard, 1994).

IV. Peasant and Other Social Unrest in the 17th-Century France

1. Jean Meuvret, 'Les crises de subsistence et la demographie de la France d'ancien régime,' Population (1946), 643-50.

2. Boris Porchnev, Les soulèvements populaires en France de 1623 à 1648, translated from the Russian edition (Moscow, 1948; republished in French, Paris, 1963).

3. E.H. Kossmann, La Fronde (Leiden, 1954).

4. M. Venard, Bourgeois et paysans au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1957).

5. Roland Mousnier, 'Recherches sur les soulèvements populaires en France avant la Fronde,' Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 4 (1958), 88-113.

6. Robert Mandrou, 'Les soulèvements populaires et la société française du XVIIe siècle,' Annales: E.S.C., 14 (1959), 756-65.

7. L. Bernard, 'Popular Uprisings under Louis XIV,' French Historical Studies, 3 (1964), 454-74.

8. Robert Mandrou, Classes et luttes de classes en France au début de XVII^e siècle (Messina, 1965).

9. Guy Lemarchand, 'Crises économiques et atmosphère sociale en milieu urbain sous Louis XIV,' Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 14 (1967), 244 - 65.

10. J.H.M. Salmon, 'Venality of Office and Popular Sedition in Seventeenth-Century France,' Past & Present, no. 37 (1967), 21 -43.

11. Roland Mousnier, Fureurs paysannes: les paysans dans les révoltes du XVIIe siècle: France, Russie, Chine (Paris, 1967). Translated as Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth Century France, Russia, and China (New York, 1971), Part One: France, pp. 3 - 149.

12. Roland Mousnier, 'The Fronde,' in J.P. Greene and R. Forster, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1970).

13. Madeleine Foisil, La révolte des nu-pieds et les révoltes normandes de 1639 (Paris, 1970).

* 14. Isser Woloch, ed., The Peasantry in the Old Regime: Conditions and Protests (New York, 1970). Contains excerpts, in English translations, of above essays by Goubert, Mandrou, Porchnev, Mousnier, Bernard, and others.

* 15. M.O. Gately, A.L. Moote, and J.E. Wills, 'Seventeenth-Century Peasant 'Furies': Some Problems of Comparative History,' Past and Present, no. 51 (1971), pp. 63-80. A review article of Mousnier's book and other writings on the 17th-century crises.

16. A.L. Moote, The Revolt of the Judges (Princeton, 1971).

17. C.S.L. Davies, 'Peasant Revolts in France and England: A Comparison,' Agricultural History Review, 21 (1973), 122 - 34.

18. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'Révoltes et contestations rurales en France de 1675 à 1788,' Annales: E.S.C., 29 (1974), 6-22.

19. William Beik, 'Magistrates and Popular Uprisings in France before the Fronde: The Case of Toulouse,' Journal of Modern History, 46 (1974), 585 - 608.

* 20. Andrew Appleby, 'Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740,' Journal of Economic History, 39 (1979), 865-88.

21. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

22. James B. Collins, Fiscal Limits of Absolutism: Direct Taxation in Early Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley, 1988).

23. John Walter and Roger Schofield, eds., Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society, Cambridge Studies in Population no. 10 (Cambridge, 1989):

(a) John Walter and Roger Schofield, 'Famine, disease and crisis mortality in early modern society,' pp. 1-74.

(b) Jacques Dupâquier, 'Demographic crises and subsistence crises in France, 1650 - 1725,' pp. 189-200.

(d) Roger Schofield, 'Family structure, demographic behaviour, and economic growth,' pp. 279-304.

24. Yves-Marie Bercé, History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France, trans. by Amanda Witmore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).

V. French Agriculture in the Later 17th and 18th Centuries: to the French Revolution

1. Georges Lefebvre, Les paysans du Nord pendant la Révolution française (Lille, 1924; new edn. Paris, Armand Colin, 1972).

* 2. Marc Bloch, 'La lutte pour l'individualisme agraire dans la France du XVIIIe siècle,' Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 2 (July 1930), 329-83; and 2 (Oct. 1930), 511-56; republished in his posthumus collection of essays, Mélanges historiques, Vol. II (Paris, 1963).

** 3. Marc Bloch, Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1st edn. (Oslo, 1931); new edn. in 2 vols. with supplements in Vol. 2 by Robert Dauvergne (Paris: Armand Colin, 1960-1; reissued 1979). Vol. I republished in English translation as French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics, trans. Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966). See chapter 6: 'The Beginnings of the Agricultural Revolution,' pp. 198-234; and chapter 7, 'Lines of Continuity: Past and Present,' pp. 235-48.

4. Ernest Labrousse, La crise de l'économie française à la fin de l'ancien régime et au début de la Révolution (Paris, 1944).

5. D.J. Brandenburg, 'Agriculture in the Encylopédie: An Essay in French Intellectual History,' Agricultural History, 24 (1950), 96-108.

6. Arthur Young, Travels in France, 1787-1789, ed. C. Maxwell (Cambridge, 1950).

7. Albert Soboul, 'The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,' Past and Present, no. 10 (Nov. 1956), 78-95.

* 8. A. Davies, 'The New Agriculture in Lower Normandy, 1750-1789,' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 8 (1958), 129-46.

9. Jean-Claude Toutain, Le produit de l'agriculture française de 1700 à 1958, Cahier de l'ISEA no. 115 (Paris, 1961).

* 10. Charles K. Warner, ed., Agrarian Conditions in Modern European History (New York, 1964). See the following essays:

(a) Georges Lefèbvre, 'The Place of the Revolution in the Agrarian History of France,' pp. 79-94. [Reprinted in translation from Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 1 (1929).]

(b) Marc Bloch, 'Past and Present: Survivals in French Agriculture,' pp. 94-97. [From Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rural française, I (Paris, 1960), pp. 243-6.]

11. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, 'Voies nouvelles pour l'histoire rurale (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle), Etudes rurales, nos. 13-14 (1964), 79-95.

12. Abel Poitrineau, La vie rurale en basse Auvergne au XVIIIe siècle (1726 - 1789), 2 vols. (Paris, 1965).

13. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Les paysans de Languedoc (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N, 1966); republished in an abridged version (Paris: Flammarion, 1969). Reissued in English translation as The Peasants of Languedoc, trans. with an introduction by John Day (Chicago, 1974; reissued 1980).

14. Marcel Faure, Les paysans dans la société française (Paris, 1966).

15. Ernest Labrousse, 'The Evolution of Peasant Society in France,' in E.M. Acomb and M.L. Brown, eds., French Society and Culture Since the Old Regime (New York: 1966).

16. Pierre Leon et al, eds., Structures économiques et problèmes sociaux du monde rural dans la France du Sud-Est (Paris, 1966).

17. Roland Mousnier, Fureurs paysannes: les paysans dans les révoltes du XVIIe siècles: France, Russie, Chine (Paris, 1967). Reissued in English translation as Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France, Russia, and China, trans. Brian Pearce (New York, 1970).

* 18. Michel Morineau, 'Y a-t-il une revolution agricole en France au XVIIIe siècle?' Revue historique, 239 (1968), 299-326. Reissued in translation as 'Was There An Agricultural Revolution in 18th-Century France?' in Rondo Cameron, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, Ill., 1970), pp. 170-82.

* 19. Henri Sée, Economic and Social History of France in the Eighteenth Century (1969), chapters 1-4, especially chapter 2. Translation of La France économique et sociale au XVIIIe siècle, new edition, 1969.

* 20. Pierre Goubert, L'ancien régime, 2 vols. (Paris: Armand Colin, 1969-73). Reissued in translation as The Ancien Régime: French Society, 1600-1750, trans. Steve Cox (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973). See chapters 4-5.

** 21. Fernand Braudel and Ernest Labrousse, eds., Histoire économique et sociale de la France, Vol. II: Des derniers temps de l'âge seigneurial aux préludes de l'âge industriel, 1660-1789 (Paris, 1970).

(a) Pierre Goubert, 'Les campagnes françaises,' in Book II, pp. 87-160.

(b) Ernest Labrousse, 'Les bon prix agricoles' and 'L'expansion agricole,' in Part III, chapters 2-3, pp. 367-472.

(d) Pierre Goubert, 'La société traditionelle,' in Part IV, 567-600.

22. Isser Woloch, ed., The Peasantry in the Old Régime: Conditions and Protests (New York, 1970). Selections from essays or book-chapters by Bloch, Goubert, Mandrou, Mousnier, Bernard, Behrens, Rudé, Palmer, Tilly, and others.

* 23. R. Forster, 'Obstacles to Agricultural Growth in Eighteenth Century France,' American Historical Review, 75 (1970).

24. Michel Morineau, 'La pomme de terre au XVIIIe siècle,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 25 (1970), 1767 - 85.

25. Michel Morineau, Les faux-semblants d'un démarrage économique: agriculture et démographie en France au XVIIIe siècle, Cahiers des Annales no. 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1971).

26. Jean Meuvret, Etudes d'histoire économique (Paris, 1971).

* 27. Tom Kemp, Economic Forces in French History (London, 1971), chapter 1: 'French Agriculture Before the Revolution,' pp. 9-29.

28. Paul Houée, Les étapes du développement rural, 2 vols. (Paris, 1972).

29. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Joseph Goy, et al, Les fluctuations du produit de la dîme: conjoncture decimale et domaniale de la fin du moyen âge au XIXe siècle (Paris: Mouton, 1972). Reissued in translation as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Tithe and Agrarian History from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: An Essay in Comparative History (Cambridge, 1982).

* 30. J.L. Goldsmith, 'Agricultural Specialization and Stagnation in Early Modern Auvergne,' Agricultural History, 47 (1973).

31. T.J.A. LeGoff and D.M.G. Sutherland, 'The Revolution and the Rural Community in Eighteenth-Century Brittany,' Past and Present, no. 62 (Feb. 1974), 96-119.

32. Georges Duby and Armand Wallon, eds., Histoire de la France rurale, 4 vols. (Paris: Editions Seuil, 1975-76).

33. Jean-Pierre Houssel, ed., Histoire des paysans français du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours (Roanne, 1976; new edn. 1987).

* 34. B. Sexauer, 'English and French Agriculture in the Late 18th Century,' Agricultural History, 50 (July 1976). An attempt to portray Young's views in statistical terms.

* 35. Patricia Croot and David Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared,' Past and Present, no. 78 (Feb. 1978), pp. 37 - 46. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 79-90.

36. J.P. Cooper, 'In Search of Agrarian Capitalism,' Past and Present, no. 80 (August 1978), 20-65. Reprinted in: T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 138-91.

37. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France, 1780-1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century (London, 1978), chapter 5, 'Agriculture'.

38. David Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (1980), chapter 14, 'France in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,' pp. 190 - 206.

39. Timothy J. A. LeGoff, Vannes and its Region: A Study of Town and Country in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1981).

40. Roger Price, An Economic History of Modern France, 1730 - 1914 (London, 1981), chapter 2, 'Agriculture,' pp. 42-70.

41. J. W. Shaffer, Family and Farm: Agrarian Change and Household Organization in the Loire Valley, 1500 - 1900 (Albany, 1982).

* 42. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Sharecropping and Investment in Agriculture in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (March 1982), 155-60.

* 43. Robert Brenner, 'The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism,' Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), pp. 16- 133, especially section III: 'The Outcome of the Feudal Crisis and Subsequent Patterns of Development.' Reprinted in T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Philpin, eds., The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 213-327 (esp. pp. 284-323).

44. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Tithe and Agarian History from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: An Essay in Comparative History (Cambridge, 1982). See Le Roy Ladurie (1972).

* 45. J.L. Goldsmith, 'The Agrarian History of Preindustrial France: Where Do We Go From Here?' Journal of European Economic History, 12 (1983), 175-99. Has an extensive bibliography.

46. Jean-Robert Pitte, Histoire du paysage français, Vol. II: Le Profane: du XVIe siècle à nos jours (Paris, 1983).

47. Timothy J. LeGoff and Donald M. Sutherland, 'The Social Origins of Counter-Revolution in Western France,' Past & Present, no. 99 (1983), 65 - 87.

48. R.B. Rose, 'The 'Red Scare' of the 1790s: The French Revolution and the `Agrarian Law',' Past and Present, no. 103 (May 1984), 113-30.

49. Philip T. Hoffman, 'The Economic Theory of Sharecropping in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (June 1984), 309-20.

50. Philip Hoffman, 'Taxes and Agrarian Lands in Early Modern France: Land Sales, 1550-1730,' Journal of Economic History, 46 (1986), 37-56.

51. P. M. Jones, The Peasantry in the French Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1988).

52. Annie Moulin, Les paysans dans la société française (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1988), trans. by M.C. and M.F. Cleary, and republished as Peasantry and Society in France Since 1789 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

53. George Grantham, 'Jean Meuvret and the Subsistence Problem in Early Modern France,' Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 184 - 200.

54. Mark Cleary, 'French Agrarian History after 1750: A Review and Bibliography,' The Agricultural History Review, 37 (1989), 65 - 74.

55. G. Postel-Vinay, 'A la recherche de la révolution économique dans les campagnes, 1789 - 1815,' Revue économique, 40 (1989), 1015 - 45.

56. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'The Development of Irrigation in Provence, 1700-1860: The French Revolution and Economic Growth,' Journal of Economic History, 50 (Sept. 1990), 615-38.

57. P. M. Jones, 'The 'Agrarian Law': Schemes for Land Redistribution during the French Revolution,' Past & Present, no. 133 (November 1991), 96-133.

58. Raymond A. Jonas, 'Peasants, Population, and Industry in France,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22 (Autumn 1991), 177-200.

59. Philip T. Hoffman, 'Land Rents and Agricultural Productivity: The Paris Basin, 1450 - 1789,' The Journal of Economic History, 51 (December 1991), 771 - 806.

60. George Grantham, 'The Growth of Labour Productivity in the Production of Wheat in the Cinq Grosses Fermes of France, 1750 - 1929,' in Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, eds., Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 340 - 63..

61. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, The Fruits of Revolution: Property Rights, Litigation, and French Agriculture, 1700 - 1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

62. Jean-Marc Moriceau and Gilles Postel-Vinay, Ferme, enterprise, famille: grande exploitation et changements agricoles, XVIIe - XIXe siècles, Editions de l'École des Hautes Études en Science (Paris, 1992).

63. George W. Grantham, 'Divisions of Labour: Agricultural Productivity and Occupational Specialization in Pre-Industrial France,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 46:3 (August 1993), 478-502.

64. Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, 'Rural Credit Markets and Aggregate Shocks: The Experience of Nuits St. Georges, 1756-1776,' The Journal of Economic History, 54:2 (June 1994), 288-306.

65. J.-C. Toutain, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Comment,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 769-73.

66 George W. Grantham, 'Food Rations in France in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A Reply,' The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:4 (Nov. 1995), 774-77.

I. The Netherlands: Dutch Commercial Hegemony in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries: and the Beginnings of Decline

* 1. Violet Barbour, 'Dutch and English Merchant Shipping in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 1st Ser. 2 (1930); reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (London, 1954), pp. 227-53.

2. J.G. Van Dillen, 'The Bank of Amsterdam,' in J.G. Van Dillen, ed., The History of the Principal Public Banks (The Hague, 1934; reprinted in 1964), pp. 79-124.

3. Charles Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce and Finance in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1941; rev. ed. New York) pp. 16-27, 167-204.

4. Aksel Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Baltic About 1600: Studies in the Sound Toll Registers and Dutch Shipping Records (Copenhagen, 1941), pp. 17-24, 34-48, 401-21.

5. S.T. Bindoff, The Scheldt Question to 1839 (London, 1945).

* 6. Violet Barbour, Capitalism in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century (Baltimore, 1950), chapter 7: 'Characteristics of Amsterdam Capitalism,' pp. 130-42.

7. Eli Heckscher, Economic History of Sweden (Cambridge, Mass. 1954).

* 8. Ralph Davis, 'Merchant Shipping in the Late Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 9 (1956), 59-73.

9. Charles Wilson, Profit and Power: The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1957).

10. W.S. Unger, 'Trade Through the Sound in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd Ser. 12 (1959).

11. Charles Wilson, 'Cloth Production and International Competition in the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 13 (1960), 209-21, reprinted in his Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), pp. 94-113.

12. J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossman, eds., Britain and the Netherlands, 4 vols. (London, 1960-71).

13. D.W. Davies, A Primer of Dutch Seventeenth-Century Overseas Trade (London, 1961), Chapters 1, 2, 6, 8, and 16. Easily read, but generally superficial, lacking in analysis. Chapter 1 on the herring fisheries, however, is worth reading.

14. Pieter Geyl, The Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century, 1609-1648 (London, 1961), especially Chapter 3.

15. Birgitta Oden, 'A Netherlands Merchant in Stockholm in the Reign of Erik XIV,' Scandinavian Economic History Review, 10 (1962).

16. George Masselman, The Cradle of Colonialism (1963), pp. 1-61.

* 17. J.A. Faber, 'The Decline of the Baltic Grain Trade in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century,' A.A.G. Bijdragen, 9 (1963); reprinted in Acta Historiae Neerlandica, 1 (1966), 108-31.

18. Charles Wilson, England's Apprenticeship, 1603-1763 (London, 1965), chapter 13: 'Trade, Policy, and War,' pp. 263-87.

19. C.R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (London, 1965), Chapters 1-3, pp. 1-83 in particular. See also chapter 10: 'The 'Golden Century' and the 'Periweg Period', pp. 268-94, which has been republished as: 'The Dutch Economic Decline,' in Carlo Cipolla, ed., The Economic Decline of Empires (London, 1970), pp. 253-63.

* 20. Ivo Schöffer, 'Did Holland's Golden Age Coincide with a Period of Crisis?' Acta Historiae Neerlandica, 1 (1966), 82-107 [translated from the original Dutch article appearing in Bijdragen en mededelingen van het historisch genootschap, 78 (1964), 45-72]. English version reprinted in Geoffrey Parker and L.M. Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978), pp. 83-111.

21. Jellie C. Riemersma, Religious Factors in Early Dutch Capitalism, 1550-1650 (1967).

22. Charles Wilson, The Dutch Republic and the Civilization of the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1968), chapter 13: 'Decline', pp. 230-44. A good summary.

** 23. Charles Wilson, 'Taxation and the Decline of Empires: An Unfashionable Theme,' in Charles Wilson, Economic History and the Historian: Collected Essays (1969), pp. 114-27. Published for the first time in this volume; but first presented as a lecture to the Historical Assocation at Utrecht, 2 Nov. 1962.

24. J.G. Van Dillen, Van rijkdom en regenten: handboek tot de economische en sociale geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek (The Hague, 1970). Chapter 23 has been translated and arranged by Alice Carter and Sytha Hart, as 'Economic Fluctuations and Trade in the Netherlands, 1650-1750,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (London, 1970), pp. 199-211.

25. K.H.D. Haley, The Dutch in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1972), chapter 3, 'The Beginnings of the Decline?', pp. 175-93.

26. Herbert H. Rowen, ed., The Low Countries in Early Modern Times: A Documentary History (New York, 1972), especially Section VII.

* 27. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973): Chapter 11, 'Rise of the Dutch Commercial Empire,' pp. 176-93.

* 28. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Ship Design in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Viator, 4 (1973), 387-412.

29. Richard Unger, 'Selling Dutch Ships in the Sixteenth Century,' Maritime History, 3 (1973), 125-46.

** 29. Jan De Vries, 'On the Modernity of the Dutch Republic,' Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 191-202.

* 30. Maria Bogucka, 'Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd Ser. 26 (1973), 433-47.

31. Artur Attman, The Russian and Polish Markets in International Trade, 1500-1650 (Goteborg, 1973), pp. 119-88.

32. Peter Burke, Venice and Amsterdam: A Study of Seventeenth-Century Elites (London, 1974), pp. 48-61, 101-04.

* 33. J.G. Van Dillen, 'Economic Fluctuations and Trade in the Netherlands, 1650-1750,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (London, 1974), pp. 199-211. Translation, by Alice Carter and Sytha Harte, of chapter 23 of Van rijkdom en regenten: handboek tot de economische en sociale geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek (The Hague, 1970).

34. Niels Steensgaard, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade (London, 1974), Chapters 3, 4, and 10. (Factually very useful, but boring).

* 35. Jan De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven, 1974), Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 7, especially pp. 119-73 (in Chapter 4, 'Transformation of the Rural Economy').

36. Richard Unger, 'Regulations of Dutch Shipcarpenters in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 87 (1974), 503-20.

37. Richard Unger, 'Technology and Industrial Organization: Dutch Shipbuilding to 1800,' Business History, 17 (1975), 56-72.

38. Alice Clare Carter, Getting, Spending, and Investing in Early Modern Times: Essays on Dutch, English, and Huguenot Economic History (Assen, 1975). Especially essays nos. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, and 12.

* 39. Frederick Krantz and Paul M. Hohenberg, eds., Failed Transitions to Modern Industrial Society: Renaissance Italy and Seventeenth-Century Holland (Montreal, Interuniversity Centre for European Studies, 1975).

(a) David Ormrod, 'Dutch Commercial and Industrial Decline and British Growth in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 36-43.

(b) K.W. Swart, 'Holland's Bourgeoisie and the Retarded Industrialization of the Netherlands,' pp. 44-48.

(d) Commentaries by Jan De Vries, K.H.D. Haley, J.W. Smit, D. Ormrod, K.W. Swart, and E.H. Kossmann, pp. 55-68.

* 40. Simon Schama, 'The Exigencies of War and the Politics of Taxation in the Netherlands, 1795-1810,' in J.M. Winter, ed., War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin (London, 1975), pp. 103-38.

41. J.A. Van Houtte, An Economic History of the Low Countries, 800-1800 (London, 1977), Part Four: 'Towards a New Equilibrium, 1670-1800', pp. 257-318, esp. pp. 270-96.

42. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History 1500-1800 (London, 1977), Chapter 4, 'The Low Countries,' pp. 81-114.

43. Richard Unger, Dutch Shipbuilding Before 1800: Ships and Guilds (Gorcum, 1978).

44. Peter Jansen, 'Poverty in Amsterdam at the Close of the Eighteenth Century,' Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 98-114.

45. H. K. Roessingh, 'Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study of the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants,' The Low Countries History Yearbook, 11 (1978), 18-54.

46. Jan De Vries, 'An Inquiry into the Behaviour of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands, 1580-1800,' Acta Historia Neerlandicae, 10 (1978), 79-97. Reprinted in Maurice Aymard, ed., Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (1982), pp. 37-62.

47. Jan De Vries, 'Barges and Capitalism: Passenger Transportation in the Dutch economy, 1632 - 1839,' Afdeling agrarische geschiedenis bijdragen (Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen), 21 (1978), 33 - 398. Republished as a monograph, as Barges and Capitalism: Passenger Transportation in the Dutch Economy, 1632-1839 (Utrecht, 1981).

48. Fernand Braudel, Le temps du monde (Paris: Libraire Armand Colin, 1979). Translated by Sian Reynolds and republished as Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (New York, 1984): chapter 3, 'The City-Centred Economies of the Past: Amsterdam,' pp. 175 - 279. ('On the Decline of Amsterdam,' pp. 266-79).

49. Artur Attman, The Struggle for Baltic Markets: Powers in Conflict (Goteborg, 1979).

50. David B. Grigg, Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 1980), chapter 12: 'Holland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 147-62.

51. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, 'Dutch Hegemony in the Seventeenth-Century World-Economy,' pp. 36-73. Reprinted in Maurice Aymard, ed., Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (1982), pp. 93 - 146; see also (in Wallerstein) chapter 3, 'Struggle in the Core-- Phase II: 1689 - 1763,' pp. 244 - 89.

* 52. James Riley, International Government Finance and the Amsterdam Capital Market, 1740-1815 (Cambridge University Press, 1980).

* 53. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), 353-80.

54. Maria Bogucka, 'The Role of Baltic Trade in European Development from the XVIth to the XVIIIth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 5-20.

55. Jan De Vries, Barges and Capitalism: Passenger Transportation in the Dutch Economy, 1632 - 1839 (Utrecht, 1981).

56. Dietmar Rothermund, Asian Trade and European Expansion in the Age of Mercantilism, Perspectives in History, Vol.I (New Delhi: Manohar, 1981).

57. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Shipbuilding and International Competition in the Golden Age,' History Today, 31 (April 1981), 16-21.

58. Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606 - 1661 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).

* 59. Maurice Aymard, ed., Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (Cambridge University Press, 1982). A collection of essays by various scholars:

(a) Jean-Claude Boyer, 'Le capitalisme hollandais et l'organisation de l'espace dans les Provinces-Unies,' pp. 13-22.

(b) B.H. Slicher-Van Bath, 'The Economic Situation in the Dutch Republic during the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 23-36.

(c) Jan De Vries, 'An Inquiry into the Behavior of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands from 1580 to 1800,' pp. 37-62.

(d) Peter Klein, 'Dutch Capitalism and the European World-Economy,' pp. 75-92.

(e) Immanuel Wallerstein, 'Dutch Hegemony in the Seventeenth-Century World-Economy,' pp. 93-146.

(f) Pierre Jeannin, 'Les interdépendances économiques dans le champ d'action européen des Hollandais, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle,' pp. 147-70.

(g) Charles Carrier, 'Image du capitalisme hollandais au XVIIIe siècles: le miroir marseillais,' pp. 171-96.

(h) Ivo Schöffer and F.S. Gasstra, 'The Import of Bullion and Coin into Asia by the Dutch East India Company in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 215-34.

(i) Niels Steensgaard, 'The Dutch East India Company as an Institutional Innovation,' pp. 235-58.

(j) Denys Lombard, 'Le capitalisme hollandais 'vu de l'Est'', pp. 259-72.

60. F.S. Gaastra, 'The Export of Precious Metal from Europe to Asia by the Dutch East India Company, 1602-1795,' in John F. Richards, eds., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, N.C., 1983), pp. 447-76.

61. Artur Attman, Dutch Enterprise in the World Bullion Trade, 1550-1800 (Goteborg, 1983), pp. 17-44, 58-103.

62. Johanna Maria Van Winter, ed., The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic Region, 1400 - 1800 (De Nederlanden en het Oostzeegebied, 1400 - 1800), Het Nederlandsch Economisch-Historisch Archief no. 16 (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1983). See especially the following essays:

a) R. W. Unger, 'The Integration of Baltic and Low Countries Grain Markets, 1400 - 1800,' pp. 1- 10.

b) Michel Morineau, 'Le commerce de la Baltique dans ses rapports avec le commerce hors de la Baltique,' pp. 31 - 42.

c) Maria Bogucka, 'The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century,' pp. 51 -58.

d) K. Newman, 'Anglo-Dutch Commercial Co-operation and the Russia Trade in the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 95 - 104.

e) J.T. Lindblad and P. De Buck, 'Shipmasters in the Shipping Between Amsterdam and the Baltic, 1722 - 1780,' pp. 133-52.

f) C. Ahlström, 'Aspects of Commercial Shipping between St. Petersburg and Western Europe, 1750 - 1790,' pp. 153-60.

g) H. C. Johansen, 'Ships and Cargoes in the Traffic Between the Baltic and Amsterdam in the Late Eighteenth Century,' pp. 161 - 70.

h) W. E. Minchinton and D. Starkey, 'British Shipping, the Netherlands, and the Baltic, 1784 - 1795,' pp. 181 - 92.

* 63. James C. Riley, 'The Dutch Economy After 1650: Decline or Growth?' The Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Winter 1984), pp. 521-70.

** 64. Jan De Vries, 'The Decline and Rise of the Dutch Economy, 1675 - 1900,' in Gary Saxonhouse and Gavin Wright, eds., Technique, Spirit, and Form in the Making of the Modern Economies: Essays in Honor of William N. Parker (Research in Economic History: A Research Annual, Supplement no. 3; Greenwich, Conn., 1984), pp. 149 - 89.

65. Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th - 18th Centuries, Vol. 3: The Perspective of the World (trans. Sian Reynolds, New York, 1984), chapter 3, 'The City-Centred Economies of the Past: Amsterdam,' pp. 175 - 279. ('On the Decline of Amsterdam,' pp. 266-79).

66. J. B. Collins, 'The Role of Atlantic France in the Baltic Trade: Dutch Traders and Polish Grain at Nantes, 1625-1675,' Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Fall 1984), 239-89.

67. Woodruff D. Smith, 'The Function of Commercial Centers in the Modernization of European Capitalism: Amsterdam as an Information Exchange in the Seventeenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (Dec. 1984), 985-1005.

68. Richard Unger, 'Energy Sources for the Dutch Golden Age: Peat, Wind, and Coal,' Research in Economic History, 9 (1984), 221-53.

69. Jan De Vries, 'The Population and Economy of the Preindustrial Netherlands ,' The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (Spring 1985), 661 - 82.

70. J. Bieleman, 'Rural Change in the Dutch Province of Drenthe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' The Agricultural History Review, 33 (1985), 105-17.

71. Richard Unger, 'Dutch Design Specialization and Building Methods in the Seventeenth Century,' in Carl O. Cederlund, ed., Postmedieval Boat and Ship Archaeology (Oxford: British Archeological Reports, 1985), pp. 153-64.

72. Richard Unger, 'Design and Construction of European Warships in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' in M. Acerra, J. Merino, and J. Meyer, eds., Les marines de guerres européennes, XVII-XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1986), pp. 21-34.

73. Leo Nordgraaf, ed., Agrarische geschiedenis van Nederland van prehistorie te heden (The Hague, 1986).

74. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (London, 1986).

75. Larry Neal, 'The Integration and Efficiency of the London and Amsterdam Stock Markets in the Eighteenth Century,' Journal of Economic History, 47 (March 1987), 97 - 115.

76. Herman Van der Wee, ed., The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and in the Low Countries: Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988). For the Low Countries, see Part II:

(a) Jean-Paul Peeters, 'De-Industrialization in the Small and Medium-Sized Towns in Brabant at the End of the Middle Ages. A Case-Study: the Cloth Industry of Tienen,' pp. 165 - 86.

(b) J. Vermaut, 'Structural Transformation in a Textile Centre: Bruges from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century,' pp. 187 - 206.

(c) A.K.L. Thijs, 'Structural Changes in the Antwerp Industry from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 207 - 212.

(d) R. De Peuter, 'Industrial Development and De-Industrialization in Pre-Modern Towns: Brussels from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. A Provisional Survey,' pp. 213 - 40.

(e) Hugo Soly, 'Social Aspects of Structural Changes in the Urban Industries of Eighteenth-Century Brabant and Flanders,' pp. 241 - 60.

(f) Paul M. Klep, 'Urban Decline in Brabant: the Traditionalization of Investments and Labour (1374 - 1806),' pp. 261 - 87.

(g) H. Schmal, 'Patterns of De-Urbanization in the Netherlands between 1650 and 1850,' pp. 287 - 306.

(h) Herman Van der Wee, 'Industrial Dynamics and the Process of Urbanization and De-Urbanization in the Low Countries from the Late Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. A Synthesis,' pp. 307 - 81.

77. Richard Unger, 'Brewing in the Netherlands and the Baltic Grain Trade,' in W.G. Heeres, L.M. Hesp, L. Noordegraaf, and R.C. Van der Voort, eds., From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350 - 1850: Essays in Honor of J.A. Faber on the Occasion of His Retirement as Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Amsterdam (Hilversum, 1988), pp. 429-46.

78. Richard Unger, 'The Trade in Beer to Medieval Scandinavia,' Deutsches Shiffahrtsarchiv, 11 (1988), 249-58.

79. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Vol. III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World Economy, 1730 - 1840s (New York: Academic Press, 1989).

** 80. Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585 - 1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).

81. H. Diedriks, 'Economic Decline and the Urban Elite in Eighteenth-Century Dutch Towns: A Review Essay,' Urban History Yearbook (1989), pp. 78-81.

82. Wantje Fritschy, 'Taxation in Britain, France, and the Netherlands in the Eighteenth Century,' Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, 2 (1990).

83. Johannes M. Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

84. Larry Neal, The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

85. James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). See the following essays:

a) Niels Steensgaard, 'The Growth and Composition of the Long-Distance Trade of England and the Dutch Republic before 1750,' pp. 102 - 52.

b) Paul Butel, 'France, the Antilles, and Europe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Renewals of Foreign Trade,' pp. 153 - 73.

c) Jaap Bruijn, 'Productivity, Profitability, and Costs of Private and Corporate Dutch Ship Owning in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' pp. 174 - 94.

d) Larry Neal, 'The Dutch and English East India Companies Compared: Evidence from the Stock and Foreign Exchange Markets,' pp. 195 - 223.

86 Richard Unger and Robert Allen, 'The Depth and Breadth of the Market for Polish Grain, 1500 - 1800,' in J.P.S. Lemmink and HJ.S.A. Van Koningsbrugge, eds., Baltic Affairs: Relations between the Netherlands and North-Eastern Europe, 1500-1800 (Nijmegen, 1990), pp. 1-18.

87. Richard Unger, 'The Technical Development of Shipbuilding and Government Policies in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,' in Atti del V Convegno Internazionale di studi Colombiani navi e navigazioni nei secoli XV e XVI (Genoa, 1990), pp. 199-211.

88. Richard Unger, 'Dutch and Flemish Marine Paintings as a Source for Research on the History of Shipbuilding,' in Jan De Vries and D. Friedberg, eds., Art in History/History in Art (Santa Monica, 1991), pp. 75-93.

89. James Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350 - 1750 (Cambridge University Press, 1991). Unlike the previous volume, there are no specific essays on the Dutch; but many of the essays will provide useful general information and ideas for analyzing the Dutch commercial empire in early-modern Europe.

90. Richard Unger, 'The Tonnage of Europe's Merchant Fleets, 1300 - 1800,' The American Neptune, 52:4 (Fall 1992), 247-61.

91. Herman Van der Wee, The Low Countries in the Early Modern World, translated by Lisabeth Fackelman (London, Variorium, 1993). Collected essays.

a) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Times,' pp. 3-28. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Vol. II, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 11-37]

b) 'The Low Countries in Transition: From Commercial Capitalism to the Industrial Revolution,' pp. 29-43. [From Ivo Schöffer, Herman Van der Wee, and J.A. Bornewasswer, eds., The Low Countries from 1500 to 1700 (as Vol II of Winkler Prins geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Amsterdam-Brussels, 1977; 4th edn. 1988), pp. 425-38.]

c) 'Agricultural Development of the Low Countries as Revealed by Tithe and Rent Statistics, 1250 - 1800,' pp. 47-68. [From Herman Van der Wee and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Productivity of Land and Agricultural Innovation in the Low Countries, 1250 - 1800 (Leuven, 1978), pp. 1-23.]

d) (with Eddy Van Cauwenberghe) 'Agrarian History and Public Finances in Flanders, 14th to 17th Century,' pp. 69-83. [From Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 28 (1973), 1051-64.]

92. Seten E. Oppers, 'The Interest Rate Effect of Dutch Money in Eighteenth-Century Britain,' The Journal of Economic History, 53 (March 1993), 25 - 43.

* 93. Jan L. Van Zanden, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labour Market (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993).

94. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, 'Holland en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden in de periode 1500-1570: divergerende ontwikkelingen of voortgaande economische integratie?' in Erik Aerts, Brigitte Henau, Paul Janssens, and Raymond Van Uytven, eds., Studia Historica Oeconomica: Liber Amicorum Herman Van der Wee (Leuven, 1993), pp. 357-68.

95. Herman Van der Wee and Jan Materné, 'Antwerp as a World Market in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' in J. Van der Stock, ed., Antwerp: Story of a Metropolis, 16th - 17th Century, Antwerp 93, Hessenhuis 25 June - 10 October 1993 (Gent: Snoeck-Ducaju en Zoon, 1993), pp. 19-31.

96. Richard Unger, 'The Fluit: Specialist Cargo Vessels, 1500 - 1650,' in The Ship, Vol. III: Cogs, Caravels and Galleons (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1994), pp. 115-30.

97. Johan De Vries, 'On Entrepreneurship in Dutch Banking History, 1800 - 1934,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 419-28.

98. James C. Riley, 'Interest Rates in Antwerp, 1664-1787,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 497-506.

99. Jan De Vries, 'An Employer's Guide to Wages and Working Conditions in the Netherlands, 1450-1850,' in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: The Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 47-63.

100. E. Aerts, M. Baelde, H. Coppens, H. De Schepper, H. Soly, A.K.L, Thijs, and K. Van Honacker, eds., De centrale overheidsinstellingen van de Habsburgse Nederlanden (1482-1795), 2 vols., Algemeen Rijksarchief en Rijksarchief in de Provinciën, Studia no. 55 (Brussels, 1994).

101. Jan Materné, De prijzenadministratie van de centrale overheid te Brussel tijdens de 18de eeuw: Vlaamse, Brabantse, Noordnederlandse, Engelse, Duitse en Baltische graanprijzen op de Amsterdamse beurs (1767 - 1792), Dienstencentrum en oderzoeksnetwerk: historische statistieken in België: opsporing, inventerisatie, samenstelling, en interpretatie (Brussels: Algemeen Rijksarchief, 1994).

102. J. S. Wheeler, 'English Financial Operations During the First Dutch War, 1652-54,' Journal of European Economic History, 23:2 (Fall 1994), 329-43.

103. Raymond Van Uytven, 'Antwerpen: Steuerungszentrum des Europäischen Handels und Metropole der Niederlande im 16. Jahrhundert,' in Bernhard Sicken, ed., Herrschaft und Verfassungsstrukturen im Nordwesten des Reiches: Beiträge zum Zeitalter Karls V: Franz Petri zum Gedächtnis (1903-1993) (Cologne-Weimar-Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 1994), pp. 1-18.

104. Herman Van der Wee and Jan Materné, 'Antwerpen als internationaler Markt im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,' in Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Frauke Schönert-Röhlk, and Günther Schulz, eds., Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Unternehmen: Festschrift für Hans Pohl zum 60. Geburtstag, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 120 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995), pp. 47-99. A German version of no. 95 above.

105. Anne McCants, 'Meeting Needs and Suppressing Desires: Consumer Choice Models and Historical Data,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 26:2 (Autumn, 1995). On Dutch consumer markets in the 17th century.

106. Richard Unger, 'The Scale of Dutch Brewing, 1350-1600,' Research in Economic History, 15 (1995), 261-92.

See further on the bibliography for the tutorial topic on the 'Economic Decline of the Netherlands'.

J. Spain: 'The Decline of Spain in the Seventeenth Century'

1. Earl Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501-1650 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934).

2. R. S. Smith, 'Barcelona and `Bills of Mortality' and Population, 1457-1590', Journal of Political Economy, 44 (1936).

* 3. Earl Hamilton, 'The Decline of Spain,' Economic History Review, 1st ser. 8 (1938), reprinted in E.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, Vol. I (1954), pp. 215-26.

4. Earl Hamilton, War and Prices in Spain, 1651-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1947).

5. Michael Schwarzman, 'Background Factors in the Spanish Economic Decline,' Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 3 (1950-51).

6. Pierre Vilar, 'Le temps du `Quichotte',' Europe, 34 (1956), 3 - 16. Republished in translation as 'The Age of Don Quixote,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (1974), pp. 110-12.

7. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (Paris, 1960). Republished in translation by Sian Reynolds as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (London: Collins; New York: Harper and Row, 1972-73). Vol. I (1972), pp. 508-42; Vol. II (1973), pp. 1204-44.

8. R. Trevor Davies, The Golden Century of Spain, 1501-1621 (1961), Chapters 9-10, pp. 227-94; and Appendices I-II.

* 9. J.H. Elliott, 'The Decline of Spain,' Past and Present, No. 20 (Nov. 1961), pp. 52 - 75; revised edn. published in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London, 1965), pp. 167 - 93; and in Carlo Cipolla, ed., The Economic Decline of Empires (London, 1970), pp. 168-97.

10. Pierre Chaunu, 'Minorités et conjoncture: l'expulsion de Morèsques,' Revue historique, 225 (1961), 81-98.

11. Henry Kamen, 'The Decline of Castile: The Last Crisis,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1964), 63-76.

12. J.H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London, 1964), Chapters 7-10, pp. 242-382.

13. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1964-69). See especially Vol. II, pp. 1204-44.

14. R. Trevor Davies, Spain in Decline, 1621-1700 (London, 1965).

15. J. Nadal and G. Giralt, La population catalane de 1522 à 1717 (Paris, 1967).

16. David R. Ringrose, 'Transportation and Economic Stagnation in Eighteenth- Century Castile,' Journal of Economic History, 28 (1968), 51-79.

* 17. Jaime Vicens Vives, 'The Decline of Spain in the Seventeenth Century,' in his Economic History of Spain, translated by Frances Lopez-Morillas (Princeton, 1969), Chapters 29-30. Republished in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Economic Decline of Empires (London, 1970), pp. 121-67.

18. James Casey, 'Moriscos and the Depopulation of Valencia,' Past and Present, No. 50 (Feb. 1971), 19-40.

* 19. Ralph Davis, Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London, 1973), Chapter 9, 'Spain in Decline', pp. 143-56; and Chapter 10, 'Latin America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', pp. 157-75.

20. Michael Weisser, 'The Decline of Castile Revisited: The Case of Toledo,' Journal of European Economic History, 2 (1973), 614-39.

21. Henry Kamen, 'Public Authority and Popular Crime: Banditry in Valencia, 1660-1714,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 654-88.

22. Modesto Ulloa, 'Castilian Seignorage and Coinage in the Reign of Philip II,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 459-80.

23. Michael Weisser, The Peasants of the Montes: The Roots of Rural Rebellion in Spain (Chicago, 1976).

24. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History 1500-1800 (London, 1977), Chapter 2, 'Spain' (F. Mauro).

* 25. J.H. Elliott, 'Self-Perception and Decline in Early Seventeenth-Century Spain,' Past and Present, No. 74 (1977), 41-60.

* 26. Henry Kamen, 'The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth,' Past and Present, No. 81 (1978), 24-50.

27. Charles Jago, 'Crisis of the Aristocracy in Seventeenth-Century Castile,' Past and Present, No. 84 (Aug. 1979), 60-89.

28. I. A. A. Thompson, 'Purchase of Nobility in Castile,' Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 313-60.

29. Jonathan Israel, 'Spanish Wool Exports and the European Economy, 1610-1640,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 33 (1980), 193-211.

30. David Ringrose, 'Madrid and the Castilian Economy,' Journal of European Economic History, 10 (Fall 1981), 481-90.

31. Dennis Flynn, 'Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Spain (Castile),' Journal of Economic History, 42 (Mar. 1982), 139-48, 149-54.

32. Michael Weisser, 'The Agrarian Depression in Seventeenth-Century Spain,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (1982), 149-62.

33. M. R. Weisser, 'Rural Crisis and Rural Credit in XVIIth Century Castile,' Journal of European Economic History, 16 (Fall 1987), 297-313.

34. Jeffrey B. Nugent and Nicholas Sanchez, 'The Efficiency of the Mesta: A Parable,' Explorations in Economic History, 26 (July 1989), 261 - 84.

35. César Molinas and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, 'Was Spain Different? Spanish Historical Backwardness Revisited,' Explorations in Economic History, 26 (Oct. 1989), 385 - 402.

36. Bartolomé Yun, 'Seigneurial Economies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Spain: Economic Rationality or Political and Social Management?' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 173-82.

** 37. I. A. A. Thompson and Bartolomé Yun, eds., The Castilian Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: New Perspectives on the Economic and Social History of Seventeeenth-Century Spain (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

38. James Simpson, Spanish Agriculture: The Long Siesta, 1765 - 1965 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

39. Richard L. Kagan and Geoffrey Parker, eds., Spain, Europe and the Atlantic World: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

40. David R. Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the 'Spanish Miracle', 1700 - 1900 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

41. Akira Motomura, 'New Data on Minting, Seigniorage, and the Money Supply in Spain (Castile), 1597 - 1643,' Explorations in Economic History, 34:3 (July 1997), 331-67.

42. David E. Vassberg, The Village and the Outside World in Golden Age Castile: Mobility and Migration in Everyday Rural Life (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

43. Carla Rahn Phillips and William D. Phillips, Spain's Golden Fleece: Wool Production and the Wool Trade from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1997).

* 44. David Goodman, 'Armadas in an Age of Scarce Resources: Struggling to Maintain the Fleet in Seventeenth-Century Spain', The Journal of European Economic History, 28:1 (Spring 1999), 77-112.

K. Spain and the New World

1. Woodrow Borah, New Spain's Century of Depression (Berkeley, 1951).

2. Pierre Chaunu, Seville et l'Atlantique, 8 Vols. (Paris, 1955-59).

3. D.A. Brading, 'Mexican Silver Mining in the Eighteenth Century: the Revival of Zacatecas,' Hispanic American Historical Review, 50:4 (1970), 665-81; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

4. P. J. Bakewell, Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas 1546-1700 (Cambridge, 1971).

5. John TePaske, 'Quantification in Latin American Colonial History,' J. Price and V. Lorwin, eds., Dimensions of the Past (New Haven, 1972), pp. 438-41.

6. Murdo MacLeod, Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520-1720 (Berkeley, 1973).

* 7. Jonathan Israel, 'Mexico and the 'General Crisis' of the Seventeenth Century' Past and Present, No. 63 (May 1974), 33-57.

8. Peter John Bakewell, 'Registered Silver Production in the Potosi District, 1550 - 1735,' Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 12 (1975), 67-103.

9. John Fisher, 'Silver Production in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1776-1824,' Hispanic American Historical Review, 55:1 (1975), 25-43; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

. 10. Jonathan Israel, Race, Class, and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610-1670 (Oxford, 1975).

11. Richard L. Garner, 'Silver Production and Entrepreneurial Structure in 18th-Century Mexico,' Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 17 (1980), 157-85.

12. Enrique Tandeter, 'Forced and Free Labour in Late Colonial Potosi,' Past and Present, no. 93 (1981), pp. 98-136; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

* 13 John H. TePaske and Herbert Klein, 'The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in New Spain: Myth or Reality?' Past and Present, No. 90 (Feb. 1981), 116-35.

* 14. Henry Kamen and Jonathan K. Israel, 'The Seventeenth Century Crisis in New Spain: Myth or Reality?,' and John TePaske and Herbert Klein, 'A Rejoinder,' Past and Present, No. 97 (Nov. 1982), 144-56, 156-61.

15. G. A. Aizen and J. Daniel, 'Natural Economies or Monetary Economies? Silver Production and Monetary Circulation in Spanish America (Late XVIth - Early XVIIth Centuries),' The Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Spring 1984), 99 - 115.

16. A.J. Russell-Wood, 'Colonial Brazil: The Gold Cycle, c. 1690-1750,' in Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol. II: Colonial Latin America (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 547-600; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

17. Peter Bakewell, 'Mining in Colonial Spanish America,' in Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol. II: Colonial Latin America (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 105-51; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

18. John Coatsworth, 'The Mexican Mining Industry in the Eighteenth Century,' in Nils Jacobsen and Hans-Jürgen Puhle, eds., The Economies of Mexico and Peru during the Late Colonial Period, 1760 - 1810 (Berlin, 1986), pp. 26-45; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

19. Ann Zulawski, 'Wages, Ore Sharing, and Peasant Agriculture: Labour in Oruro's Silver Mines, 1607-1720,' Hispanic American Historical Review, 67:3 (1987), 405-30; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

20. Richard L. Garner, 'Long-Term Silver Mining Trends in Spanish America: A Comparative Analysis of Peru and Mexico,' American Historical Review, 67:3 (1987), 405-30; reprinted in Peter Bakewell, ed., Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas, Variorum Series: An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 - 1800 (London, 1997).

21. Peter J. Bakewell, Silver and Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth-Century Potosi: The Life and Times of Anthony Lopez de Quiroga (Albuquerque, 1988).

22. Louisa Schell, Mexico's Merchant Elite, 1590 - 1660: Silver, State, and Society (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991).

23. John Jay TePaske, 'New World Gold Production in Hemispheric and Global Perspective, 1492 - 1810,' in Clara Nuñez, ed., Monetary History in Global Perspective, 1500 - 1808, Papers presented to Session B-6 of the Twelfth International Economic History Congress (Seville, 1998), pp. 21-32.

24. Herbert S. Klein, The American Finances of the Spanish Empire: Royal Income and Expenditures in Colonial Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia, 1680 - 1809 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998).

L. Italy: 'The Economic Decline of Italy in the Seventeenth Century'

1. K.J. Beloch, 'Bevölkerungsgeschichte der Republik Venedig,' Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 3rd ser., 18 (1899).

2. K.J. Beloch, 'La popolazione di Venezia nei secoli XVI e XVII,' Nuovo archivio veneto, 3 (1902).

3. F.C. Lane, Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance (1934).

4. Gino Luzzatto, 'Les banques publiques de Venise, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles,' in J.G. Van Dillen, ed., History of the Principal Public Banks (London, 1934), pp. 39-78.

5. Amintore Fanfani, Storia del lavoro in Italia della fine del secolo XV agli inizii del XVIII (Milan, 1943).

6. D. Beltrami, 'Lineamenti di storia della popolazione di Venezia nei secoli XVI, XVII e XVIII,' Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 109 (1951). Republished in Carlo M. Cipolla, ed., Storia dell'economia italiana, Vol. I (Turin, 1959).

7. E. Rodenwaldt, Pest in Venedig, 1575 - 1577 (Heidelberg, 1952).

8. D. Beltrami, Storia della popolazione de Venezia dalla fine del secolo XVI alla caduta della Repubblica (Padua, 1954).

** 9. Carlo Cipolla, 'The Decline of Italy: The Case of a Fully Matured Economy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 5 (1952). A much revised and expanded version was subsequently published as 'Il decline economico dell'Italia',in Boringhierei, ed., Storia dell'economia italiana (Turin, 1959), and then translated by Janet Pullan for republication as: 'The Economic Decline of Italy,' in both:

(a) Brian Pullan, ed., Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy (London, 1968), pp. 127-45.

(b) Carlo M. Cipolla, ed., The Economic Decline of Empires (London, 1970), 196-214.

10. Carlo M. Cipolla, Movements monétaires dans l'Etat de Milan, 1580-1700 (Paris, 1952).

11. Ruggiero Romano, 'A Florence au XVIIe siècle: industries textiles et conjoncture,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 7 (1952), 508-12.

12. G. Mandich, Le pacte de ricorsa et le marché italien des changes au XVII siècle (Paris, 1953).

13. Gino Luzzatto, 'La decadenza di Venezia dopo le scoperte geografiche nella tradizione e nella realtà,' Archivio Veneto, 5th ser., 54-55 (1954).

14. A. Stella, 'La crisi economica veneziana nella seconda metà del secolo XVI,' Archivio Veneta, 5th ser., 58-59 (1956).

15. G. Mandich, 'Formule monetarie veneziane del periodo 1619 - 1650,' in Studi in onore di Armando Sapori, Vol. II (Milan, 1957); and republished also in Il risparmio, 5 (1957).

16. L. Beutin, 'Der wirtschaftliche Niedergang Venedigs im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,' Hansisches Geschichtsblätter, 76 (1958).

17. Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (Paris, 1960). Republished in translation by Sian Reynolds as The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. (London: Collins; New York: Harper and Row, 1972-73). Vol. I (1972), pp. 543-69, 615-42.

* 18. Ralph Davis, 'England and the Mediterranean, 1570-1670,' in F.J. Fisher, ed., Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1961), pp. 117-37.

* 19. Fernand Braudel, P. Jeannin, J. Meuvret, R. Romano, 'Le déclin de Venise au XVII siècle,' in Aspetti e cause della decadenza veneziana nel secolo XVII: Atti del convegno 27 giugno-2 luglio 1957, Venezia (Venice-Rome, 1961), pp. 22-85.

20. Domencio Sella, Commerci e industrie a Venezia nel secolo XVII (Venice-Rome, 1961).

21. A. Tenenti, Venezia e i corsari, 1580 - 1615 (Bari, 1961). Translated by Janet and Brian Bullan and republished as Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580-1615 (London, 1967).

22. J.C. Davis, The Decline of the Venetian Nobility as a Ruling Class (London, 1962).

23. F.C. Spooner, 'Venice and the Levant: An Aspect of Monetary History, 1610-1614,' Studi in onore de Amintore Fanfani, Vol. V (1962).

24. Ruggiero Romano, 'Una crisi economica, 1619-1622,' Rivista storica italiana, 74 (1962). Reissued in English translation as: 'Between the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: The Economic Crisis of 1619-1622,' in Geoffrey Parker and Leslie Smith, eds., The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978), pp. 165-225.

25. Frederic Lane, 'Recent Studies on the Economic History of Venice,' The Journal of Economic History, 23 (1963).

26. Ruggiero Romano, 'Encore la crise de 1619-1622,' Annales: E.S.C., 19 (1964), 31-37.

27. Brian Pullan, 'Service to the Venetian State: Aspects of Myth and Reality in the Early Seventeenth Century,' Studi Secenteschi, 5 (1964).

28. C.M. Cipolla, 'Four Centuries of Italian Demographic Development,' in D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley, eds., Population in History (1965), 570-87. [Original publication

29. F.C. Lane, Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane (Baltimore, 1966).

30. Ruggiero Romano, 'L'Italia nella crisi del secolo XVII,' Studi Storici, 9 (1968), 723-41. Reissued in translation as 'Italy in the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History (Oxford, 1974), pp. 185-98.

* 31. Brian Pullan, ed., Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1968).

(a) Domenico Sella, 'Crisis and Transformation in Venetian Trade,' pp. 88-105. Translated by the author from 'Il declino dell'emporior realtino,' in La civiltà veneziana nell'età barocca (Venice: Sansoni, 1959), in a revised and expanded version.

(b) Domenico Sella, 'Rise and Fall of the Venetian Woollen Industry,' pp. 106-26. Translated by the author from 'Les mouvements longs de l'industrie lainière à Venise,' Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 12 (1957), 29 - 45: in a revised and expanded version.

(c) Carlo M. Cipolla, 'The Economic Decline of Italy,' pp. 127 - 45. Translated by Janet Pullan from 'Il declino economico dell'Italia,' in Storia dell'economica italiana (Turin: Boringhiere, 1959), which in turn was a revised and expanded version of 'The Decline of Italy: the Case of a Fully Matured Economy,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 5 (1952).

(d) Brian Pullan, 'Wage Earners and the Venetian Economy, 1550-1630,' pp. 146-74. Republished from Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 16 (1964).

(e) S. J. Woolf, 'Venice and the Terraferma: Problems of Change from Commercial to Landed Activities,' pp. 175 - 203. Republished from Bollettino dell'istituto di storia della Società e dello stato veneziano, 4 (1962).

* 32. Domenico Sella, 'Industrial Production in Seventeenth Century Italy: A Re-Appraisal,' Explorations in Economic History, 2nd ser. VI (1969), 235-53.

33. Brian Pullan, Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State to 1620 (London, 1971).

34. Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (London, 1973).

35. J.G. Da Silva, 'La depreciation monétaire en Italie du Nord au XVIIe siècle: le cas de Venise,' Studi Veneziani, 15 (1973).

36. Giovanni Vigo, 'Real Wages of the Working Class in Italy: Building Workers' Wages, Fourteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 378-400.

37. Peter Burke, Venice and Amsterdam: A Study of Seventeenth Century Elites (London, 1974).

38. Frederick Krantz and Paul Hohenberg, eds., Failed Transitions to Modern Industrial Society: Renaissance Italy and Seventeenth Century Holland (Montreal, 1975):

(a) Editors introduction, pp. 1-7.

(b) Carlo Cipolla, 'The Italian `Failure',' pp. 8-11.

* 39. Richard T. Rapp, 'The Unmaking of the Mediterranean Trade Hegemony: International Trade Rivalry and the Commercial Revolution,' Journal of Economic History 35 (1975), 499-525.

40. Richard Rapp, Industry and Economic Decline in Seventeenth-Century Venice (Cambridge, 1976).

41. Carlo Cipolla, Faith, Reason, and the Plague in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany, trans. Muriel Kittel (1977; English edn. New York, 1979).

42. Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History, 1500-1800 (1977), Chapter 1, 'Italy,' pp. 1-36.

43. Domenico Sella, Crisis and Continuity: The Economy of Spanish Lombardy in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass. 1979), Chapters 2-4.

44. Richard Rapp, 'Real Estate and Rational Investment in Early-Modern Venice,' Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979), 269-90.

45. Herman Van der Wee, ed., The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and in the Low Countries: Late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988). For Italy, see Part I:

(a) P. Massa Piergiovanni, 'Social and Economic Consequences of Structural Changes in the Ligurian Silk-Weaving Industry from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century,' pp. 17 - 40.

(b) S. Ciriacono, 'Mass Consumption Goods and Luxury Goods: the De-Industrialization of the Republic of Venice from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 41 - 62.

(c) P. Malanima, 'An Example of Industrial Reconversion: Tuscany in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' p. 63 - 74.

(d) A. Moioli, 'De-Industrialization in Lombardy during the Seventeenth Century,' pp. 75 - 120.

(e) Luigi De Rosa, 'The De-Industrialization of the Kingdom of Naples in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,' pp. 121 - 38.

(f) A. M.-L. Trezzi, 'A Case-Study of De-Industrialization of the City: the Silk Mills of the City and Duchy of Milan from the Seventeenth to the Eighteenth Century,' pp. 139 - 52.

(g) Giuseppe Felloni, 'Structural Changes in Urban Industry in Italy from the Late Middle Ages to the Beginning of the Industrial Revolution. A Synthesis,' pp. 153 - 60.

46. Stuart Wolf, ed., Domestic Strategies: Work and Family in France and Italy, 1600 - 1800 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

47. Peter Musgrave, Land and Economy in Baroque Italy: Valpolicella, 1630 - 1797 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992).

48. Sandra Cavallo, Charity and Power in Early Modern Italy: Benefactors and their Motives in Turin, 1541 - 1789 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

49. Brendan Dooley, 'Printing and Entrepreneurialism in Seventeenth-Century Italy,' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:3 (Winter 1996), 569-97.

50. Luigi De Rosa, 'Land and Sea Transport and Economic Depression in the Kingdom of Naples from the XIVth to the XVIIIth Century,' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:2 (Fall 1996), 339-68.

51. Thomas Kirk, 'A Little Country in a World of Empires: Genoese Attempts to Penetrate the Maritime Trading Empires in the Seventeenth Century,' The Journal of European Economic History, 25:2 (Fall 1996), 407-21.

52. Gigliola Pagano de Divitiis, English Merchants in Seventeenth-Century Italy, Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

53. Robert C. Davis, 'Venetian Shipbuilders and the Fountain of Wine,' Past & Present, no. 156 (August 1997), 55-86.

54. Philip Jones, The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). Chiefly medieval and Renaissance; but this seminal work provides a very good background for 17^th century problems.

55. Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and Fausto Piaola Caselli, Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16^th - 19^th Centuries, Variorum Publications (London and Brookfield, 1998).

56. Gene Brucker, 'Civic Traditions in Premodern Italy,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29:3 (Winter 1999), 357-78. Special issue on Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective: Part I.

57. Edward Muir, 'The Sources of Civil Society in Italy,' Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29:3 (Winter 1999), 379-406. Special issue on Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective: Part I.

M. The Baltic Region, Germany, and Eastern Europe

1. Jan Rutkowski, 'Le régime agraire en Pologne au XVIIIe siècle,' Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 19 (1926) and 20 (1927).

2. Jan Rutkowski, 'Les bases économiques des partages de l'ancienne Pologne,' Revue d'histoire moderne, new ser. 4 (1932).

* 3. Jan Rutkowski, 'Medieval Agrarian Society in its Prime: Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary,' in J.H. Clapham, Eileen Power, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1942), pp. 398-417; republished in the 2nd rev. edn., edited by Michael Postan (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 487-505.

4. Hans Rosenberg, 'The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410-1653,' American Historical Review, 49 (1943-44).

* 5. F.L. Carsten, 'The Origins of the Junkers,' English Historical Review, 62 (1947), 145-78.

* 6. Peter Lyashchenko, History of the National Economy of Russia to the 1917 Revolution (English trans. New York, 1949), Chapter X: 'Agriculture and the Serf Estate in the Moscow State of the 15th to 17th Centuries,' pp. 179-204; XIV: 'White Russia and the Ukraine Under the Polish Yoke of Serfdom during the 14th to 17th Centuries.' pp. 248-64; XV: 'General Conditions of Development of the Serf Economy during the 18th Century,' pp. 265-82. [When written, this was official and orthodox Soviet Marxist history -- which does not mean, however, that the facts are wrong].

7. R. Rosdolsky, 'The Distribution of the Agrarian Product in Feudalism,' Journal of Economic History, 11 (1951).

8. R. Rosdolsky, 'The Nature of Peasant Serfdom in Central and Eastern Europe,' Journal of Central European Affairs, 12 (1952), 128-39.

* 9. F.L. Carsten, The Origins of Prussia (London, 1954).

10. Eli Heckscher, An Economic History of Sweden (Cambridge, Mass., 1954).

* 11. Eric Hobsbawm, 'The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' Past & Present, nos. 5-6 (1954), reprinted in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1550 - 1660 (London, 1965), especially pp. 20-21, 33-37.

12. Marian Malowist, 'Le commerce de la Baltique et le problème des luttes sociales en Pologne aux XVe et XVIe siècles,' La Pologne au Xe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques à Rome (Warsaw, 1955), pp. 131-36.

13. P. Skwarczynski, 'The Problem of Feudalism in Poland Up to the Beginning of the 16th Century,' Slavonic and East European Review, 34 (June 1956).

14. G. D. Ramsey, English Overseas Trade During the Centuries of Emergence (London, 1957), Chapter 4, 'The Baltic Trade,' pp. 96-131.

** 15. Jerome Blum, 'The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe,' American Historical Review, 62 (July 1957), 807-36.

16. Marian Malowist, 'Poland, Russia, and Western Trade in the 15th and 16th Centuries,' Past and Present, No. 13 (April 1958), 26-39.

* 17. Marian Malowist, 'The Economic and Social Development of the Baltic Countries from the 15th to the 17th Centuries,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 12 (1959), 177-89.

18. W. Czalpinksi, 'Le problème baltique aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles,' International Congress of Historical Sciences at Stockholm, Rapports, Vol. IV: Histoire moderne (Göteborg, 1960), pp. 25-47.

* 19. Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1961), Chapters 7-14.

20. Wilhelm Abel, Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft (Stuttgart, 1962).

* 21. Jerzy Topolski, 'La régression économique en Pologne du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle,' Acta Poloniae Historica, 7 (1962), 28-49. Reissued in English translation and partial condensation as 'Economic Decline in Poland from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries,' in Peter Earle, ed., Essays in European Economic History, 1500-1800 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 127-42.

22. Michael Roberts, 'Queen Christian and the General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,' Past & Present, no. 22 (July 1962), 36 - 59. Republished in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560 - 1660: Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965), pp. 195 - 222. On Sweden.

* 23. Marian Malowist, 'The Problem of the Inequality of Economic Development in Europe in the Later Middle Ages,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966), 15-28.

* 24. Z.P. Pach, 'The Development of Feudal Rent in Hungary in the Fifteenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 19 (1966) 1-14.

* 25. Michael M. Postan, ed., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, 2nd rev edn (Cambridge, 1966), chapter VII: 'Medieval Agrarian Society in Its Prime,' especially the following sections:

(a) Hermann Aubin, 'The Lands East of the Elbe and German Colonization Eastwards,' pp. 449-86.

(b) Jan Rutkowski, 'Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary,' pp. 487-505.

26. J.A. Faber, 'Decline of the Baltic Grain Trade in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century,' Acta Historia Neerlandica, 1 (1966), 108-31.

27. Leonid Zytkowicz, 'An Investigation of Agricultural Production in Masovia in the First Half of the 17th Century,' Acta Poloniae Historica, 18 (1968).

28. Antoni Maczak, 'The Social Distribution of Landed Property in Poland from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries,' Third International Conference of Economic History (Paris, 1968), Vol. I, pp. 455-69.

29. Antoni Maczak, 'The Export of Grain and the Problem of Distribution of National Income in the Years 1550-1650,' Acta Poloniae Historica, 18 (1968).

30. Antoni Maczak, 'The Balance of Polish Sea Trade with the West, 1565-1646,' Scandinavian Economic History Review, 18 (1970), 107-42.

31. F.A. French, 'The Three-Field System of Sixteenth-Century Luthuania,' Agricultural History Review, 18 (1970), 106-25.

32. Michael Postan, 'Economic Relations Between Eastern and Western Europe,' in F. Graus, K. Bosl et al., eds., Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages, (London, 1970), pp. 125-74; reprinted in Michael Postan, Medieval Trade and Finance (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 305-34.

33. Jerzy Topolski, 'La réféodalisation dans l'économie des grands domains en Europe Centrale et Orientale (XVIe - XVIIIe siècle),' Studiae Historiae Oeconomicae, 6 (1971), 51-63.

34. Antoni Maczak, 'Agriculture and Livestock Production in Poland: Internal and Foreign Markets,' Journal of European Economic History, 1 (1972), 671-80.

* 35. Marian Malowist, Croissance et regression en Europe, XIVe-XVIIe siècles: recueil d'articles (Paris, 1972):

(a) 'L'inégalité du développement économique en Europe au bas Moyen Age,' pp. 39-52. [See No. 21 above.]

(b) 'Les produits des pays de la Baltique dans le commerce international au XVIe siècle,' pp. 139-74.

(d) 'L'evolution industrielle en Pologne du XIVe au XVIIe siècle,' pp. 191-216.

(e) 'Les mouvements d'expansion en Europe aux XVe et XVI siècles,' pp. 217-23.

36. Leonid Zytkowicz, 'The Peasant's Farm and the Landlord's Farm in Poland from the 16th to the Middle of the 18th Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 1 (1972), 135-74.

37. Karl von Loewe, 'Commerce and Agriculture in Lithuania, 1400-1600,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 23-37.

38. Maria Bogucka, 'Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 433-47.

* 39. Arcadius Kahan, 'Notes on Serfdom in Western and Eastern Europe,' Journal of Economic History, 33 (Mar. 1973), 86-99.

40. Artur Attman, The Russian and Polish Markets in International Trade, 1500-1650 (Göteborg, 1973), especially pp. 119-93.

41. Marian Malowist, 'Problems of the Growth of the National Economy of Central-Eastern Europe in the Late Middle Ages,' Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 319-58.

42. Jerzy Topolski, 'The Manorial Serf Economy in Central and Eastern Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries,' Agricultural History Review, 48 (July 1974).

43. Henryk Samsonowicz, 'Changes in the Baltic Zone in the XII-XVI Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 655-72.

44. Maria Bogucka, 'The Monetary Crisis of the XVIIth Century and its Social and Psychological Consequences in Poland,' Journal of European Economic History, 4 (1975), 137-52.

45. A.J. Kaminski, 'Neo-Serfdom in Poland and Lithuania,' Slavic Review, 34 (June 1975).

46. Laszlo Makkai, 'Neo Serfdom: Its Origin and Nature in East Central Europe,' Slavic Review, 34 (June 1975).

47. Witold Kula, An Economic Theory of the Feudal System: Towards a Model of the Polish Economy, 1500-1800 (London, 1976).

48. Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978).

* 49. Heide Wunder, 'Peasant Organization and Class Conflict in East and West Germany,' Past and Present, No. 79 (1978), 47-55.

50. Arnost Klima, 'Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Bohemia,' Past and Present, No. 85 (Nov. 1979), 49-67.

51. Artur Attman, The Struggle for Baltic Markets: Powers in Conflict, 1558-1618 (Goteborg, 1979).

52. Maria Bogucka, 'The Role of the Baltic Trade in European Economic Development from the XVIth to the XVIIIth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 5-20.

53. Andrzey Wyczansky, 'The Adjustment of the Polish Economy to Economic Checks in the XVIIth Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 10 (Spring 1981), 207-12.

* 54. Jerzy Topolski, 'Continuity and Discontinuity in the Development of the Feudal System in Eastern Europe, Xth to XVIIth Centuries,' Journal of European Economic History, 10 (1981), 373-400.

55. Jerzy Topolski, 'Grand domaine et petites exploitations: seigneurs et paysans en Pologne au moyen age et dans le temps modernes,' in Peter Gunst and Tamas Hoffmann, eds., Large Estates and Small Holdings, 8th International Economic History Congress (Budapest, 1982), pp. 209-28. [Not readily available.]

56. Z.P. Pach, 'Labour Control on the Hungarian Landlords' Demesnes in 16th and 17th Centuries,' in Peter Gunst and Tamas Hoffmann, eds., Large Estates and Small Holdings in Europe in the Middle Ages and Modern Times, 8th International Economic History Congress (Budapest (1982), pp. 157-74. [Not readily available.]

* 57. Robert Millward, 'An Economic Analysis of the Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe,' Journal of Economic History, 42 (Sept. 1982), 513-48.

* 58. Stefano Fenoaltea, 'The Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe: A Comment,' and:

Robert Millward, 'The Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe: A Reply,' both in:

Journal of Economic History, 43 (September 1983), 705 - 12.

* 59. Heide Wunder, 'Serfdom in Later Medieval and Early Modern Germany,' in T. H. Aston, P. R. Coss, C. Dyer, Joan Thirsk, eds., Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of R. H. Hilton (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 249 - 272.

* 60. Evsey Domar and Mark Machina, 'On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom,' Journal of Economic History, 44 (December 1984), 919-55.

61. William Hagen, 'How Mighty the Junkers? Peasant Rents and Seigneurial Profits in Sixteenth-Century Brandenburg,' Past & Present, no. 108 (August 1985), 80 - 116.

62. Peter Toumanoff, 'A Note on the Profitability of Serfdom,' and:

Evsey Domar and Mark Machina, 'The Profitability of Serfdom: A Reply,' both in:

Journal of Economic History, 45 (December 1985), 955-62.

63. Steven L. Hoch, Serfdom and Social Control in Russia: Petrovskoe, A Village in Tambov (University of Chicago Press, 1986).

64. Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (Harvard University Press, 1986).

65. Richard Evans and W. R. Lee, eds., The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1986).

66. Richard C. Hoffmann, Land, Liberties, and Lordship in a Late Medieval Countryside: Agrarian Structures and Change in the Duchy of Wroclaw (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1989).

67. Daniel Chirot, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

68. Jerzy Topolski, 'The Development and the Crisis of the Manorial System based on Serf Labour: A Tentative Explanation,' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 135-46.

69. Zsigmond P. Pach, 'Embourgeoisement or Ennoblissement? The Problem of the Lack of Capital in Hungary (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries),' in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 165-72.

70. Robert Scribner, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450 - 1630 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).

a) Tom Scott, 'Economic Landscapes,'

b) Christian Pfister, 'The Population of Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany,'

c) Werner Rösener, 'The Agrarian Economy, 1300 - 1600,'

d) Ulf Dirlmeier and Gerhard Fouquet, 'Consumption and Demand,'

e) Tom Scott and Bob Scribner, 'The Urban Network of Early Modern Germany,'

f) Rolf Kieling, 'Markets and Marketing, Town and Country,'

g) William J. Wright, 'The Nature of Early Capitalism,'

h) Merry E. Wiesner, 'Gender and the Worlds of Work,'

i) Christopher Friedrichs, 'German Social Structure, 1300 -1600,'

j) Thomas Brady, Jr., 'The Social and Economic Role of Institutions,'

k) Bob Scribner, 'Communities and the Nature of Power,'

l) Robert Jütte, 'Daily Life in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany,'

m) R. Po-Chia Hsia, 'The Structure of Belief: Confessionalism and Society, 1500 -1600,'

71. Sheilagh Ogilvie, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630 - 1900 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).

a) Jörn Sieglerschmidt, 'Social and Economic Landscapes,' pp. 1-38.

b) Ernest Benz, 'Population Change and the Economy,' pp. 39-62.

c) Heide Wunder, 'Agriculture and Agricultural Society,' pp. 63-99.

d) Peter Kriedte, 'Trade,' pp. 100-33.

e) Olaf Mörke, 'Social Structure,' pp. 134-63.

f) Robert von Friedeburg and Wolfgang Mager, 'Learned Men and Merchants: The Growth of the Bürgertum,' pp. 164-95.

g) Paul Münch, 'The Growth of the Modern State,' pp. 196-232.

h) Bernhard Stier and Wolfgang von Hippel, 'War, Economy, and Society,' pp. 233-62.

i) Sheilagh Ogilvie, 'The Beginnings of Industrialization,' pp. 263-308.

j) Kasper von Greyerz, 'Confession as a Social and Economic Factor,' pp. 309-49.

k) Ernst Schubert, 'Daily Life, Consumption, and Material Culture,' pp. 350-76.

l) Robert Jütte, 'Poverty and Poor Relief,' pp. 377-404.

QUESTIONS

1. Was there an 'economic crisis' of the 17th century -- or rather in the period ca. 1620-ca. 1740? Consider the following options:

(a) Was there a true crisis or series of crises that resulted in a secular downswing, marked by periodic depressions?

(b) Or was there merely a relative stagnation, or just a slower rate of economic growth, in comparison with the preceding rate of economic growth, in comparison with the preceding Price Revolution era, and the succeeding Industrial Revolution?

(c) Or was there, on the contrary, a general if slow secular upswing that provided a continuity between the Price Revolution and the Industrial Revolution eras?

2. If there were economic crises, depressions, or a secular downswing, which sector of the European economy was the most seriously affected: agriculture, industry, commerce and finance?

3. If you believe that there were economic crises and/or a secular downswing, what were the basic causes: exogenous or endogenous?

(a) demographic causes--and demographic consequences?

(b) monetary forces and price movements: again distinguish causes from effects;

(d) disruption and dislocation from famines, plagues, warfare, etc.;

(e) government policies, economic nationalism, and Mercantilism.

4. Discuss in particular Hobsbawm's thesis that the economic crisis of the 17th century was fundamentally due to the 'internal contradictions' of the 16th-century European economic expansion: in particular the economy's failure to break out of the 'feudal mold'. What does Hobsbawm mean by 'feudalism' and 'internal contraditions'?

5. Explain in particular Hobsbawm's theses that 'internal contradictions' led to 'economic crises' that in turn brought to the fore those economic and social forces that resolved those crises -- or explain how the 'crises produced their own solutions' in the following:

(a) 'The specialization of 'feudal capitalists': the case of Italy.

(b) 'The contradictions of expansion: eastern Europe'.

(d) 'The contradictions of the home markets'.

6. Explain what Hobsbawm meant by the 'Crisis of the Old Colonialism' and the development of a 'New Colonialism' from the mid-17th century. Why, in his view, was 'New Colonialism' more conducive to economic growth and indeed necessary for modern industrialism?

7. Can you formulate an explanation or thesis that would attribute the 17th-century 'crisis' to purely endogenous causes, and yet be different from the Hobsbawm thesis? How in fact would you explain why the 16th-century European economic expansion failed to result in a general industrial revolution in Europe, and why that expansion generally came to a halt in the course of the 17th century?

8. How convincing do you find Trevor-Roper's thesis as an alternative explanation for the 'general crisis' of the 17th-century. To what extent was the 'general crisis' also a combination of political, military, and social crises? Were such crises independent of, or at least not directly caused by, the economic crises? To what extent did political crises and revolts, foreign and civil wars and rebellions, etc. contribute to the 'economic crisis' or secular downswing?

9. What was the 'Renaissance State': and how did it change its nature in the course of the 17th century? What was the significance of state finance in the 'general crisis'?

10. What was the nature, significance, and consequence of the agricultural 'recession' in this period (assuming that there was one)? What relationship did the 'agrarian' crises have to 'demographic' crises in this period? How did the 'agrarian crisis' resolve itself, or produce its own solution? Why does Hobsbawm not give a larger role to demographic problems? [How did Marx and Marxists treat Malthus and Malthusians?]

11. Was there a 'monetary crisis' in the 17th, and early 18th centuries? Did it also 'produce its own solution'? What were Hobsbawm's views on monetary questions? (See especially his postscript).

12. Which countries and which regions of Europe fared economically the best, and the worst, in this period:

(a) Italy: Lombardy, Venezia, Tuscany, Liguria, Naples, and Sicily

(b) Spain and Portugal

(d) the Netherlands

(e) England

(f) Germany and Central Europe

(g) the Baltic and Eastern Europe.

13. In what ways do the 17th-century economic and social crises resemble those of the late Middle Ages; and in what respects do they differ?

14. In what ways did the nature, forms, and consequences of the 17th-century 'economic crisis' contribute to establishing the foundations for the 18th-century Industrial Revolution? In Hobsbawm's views, and in your own?